Loading...
|
Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item:
https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/159167
|
| Title: | 國家、原住民與永續性：恩戈貝-布格萊人在巴拿馬與哥斯大黎加的文化保存
State, Indigenous People and Sustainability: Cultural Conservation of Ngäbe-Buglé in Panama and Costa Rica |
| Authors: | 吳愛寧
Guadamuz, Angelica Alexandra Urbina |
| Contributors: | 湯京平
Tang, Ching Ping
吳愛寧
Angelica Alexandra Urbina Guadamuz |
| Keywords: | 永續
原住民族
文化
去軍事化
Sustainability
Indigenous people
Culture
Demilitarization |
| Date: | 2025 |
| Issue Date: | 2025-09-01 15:27:46 (UTC+8) |
| Abstract: | 當我們面對現代化時，要如何在推動發展與保存恩戈貝-布格萊人(Ngäbe-Buglé)原住民族的文化傳統之間取得平衡？
本論文探討在哥斯大黎加，現代化與恩戈貝-布格萊人原住民族文化傳統保存之間如何達成平衡。原住民族普遍被視為生態系統的守護者，但他們維護土地、資源與文化延續的能力，取決於制度與法律框架。本研究分析哥斯大黎加獨特的制度、政治與經濟結構，並將其與其他中美洲國家的傳統模式進行對比，進一步探討為何哥國政府對外援助中涉及原住民族事務的倡議更具接受度。
特別關注的是恩戈貝-布格萊人是巴拿馬最大的原住民族，他們的移居與定居在哥斯大黎加的歷程，凸顯了在現代化脈絡下有關治理、永續、福祉、環境管理與文化保存的重要議題，尤其是哥斯大黎加去軍事化對於塑造公民政府的影響。本研究也深入探討這些社群的現況，以及他們在阻止如迪基斯（Diquís）等大型水力發電計畫中的角色，同時分析其社區型經濟活動、內部領導結構、在觀光業的參與、資源管理方法，以及其維繫長期韌性的整體策略。
How can we strike a balance between modernization and the preservation of cultural traditions among the Ngäbe-Buglé Indigenous people?
This dissertation examines how modernization can be balanced with the preservation of cultural traditions among the Ngäbe-Buglé Indigenous people in Costa Rica. Indigenous communities are widely recognized as defenders of ecosystems, yet their capacity to protect land, resources, and cultural continuity depends on institutional and legal frameworks. The study analyzes Costa Rica’s distinctive institutional, political, and economic structures, which contrast with the more traditional approaches of other Central American countries, and explores why its government is more receptive to foreign aid initiatives concerning indigenous affairs. Special attention is given to the Ngöbe-Buglé, the largest indigenous group in Panama, whose migration and settlement in Costa Rica highlight questions of governance, sustainability, welfare, environmental stewardship, and cultural conservation within the context of modernization, particularly the influence of Costa Rica’s demilitarization in shaping a civil government. The research further explores the current situation of these communities and their role in deterring large hydroelectric projects such as Diquís, while analyzing their forms of community-based economic activity, internal leadership structures, participation in tourism, approaches to resource management, and overall strategies for long-term resilience. |
| Reference: | REFERENCES:
English References
Anaya, J. (2011). Report of the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights and fundamental freedoms of Indigenous people: Observations on the situation of the Indigenous peoples of Costa Rica (A/HRC/18/35/Add.8). United Nations Human Rights Council. Retrieved from https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/634646
Anaya, J. (2011). Report of the Special Rapporteur on the rights of Indigenous peoples: Observations on the Diquís Hydroelectric Project (A/HRC/18/35/Add.8). United Nations Human Rights Council. Retrieved from https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/710697
Ashley, C., & Roe, D. (2001). Pro-poor tourism strategies: Making tourism work for the poor: A review of experience. Overseas Development Institute. Retrieved from https://odi.org/en/publications/pro-poor-tourism-strategies-making-tourism-work-for-the-poor-a-review-of-experience/
Batisse, M. (1982). The biosphere reserve: A tool for environmental conservation and management. Environmental Conservation, 9(2), 101–111. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0376892900019937
Battiste, M. (2002). Indigenous knowledge and pedagogy in First Nations education. Indian and Northern Affairs Canada. Retrieved from https://www.nipissingu.ca/sites/default/files/2018-06/Indigenous%20Knowledge%20and%20Pedagogy%20.pdf
Battiste, M. (2013). Decolonizing education: Nourishing the learning spirit. Purich Publishing.
