Reference: | 王宏恩(2020年3月5日)。〈政治資訊來源的黨派歧異〉,《思想坦克》。取自https://voicettank.org/single-post/2020/03/05/030502/ 王宏恩(2021)。台灣民眾的政治資訊接收(2004-2020)-探索性的分析。臺灣民主季刊,18(4),107-128。https://www.airitilibrary.com/Article/Detail?DocID=17269350-202112-202204010022-202204010022-107-128 王泰俐(2013)。「臉書選舉」?2012年台灣總統大選社群媒體對政治參與行為的影響。東吳政治學報,31(1),1-52。https://www.airitilibrary.com/Article/Detail?DocID=10198636-201303-201304300012-201304300012-1-52 王泰俐(2019)。假新聞與民主危機。臺灣民主季刊,16(3),155-161。https://www.airitilibrary.com/Article/Detail?DocID=17269350-201909-202001100022-202001100022-155-161 王揚宇(2019年6月23日)。〈拒絕紅色媒體 民眾冒雨上凱道籲守護台灣民主〉,《中央通訊社》。https://www.cna.com.tw/news/firstnews/201906230177.aspx 台灣事實查核中心(2022)。《2022年假訊息大調查》。https://drive.google.com/file/d/1CfHTsp0BF9RDgF0lmotU2ejOKAdogNPk/view 台灣事實查核中心(2023)。《2023年假訊息大調查》。https://drive.google.com/file/d/10RQsn4UwUDtwvp-KAyZWzytQu_SaZH9o/view 台灣資訊環境研究中心(2024)。《2024 台灣資訊環境調查》。https://iorg.tw/a/survey-2024 吳家豪(2020年3月25日)。〈疫情假消息3大類型流傳 業者籲收到訊息先查證〉,《中央通訊社》。https://www.cna.com.tw/news/ait/202003250244.aspx 李冠成(2020)。政治情緒與選舉參與:2012年和2016年臺灣總統選舉的經驗分析。人文及社會科學集刊,32(1),81-122。https://www.airitilibrary.com/Article/Detail?DocID=1018189X-202003-202004270003-202004270003-81-122 屈彥辰(2025年2月8日)。〈罷免吳思瑤連署今遞件 召集人:政治人物造謠必有代價〉,《聯合新聞網》。https://udn.com/news/story/124323/8535082 林東泰(2017)。《政治媒介化:墮落媒體崩壞政治》。師大書苑。 林照真(2022)。《假新聞政治:台灣選舉暗角的虛構與欺騙》。聯經。 林鳳翎(2025年4月30日)。〈關於網路政治參與,那些不可不知道的事〉,《媒體素養教育資源網》。取自https://mlearn.moe.gov.tw/TopicArticle/PartData?key=11583 林聰吉、張一彬、黃妍甄(2020)。政治興趣、網路政治參與以及傳統政治參與。東吳政治學報,38(1),113-161。https://www.airitilibrary.com/Article/Detail?DocID=10198636-202004-202010050010-202010050010-113-161 施琮仁(2024)。新冠肺炎疫情下的事實查核:風險感知、自我效能感與公民線上推理能力的角色。臺灣傳播學刊,(46),35-79。https://doi.org/10.6195/TJOC.202412_(46).0002 洪浩唐(2021)。〈關西機場始末:眾聲喧嘩下的真/假相?〉,洪浩唐、沈伯洋、江旻諺、吳介民、林麗雲、胡元輝、梁永煌、蔡玉真、蕭新煌《戰狼來了:關西機場事件的假新聞、資訊戰》,頁38-70。幸福綠光。 張佑宗(2022年11月12日)。〈台灣民眾對政黨的仇恨值有多高?〉,《菱傳媒》。取自https://rwnews.tw/article.php?news=5594 張卿卿(2006)。網路的功與過:網路使用與政治參與及社會資產關係的探討。新聞學研究,(86),45-90。https://doi.org/10.30386/MCR.200601_(86).0002 張卿卿、陶振超(2018)。臺灣傳播調查資料庫第二期第一次(2017年):媒體使用的個人功效與影響I【執行報告】。政治大學臺灣傳播調查資料庫。https://doi.org/10.6141/TW-SRDA-D00175-1 張卿卿、陶振超(2020a)。臺灣傳播調查資料庫第二期第三次(2019年):媒體使用的個人功效與影響II【執行報告】。政治大學臺灣傳播調查資料庫。https://doi.org/10.6141/TW-SRDA-D00184-1 張卿卿、陶振超(2020b)。臺灣傳播調查資料庫第二期第三次(2019年)調查:媒體使用的個人功效與影響II【原始數據】。政治大學臺灣傳播調查資料庫。https://doi.org/10.6141/TW-SRDA-D00184-1 張卿卿、陶振超(2022a)。臺灣傳播調查資料庫第二期第五次(2021年):新傳播科技與人際延伸【執行報告】。中央研究院臺灣傳播調查資料庫。https://doi.org/10.6141/TW-SRDA-D00224_1-1 張卿卿、陶振超(2022b)。臺灣傳播調查資料庫第二期第五次(2021年)調查:新傳播科技與人際延伸【原始數據】。中央研究院臺灣傳播調查資料庫。https://doi.org/10.6141/TW-SRDA-D00224_1-1 許秩維(2019年4月7日)。〈言論自由日 學團串聯成立青年抵制假新聞陣線〉,《中央通訊社》。https://www.cna.com.tw/news/ahel/201904070143.aspx 許雲凱、陳偉婷、曾慧雯、陳培煌、馬麗昕(2025年1月23日)。〈【總預算案通過】還錢於民VS.癱瘓施政?釐清重點預算攻防戰〉,《台灣事實查核中心》。取自https://tfc-taiwan.org.tw/budget-approval-debt-return-or-policy-paralysis/ 陳百齡(2022)。〈對抗假新聞 如何進行事實查核?〉,王淑美、陳百齡、鄭宇君、劉蕙苓、蘇蘅《破擊假新聞:解析數位時代的媒體與資訊操控》,頁92-127。弘雅三民。 陳品皓(2016)。網路使用行為對於台灣民眾 政治參與的影響之初探研究。復興崗學報,(108),95-120。https://www.airitilibrary.com/Article/Detail?DocID=04298063-201606-201607040013-201607040013-95-120 曾柏瑜、陳韻如(2022)。〈假訊息對選民的影響分析:2020 大選投票所出口訪查結果〉,菜市場政治學共同編輯群編《菜市場政治學:〈民主方舟〉》,頁372-395。左岸文化。 楊亞璇(2025年6月1日)。〈站出來挺罷瑤 黃國昌下令士林北投黨員加入連署〉,《太報》。https://www.taisounds.com/news/content/71/193629 萬巧蓉(2025年1月7日)。