Becker, C. D. (2011). Indigenous tourism movements and cultural resurgence: The subversive politics of a new world-view. Tourism Recreation Research, 36(2), 167–174. https://doi.org/10.1080/02508281.2011.11081660
Berkes, F. (2018). Sacred ecology (4th ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315114644
Bonatti, V., Jiménez, M., & Pérez, L. (2021). Cultural perceptions and barriers to vaccination among Indigenous communities in Costa Rica. Journal of Public Health in Latin America, 8(3), 45–58.
Bourdieu, P. (1986). The forms of capital. In J. Richardson (Ed.), Handbook of theory and research for the sociology of education (pp. 241–258). Greenwood Press.
Borge, C., & Torres, M. (2019). Indigenous peoples in Costa Rica: Challenges and opportunities for socio-economic development. Sustainability, 11(6), 1724. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11061724
Cummins, J. (1996). Negotiating identities: Education for empowerment in a diverse society (2nd ed.). California Association for Bilingual Education.
Education International. (2021, October 28). Costa Rica: Public policy on Indigenous education needed. Education International. Retrieved from https://www.ei-ie.org/en/item/18601:costa-rica-public-policy-on-indigenous-education-needed
Escobar, A. (1995). Encountering development: The making and unmaking of the Third World. Princeton University Press.
Forest Peoples Programme (FPP). (n.d.). World Heritage sites and Indigenous peoples’ rights. Retrieved December 27, 2022, from https://www.forestpeoples.org/en/2022/resources/book-world-heritage-indigenous-rights
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). (2016). Indigenous peoples: Territories, land, and natural resources. FAO. https://www.fao.org/indigenous-peoples/en/
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). (2020). Rural livelihoods and Indigenous economies: Case studies in Central America. FAO. https://www.fao.org/rural-livelihoods
Front Line Defenders. (2025, June 3). Panama: Concern over violent repression against Ngäbe-Buglé Indigenous communities amid social protests. https://www.frontlinedefenders.org
Fundación para el Desarrollo de la Cordillera Volcánica Central (FUNDECOR). (n.d.). Fundación para el Desarrollo de la Cordillera Volcánica Central. Retrieved from https://fundecor.org/
Gay, G. (2010). Culturally responsive teaching: Theory, research, and practice (2nd ed.). Teachers College Press.
Ginsburg, F. (2002). Screen memories: Resignifying the traditional in Indigenous media. In F. Ginsburg, L. Abu-Lughod, & B. Larkin (Eds.), Media worlds: Anthropology on new terrain (pp. 39–57). University of California Press.
González, R. (2017). Educational challenges among Indigenous youth in southern Costa Rica. Centro de Estudios Interculturales, Universidad Estatal a Distancia (UNED).
González, V. (2017). Socio-environmental conflicts and Indigenous rights: The Barro Blanco case in Panama. Revista Centroamericana de Ciencias Sociales, 14(2), 55–74.
Goodwin, H. (2011). Taking responsibility for tourism. Goodfellow Publishers.
Grandin, G. (2006). Empire’s workshop: Latin America, the United States, and the rise of the new imperialism. Metropolitan Books.
Greaves, T. (Ed.). (1994). Intellectual property rights for Indigenous peoples: A sourcebook. Society for Applied Anthropology.
Gilbert, J., & Lennox, C. (Eds.). (2017). Handbook of Indigenous peoples’ rights. Routledge. Retrieved December 20, 2022, from https://books.google.com/books/about/Handbook_of_Indigenous_Peoples_Rights.html?id=L1GFCwAAQBAJ
Herrera, H., Pérez, A., & Molina, F. (2021). Conservation through culture: Indigenous knowledge in biodiversity protection. Latin American Journal of Environmental Studies, 9(2), 144–160.
Heritage. (2022). Special issue: Cultural heritage management and preservation policies. Heritage, 5(1). https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage5010001
Honey, M. (1999). Ecotourism and sustainable development: Who owns paradise? Island Press.
Hoopes, J. W., & Fonseca, O. Z. (2003). Goldwork and Chibchan identity: Endogenous change and diffuse unity in the Isthmo-Colombian area. In Gold and power in ancient Costa Rica, Panama, and Colombia (pp. 9–33). Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection. Retrieved October 13, 2022, from https://web.archive.org/web/20090225191811/http://www.doaks.org/GoldandPower/GoldandPower02.pdf
Indigenous Peoples Assistance Facility (IPAF). (n.d.). Indigenous community assistance center. International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD). Retrieved from https://www.ifad.org/en/indigenous-peoples-assistance-facility
Instituto Costarricense de Electricidad (ICE). (2010). Estudio de impacto ambiental: Proyecto Hidroeléctrico El Diquís. ICE.
Indigenous Tourism Alliance. (2022). Best practices: Guidelines for responsible tourism in Indigenous communities. Indigenous Tourism Alliance.
Inter-American Court of Human Rights. (n.d.). What is the Inter-American Court of Human Rights? Inter-American Court of Human Rights. Retrieved December 24, 2022, from http://www.corteidh.or.cr
Inter-American Foundation (IAF). (n.d.). About the IAF. Retrieved from https://www.iaf.gov/
International Labour Organization (ILO). (1989). Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention, 1989 (No. 169). ILO.
International Labour Organization (ILO). (2018). Migrant labour and Indigenous peoples in Central America: Patterns of vulnerability. ILO. Retrieved from https://www.ilo.org
International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs (IWGIA). (2023). The Indigenous world: Costa Rica. IWGIA.
International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs (IWGIA). (n.d.). Costa Rica. IWGIA. Retrieved October 16, 2022, from https://www.iwgia.org/en/costa-rica
IOM & UN Human Security Unit. (2015). Human Security and Human Mobility. International Organization for Migration & United Nations Human Security Unit. Retrieved December 1, 2022, from https://publications.iom.int/books/human-security-and-human-mobility
McGee, B., & McDermott, M. (2018). Forests, rights and development in Costa Rica: A political ecology perspective on Indigenous peoples’ engagement in REDD+. Conflict, Security & Development, 18(6), 493–516. https://doi.org/10.1080/14678802.2018.1532643
National Geographic. (n.d.). Sustainability. Retrieved December 17, 2022, from https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/sustainability
Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR). (n.d.). Costa Rica: Urgent reforms needed on Indigenous peoples’ rights, says UN expert. United Nations. Retrieved December 21, 2022, from https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2021/12/costa-rica-urgent-reforms-needed-indigenous-peoples-rights-says-un-expert
Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR). (n.d.-b). Towards more land access and greater protection for Indigenous peoples in Costa Rica. Retrieved November 6, 2023, from https://www.ohchr.org/en/stories/2021/12/towards-more-land-access-and-greater-protection-indigenous-peoples-costa-rica
Rights and Resources Initiative. (2018). Forests, rights and development in Costa Rica: Indigenous land use and sustainable agriculture practices. Retrieved from https://rightsandresources.org
Sen, A. (1999). Development as freedom. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/0198297580.001.0001
Sleeter, C. E. (2011). The academic and social value of ethnic studies: A research review. National Education Association.
Smith, M. K. (2015). Issues in cultural tourism studies. Routledge.
Stavenhagen, R. (2019). Indigenous rights: Some conceptual problems. In Constructing democracy (pp. 141–159). Routledge.
Stone, D. (1962). The Talamancan tribes of Costa Rica. In Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology (Vol. 43, Issue 2, pp. x, 108). The Peabody Museum. https://ehrafworldcultures.yale.edu/document?id=sa19-006
South and Meso American Indian Rights Center (SAIIC). (n.d.). Indigenous peoples in Costa Rica: On the road to extinction? Retrieved December 23, 2022, from https://web.archive.org/web/20120422112452/http://saiic.nativeweb.org/ayn/crilo.htm
Tapia, M. A., & Breilh, J. (2014). Tourism in indigenous Kuna territories: Modes of cultural reproduction and power relations. Tourism Geographies, 16(5), 755–774. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616688.2014.935919
The Real Deal Tours. (n.d.). Ngabe-Bugle Indigenous people | Sustainable tourism Panama. https://www.therealdealtours.com/blog/blog/ngabe-bugle-indigenous-people/
Tico Times. (2022). Ngäbe-Buglé culture and dress: A journey through identity. https://ticotimes.net
Toledo, V. M. (2001). Indigenous peoples and biodiversity. In Encyclopedia of biodiversity (Vol. 3, pp. 451–463). Academic Press.
Toledo, V. M., & Barrera-Bassols, N. (2008). La memoria biocultural: La importancia ecológica de las sabidurías tradicionales. Icaria Editorial.
Tosun, C. (2000). Limits to community participation in the tourism development process in developing countries. Tourism Management, 21(6), 613–633. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0261-5177(00)00009-1
Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR). (n.d.-a). Towards more land access and greater protection for Indigenous peoples in Costa Rica. Retrieved December 29, 2022, from https://www.ohchr.org/en/stories/2021/12/towards-more-land-access-and-greater-protection-indigenous-peoples-costa-rica
UNESCO. (n.d.). Home. UNESCO. Retrieved December 25, 2022, from https://www.unesco.org/en
UNESCO. (2019, June 21). Bosawas Biosphere Reserve, Nicaragua. UNESCO. Retrieved September 15, 2022, from https://en.unesco.org/biosphere/lac/bosawas
UNESCO. (2003). Convention for the safeguarding of the intangible cultural heritage. https://ich.unesco.org/en/convention
UNESCO. (2016). If you don’t understand, how can you learn? Global Education Monitoring Report. https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000243713
UNESCO. (2018). Traditional craftsmanship as intangible cultural heritage. https://ich.unesco.org/en/traditional-craftsmanship-00057
UNESCO. (2023, November 23). Costa Rican communities and institutions strengthen their capacities to protect underwater cultural heritage. https://www.unesco.org/en/articles/costa-rican-communities-and-institutions-strengthen-their-capacities-protect-underwater-cultural
United Nations. (n.d.-a). Human rights. Retrieved December 10, 2022, from https://www.un.org/en/global-issues/human-rights
United Nations. (n.d.-b). Joint program to improve the human security of Ngöbe and Buglé temporary migrants in Costa Rica and Panama. https://www.un.org/humansecurity/hsprogramme/joint-program-to-improve-the-human-security-of-ngobe-and-bugle-temporary-migrants-in-costa-rica-and-panama/
United Nations. (2023). Cultural rights and the digital environment: Report of the Special Rapporteur in the field of cultural rights. https://www.ohchr.org/en/documents/thematic-reports/a77532-cultural-rights-and-digital-environment-report-special-rapporteur
United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues (UNPFII). (2021). Indigenous peoples in Costa Rica: An overview. https://www.un.org/development/desa/indigenouspeoples/countries/costarica.html
United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). (2018). Indigenous peoples and sustainable development: A guide to inclusive conservation practices. UNDP.
United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). (2020). Infrastructure and basic services in Indigenous territories: The Costa Rican case. UNDP Regional Reports.
United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). (2010). Indigenous peoples and development with identity: Cultural perspectives and policies for development. UNDP Regional Bureau for Latin America and the Caribbean.
United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). (2021). Costa Rica: Rights of Indigenous peoples. https://www.cr.undp.org/content/costarica/en/home/ourwork/indigenous-peoples.html
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). (2015). Statelessness: UNHCR helps indigenous people without frontiers in Central America. https://www.unhcr.org
University of British Columbia. (n.d.). Government policy. Indigenous Foundations. https://indigenousfoundations.arts.ubc.ca/government_policy/
UNWTO. (2021). Ethical tourism in indigenous communities. https://www.unwto.org/ethical-tourism-indigenous-communities
Van Teijlingen, K., González, E., & Crespo, C. (2021). Sustainable development or sustainable extraction? Indigenous resistance to resource extraction in Central America. Globalizations, 18(5), 777–793. https://doi.org/10.1080/14747731.2020.1778080
Villegas, A. M., & Lucas, T. (2007). The culturally responsive teacher. Educational Leadership, 64(6), 28–33.
Vygotsky, L. S. (1978). Mind in society: The development of higher psychological processes. Harvard University Press.
Wallace, A. F. C. (1956). Revitalization movements. American Anthropologist, 58(2), 264–281. https://doi.org/10.1525/aa.1956.58.2.02a00020
Walsh, C. (2005). Interculturalidad y colonialidad del poder: Un pensamiento y posicionamiento ‘otro’ desde la diferencia colonial [Interculturality and the coloniality of power: An “other” thinking and positioning from the colonial difference]. In E. Lander (Ed.), La colonialidad del saber: Eurocentrismo y ciencias sociales (pp. 47–62). CLACSO.
WIPO. (2017). Intellectual property and genetic resources, traditional knowledge and traditional cultural expressions. World Intellectual Property Organization. https://www.wipo.int/tk/en/
World Bank. (2004). Empowering Indigenous peoples: Development with identity. World Bank.
World Bank. (2021). Costa Rica - Peer Peoples Development Plan. https://projects.worldbank.org/en/projects-operations/document-detail/P168008
World Health Organization (WHO). (n.d.). Sustainable development. Retrieved December 18, 2022, from https://www.who.int/health-topics/sustainable-development
Wu, Y.-C., & Sun, B. (2021). Symbiosis relationship and symbiosis quality evaluation of regional tourism: A case study on the Greater Changbai Mountains tourist area. Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society, 2021, 16155175. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/16155175
Zeppel, H. (2006). Indigenous ecotourism: Sustainable development and management. CABI.
8 Indigenous Groups. (n.d.). Boruca, Indigenous of Costa Rica. http://www.borucacostarica.org/8-indigenous-groups/
Spanish References
Acosta, A. (2012). El Buen Vivir: Sumak Kawsay, una oportunidad para imaginar otros mundos. Editorial Abya Yala.
Acuña Ortega, V. H. (n.d.). La invención de la diferencia costarricense. Universidad de Costa Rica. Retrieved December 23, 2022, from https://www.kerwa.ucr.ac.cr/bitstream/handle/10669/80748/invencionDiferenciaCostarricense.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
Agua y Paz Biosphere Reserve (Costa Rica). (n.d.). LacGeo.com. Retrieved December 1, 2022, from https://lacgeo.com/agua-y-paz-biosphere-reserve-costa-rica
Amnistía Internacional. (2015). Panamá: Una crisis olvidada: la lucha por los derechos de los pueblos indígenas. https://www.amnesty.org/es/documents/amr44/3130/2015/es/
Áreas Naturales Protegidas del Mundo. (2017, September 4). Información y características | Ciencias de La Tierra. https://www.geoenciclopedia.com/areas-naturales-protegidas-del-mundo/
Borsdorf, A. (2014). El modelo de reservas de la biosfera: Conceptos, características e importancia. In Reservas de la biosfera de Chile. Laboratorios para la sustentabilidad (pp. 2–20).
Bowman, K. S. (2000). ¿Fue el compromiso y consenso de las elites lo que llevó a la consolidación democrática en Costa Rica? Evidencia de la década de 1950. Revista de Historia, 91+. https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA109132022&sid=googleScholar&v=2.1&it=r&linkaccess=abs&issn=10129790&p=AONE&sw=w&userGroupName=anon%7Ecd2a31bc
Butler, R., & Hinch, T. (Eds.). (2007). Tourism and indigenous peoples: Issues and implications. Routledge.
Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social (CCSS). (2022). Informe sobre atención en territorios indígenas. San José, Costa Rica.
Castillo, M. (2016). Colonialismo interno y conflicto socioambiental: El caso de los Ngäbe Buglé en Panamá. Revista de Estudios Sociales, 56, 36–49. https://doi.org/10.7440/res56.2016.03
Presidencia de La República de Costa Rica. (2020, November 25). Con apoyo internacional, Costa Rica avanza hacia una Política Integral de Estado Abierto. https://www.presidencia.go.cr/comunicados/2020/11/con-apoyo-internacional-costa-rica-avanza-hacia-una-politica-integral-de-estado-abierto/
Confidencial, E. (2016, March 23). Los “chiriticos” de Panamá y Costa Rica: Así es el drama de los indígenas “invisibles”. El Confidencial. https://www.elconfidencial.com/sociedad/2016-03-23/panama-costa-rica-chiriticos-indigenas_1173383/
CostaRica.Org. (2017, May 31). Parques nacionales Costa Rica. https://costarica.org/es/parques-nacionales/
SINAC. (n.d.). Funciones de las reservas de biosfera. https://www.sinac.go.cr/ES/RESERBIOSFE/Paginas/funciones.aspx
Fundación Ditsö. (2018). Educación indígena en Costa Rica: Propuestas para la interculturalidad [Indigenous education in Costa Rica: Proposals for interculturality]. San José, Costa Rica.
González, V. (2017). Conflictos socioambientales y derechos indígenas: El caso Barro Blanco en Panamá. Revista Centroamericana de Ciencias Sociales, 14(2), 55–74.
Gudynas, E. (2011). Buen Vivir: Today's tomorrow. Development, 54(4), 441–447. https://doi.org/10.1057/dev.2011.86
González, L. F. (n.d.). Historia de la influencia extranjera en el desenvolvimiento educacional y científico de Costa Rica. Internet Archive. Retrieved January 4, 2023, from https://archive.org/details/historiadelainfl00gonz
Historia. (n.d.). Terraba.Org. Retrieved November 5, 2022, from http://terraba.org/es/historia.html?fbclid=IwAR3NeSkEdE_q3_lTzqGlf8H4d9PC_6d9WMWQ4VFBlrn5SdIiCSvIbsBZUhw
Instituto Costarricense de Electricidad (ICE). (2018). ICE suspende oficialmente el proyecto hidroeléctrico El Diquís. Retrieved from https://www.grupoice.com/
Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos (INEC). (2020). Censo Nacional de Población y Vivienda 2020. Gobierno de Panamá.
La experiencia de Costa Rica en áreas protegidas. (n.d.). PauchardUdec.Cl. Retrieved January 3, 2023, from http://www2.udec.cl/~pauchard/Pauchard-costarica.pdf
La Prensa Latina. (2019). La lucha de los indígenas frente al desarrollo turístico en Panamá. https://www.laprensalatina.com/la-lucha-de-los-indigenas-frente-al-desarrollo-turistico-en-panama/
La Prensa Latina. (2019, October 10). Costa Rica’s Ngöbe-Bugle people: A story of migration, cultural preservation. Retrieved from https://www.laprensalatina.com/costa-ricas-ngobe-bugle-people-a-story-of-migration-cultural-preservation/
Menchú, R. (2009). La Tierra, el Agua y el Maíz: La lucha de los pueblos indígenas por la sostenibilidad. Fundación Rigoberta Menchú Tum.
Ministerio de Educación Pública de Costa Rica. (2020). Programa Nacional de Educación Indígena [National Indigenous Education Program]. Gobierno de Costa Rica.
Ministerio de Educación Pública de Costa Rica. (2022). Informe de cobertura educativa en territorios indígenas.
Naciones Unidas. (n.d.). Los pueblos indígenas y el sistema de derechos humanos de las Naciones Unidas. OHCHR. Retrieved January 4, 2023, from https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/Documents/Publications/fs9Rev.2_SP.pdf
Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo (PNUD). (2021). Informe Regional sobre los Pueblos Indígenas en América Latina.
Pueblos indígenas, derechos económicos, sociales y culturales, y discriminación. (n.d.). Diego Iturralde. CorteIDH. Retrieved December 3, 2022, from https://www.corteidh.or.cr/tablas/R06729-7.pdf
Pura Vida University. (2017, June 14). Territorios indígenas de Costa Rica. Turismo de Costa Rica. Retrieved from https://www.puravidauniversity.eu/territorios-indigenas-costa-rica/
Turismo en Costa Rica: El reto de la competitividad. (n.d.). ResearchGate. Retrieved January 23, 2022, from https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Juan-Barahona-3/publication/267715528_Turismo_en_Costa_Rica_El_Reto_de_la_Competitividad/links/5c367de392851c22a368bcde/Turismo-en-Costa-Rica-El-Reto-de-la-Competitividad.pdf |
| Description: | 博士
國立政治大學
政治學系
106252504 |
| Source URI: | http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0106252504 |
| Data Type: | thesis |
| Appears in Collections: | [政治學系] 學位論文
|
Files in This Item:
| File |
Size | Format | |
|---|
| 250401.pdf | 2228Kb | Adobe PDF | 0 | View/Open |
|
All items in 政大典藏 are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved.
|