〈假訊息認知調查:95%民眾曾收過假訊息 7成受訪者認事實查核機構角色日益重要〉,《財團法人卓越新聞獎基金會》。取自https://feja.org.tw/77922/ 劉冠廷、葉素萍(2025年3月18日)。〈總預算爭議 藍綠互批造謠〉,《中央通訊社》。https://www.cna.com.tw/news/aipl/202503180173.aspx 劉致昕(2021)。《真相製造:從聖戰士媽媽、極權政府、網軍教練、境外勢力》。春山。 劉詠韻(2025年5月28日)。〈砲轟這3藍委「盲人摸象」 5罷團:預算謬論誤導全台〉,《自由時報》。https://news.ltn.com.tw/news/politics/breakingnews/5057845 蔡清田(2021年1月8日)。〈108新課程綱要核心素養的「科技資訊與媒體素養」〉,《媒體素養教育資源網》。取自https://mlearn.moe.gov.tw/TopicArticle/PartData?key=10663 鄭宇君(2021)。社交媒體假訊息的操作模式初探:以兩個臺灣政治傳播個案為例。中華傳播學刊,(39),3-41。https://doi.org/10.3966/172635812021060039001 蕭怡靖(2019)。台灣民眾的黨性極化及其對民主態度的影響。台灣政治學刊,23(2),41-85。https://doi.org/10.6683/TPSR.201912_23(2).0002 賴麒元、王嵩音(2021)。Facebook假新聞第三人效果研究。傳播與社會學刊,(55),19-56。https://doi.org/10.30180/CS.202101_(55).0003 蘇蘅(2022)。〈假新聞的定義和發展〉,王淑美、陳百齡、鄭宇君、劉蕙苓、蘇蘅《破擊假新聞:解析數位時代的媒體與資訊操控》,頁2-33。弘雅三民。 Allcott, H., & Gentzkow, M. (2017). Social Media and Fake News in the 2016 Election. The Journal of Economic Perspectives, 31(2), 211-235. http://www.jstor.org/stable/44235006 Baumeister, R. F., & Leary, M. R. (1995). The need to belong: Desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation. Psychological Bulletin, 117(3), 497-529. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.117.3.497 Berinsky, A. J. (2017). Rumors and Health Care Reform: Experiments in Political Misinformation. British Journal of Political Science, 47(2), 241-262. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007123415000186 Borah, P., Irom, B., & Hsu, Y. C. (2021). ‘It infuriates me’: examining young adults’ reactions to and recommendations to fight misinformation about COVID-19. Journal of Youth Studies, 25(10), 1411-1431. https://doi.org/10.1080/13676261.2021.1965108 Bowles, J., Croke, K., Larreguy, H., Liu, S., & Marshall, J. (2025). Sustaining exposure to fact checks: Misinformation discernment, media consumption, and its political implications. American Political Science Review, 1-24. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055424001394 Brader, T., Valentino, N. A., & Suhay, E. (2008). What triggers public opposition to immigration? Anxiety, group cues, and immigration threat. American Journal of Political Science, 52(4), 959-978. http://www.jstor.org/stable/25193860 Brewer, N. T., Chapman, G. B., Gibbons, F. X., Gerrard, M., McCaul, K. D., & Weinstein, N. D. (2007). Meta-analysis of the relationship between risk perception and health behavior: The example of vaccination. Health Psychology, 26(2), 136-145. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-6133.26.2.136 Brewer, N. T., Weinstein, N. D., Cuite, C. L., & Herrington, J. E. (2004). Risk perceptions and their relation to risk behavior. Annals of behavioral medicine : a publication of the Society of Behavioral Medicine, 27(2), 125-130. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15324796abm2702_7 Britt, R. K., & Hatten, K. N. (2013). Need for Cognition and Electronic Health Literacy and Subsequent Information Seeking Behaviors Among University Undergraduate Students. SAGE Open, 3(4). https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244013508957 Broda, E., & Strömbäck, J. (2024). Misinformation, disinformation, and fake news: lessons from an interdisciplinary, systematic literature review. Annals of the International Communication Association, 48(2), 139-166. https://doi.org/10.1080/23808985.2024.2323736 Burns, W. J., Peters, E., & Slovic, P. (2012). Risk perception and the economic crisis: a longitudinal study of the trajectory of perceived risk. Risk analysis : an official publication of the Society for Risk Analysis, 32(4), 659-677. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1539-6924.2011.01733.x Cain, J. A. (2020). I’m the one: Social media, social identity, and elections. Online Journal of Communication and Media Technologies, 10(4), Article e202025. https://doi.org/10.30935/ojcmt/9142 Calvillo, D. P., Ross, B. J., Garcia, R. J. B., Smelter, T. J., & Rutchick, A. M. (2020). Political Ideology Predicts Perceptions of the Threat of COVID-19 (and Susceptibility to Fake News About It). Social Psychological and Personality Science, 11(8), 1119-1128. https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550620940539 Corbu, N., Oprea, D.-A., Negrea-Busuioc, E., & Radu, L. (2020). ‘They can’t fool me, but they can fool the others!’ Third person effect and fake news detection. European Journal of Communication, 35(2), 165-180. https://doi.org/10.1177/0267323120903686 Davis, M., Walker, D. L., Miles, L., & Grillon, C. (2010). Phasic vs sustained fear in rats and humans: role of the extended amygdala in fear vs anxiety. Neuropsychopharmacology, 35(1), 105-135. https://doi.org/10.1038/npp.2009.109 Del Vicario, M., Bessi, A., Zollo, F., Petroni, F., Scala, A., Caldarelli, G., Stanley, H. E., & Quattrociocchi, W. (2016). The spreading of misinformation online. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 113(3), 554-559. https://doi.org/doi:10.1073/pnas.1517441113 Deline, M. B., & Kahlor, L. A. (2019). Planned risk information avoidance: A proposed theoretical model. Communication Theory, 29(3), 360-382. https://doi.org/10.1093/ct/qty035 Delli Carpini, M. X. (2000). Gen.com: Youth, Civic Engagement, and the New Information Environment. Political Communication, 17(4), 341-349. https://doi.org/10.1080/10584600050178942 DiFonzo, N., & Bordia, P. (2007). Rumor psychology: Social and organizational approaches. American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/11503-000 Ecker, U. K. H., & Ang, L. C. (2019). Political attitudes and the processing of misinformation corrections. Political Psychology, 40(2), 241-260. https://doi.org/10.1111/pops.12494 Ecker, U. K. H., Lewandowsky, S., Cook, J., Schmid, P., Fazio, L. K., Brashier, N. M., Kendeou, P., Vraga, E. K., & Amazeen, M. A. (2022). The psychological drivers of misinformation belief and its resistance to correction. Nature Reviews Psychology, 1(1), 13-29. https://doi.org/10.1038/s44159-021-00006-y Ecker, U. K., Lewandowsky, S., & Tang, D. T. (2010). Explicit warnings reduce but do not eliminate the continued influence of misinformation. Memory & cognition, 38(8), 1087-1100. https://doi.org/10.3758/MC.38.8.1087 Espeland, E. (2024). The Dynamics of Political Interest and News Media Avoidance: A Generational and Longitudinal Perspective. Journalism Studies, 25(12), 1476-1497. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2024.2366338 European Commission. (2018, April). Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions: Tackling online disinformation: A European approach. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:52018DC0236 Fazio, L. K., Brashier, N. M., Payne, B. K., & Marsh, E. J. (2015). Knowledge does not protect against illusory truth. Journal of experimental psychology. General, 144(5), 993-1002. https://doi.org/10.1037/xge0000098 Feezell, J. T. (2016). Predicting Online Political Participation: The Importance of Selection Bias and Selective Exposure in the Online Setting. Political Research Quarterly, 69(3), 495-509. https://doi.org/10.1177/1065912916652503 Fenton, N. (2008). Mediating hope: New media, politics and resistance. International Journal of Cultural Studies, 11(2), 230-248. https://doi.org/10.1177/1367877908089266 Griffin, R. J., Dunwoody, S., & Neuwirth, K. (1999). Proposed model of the relationship of risk information seeking and processing to the development of preventive behaviors. Environmental Research, 80(2 Pt. 2), S230-S245. https://doi.org/10.1006/enrs.1998.3940 Groenendyk, E. (2011). Current Emotion Research in Political Science: How Emotions Help Democracy Overcome its Collective Action Problem. Emotion Review, 3(4), 455-463. https://doi.org/10.1177/1754073911410746 Haslam, S. A., Jetten, J., Postmes, T., & Haslam, C. (2009). Social identity, health and well-being: An emerging agenda for applied psychology. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 58(1), 1-23. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-0597.2008.00379.x Havey N. F. (2020). Partisan public health: how does political ideology influence support for COVID-19 related misinformation? Journal of computational social science, 3(2), 319-342. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42001-020-00089-2 House, D., & Raja, M. K. (2020). Phishing: Message appraisal and the exploration of fear and self-confidence. Behaviour & Information Technology, 39(11), 1204-1224. https://doi.org/10.1080/0144929X.2019.1657180 Hoyle, R. H. (1995). The structural equation modeling approach: Basic concepts and fundamental issues. In R. H. Hoyle (Ed.). Structural equation modeling: Concepts, issues, and applications (pp. 1-15). Sage Publications. Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6(1), 1-55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118 Hwang, Y., & Jeong, S. H. (2021). Misinformation Exposure and Acceptance: The Role of Information Seeking and Processing. Health Communication, 38(3), 585-593. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2021.1964187 Iyengar, S., Sood, G., & Lelkes, Y. (2012). Affect, not ideology: A social identity perspective on polarization. Public Opinion Quarterly, 76(3), 405-431. https://doi.org/10.1093/poq/nfs038 Jack, C. (2017). Lexicon of lies: Terms for problematic information. Data & Society Research Institute. https://datasociety.net/pubs/oh/DataAndSociety_LexiconofLies.pdf Jenke, L. (2024). Affective Polarization and Misinformation Belief. Political Behavior, 46(2), 825-884. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11109-022-09851-w Jerit, J., & Zhao, Y. Z. (2020). Political misinformation. Annual Review of Political Science, 23, 77-94. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-polisci-050718-032814 Johnson, H. M., & Seifert, C. M. (1994). Sources of the continued influence effect: When misinformation in memory affects later inferences. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 20(6), 1420-1436. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-7393.20.6.1420 Julien, H. (2001). Use of information. In J. R. Schement (Ed.), Encyclopedia of communication and information (Vol. 3, pp. 1051-1056). Macmillan Reference USA. Kahlor, L., Dunwoody, S., Griffin, R. J., & Neuwirth, K. (2006). Seeking and Processing Information about Impersonal Risk. Science Communication, 28(2), 163-194. https://doi.org/10.1177/1075547006293916 Kahne, J., & Bowyer, B. (2017). Educating for Democracy in a Partisan Age: Confronting the Challenges of Motivated Reasoning and Misinformation. American Educational Research Journal, 54(1), 3-34. https://doi.org/10.3102/0002831216679817 Kahne, J., Lee, N., & Feezell, J. T. (2012). Digital media literacy education and online civic and political participation. International Journal of Communication, 6, 1-24. https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/999 Kari, J. (2010). Diversity in the conceptions of information use. Information Research, 15(3), Article colis709. http://InformationR.net/ir/15-3/colis7/colis709.html Katsirea, I. (2018). “Fake news”: reconsidering the value of untruthful expression in the face of regulatory uncertainty. Journal of Media Law, 10(2), 159-188. https://doi.org/10.1080/17577632.2019.1573569 Kops, M., Schittenhelm, C., & Wachs, S. (2025). Young people and false information: A scoping review of responses, influential factors, consequences, and prevention programs. Computers in Human Behavior, 169, Article 108650. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2025.108650 Krimsky, S., & Plough, A. (1988). Environmental hazards: Communicating risks as a social process. Auburn House. Lazer, D. M. J., Baum, M. A., Benkler, Y., Berinsky, A. J., Greenhill, K. M., Menczer, F., Metzger, M. J., Nyhan, B., Pennycook, G., Rothschild, D., Schudson, M., Sloman, S. A., Sunstein, C. R., Thorson, E. A., Watts, D. J., & Zittrain, J. L. (2018). The science of fake news. Science, 359(6380), 1094-1096. https://doi.org/doi:10.1126/science.aao2998 Lee, F. L. F. (2022). What Constitutes Disinformation? Disinformation Judgment, Influence of Partisanship, and Support for Anti-Disinformation Legislation. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 102(2), 430-449. https://doi.org/10.1177/10776990221093940 Lewandowsky, S., Ecker, U. K. H., Seifert, C. M., Schwarz, N., & Cook, J. (2012). Misinformation and Its Correction: Continued Influence and Successful Debiasing. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 13(3), 106-131. https://doi.org/10.1177/1529100612451018 Lima, M. L. (2004). On the influence of risk perception on mental health: living near an incinerator. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 24(1), 71-84. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0272-4944(03)00026-4 Liu, P. L., & Huang, L. V. (2020). Digital Disinformation About COVID-19 and the Third-Person Effect: Examining the Channel Differences and Negative Emotional Outcomes. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 23(11), 789-793. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2020.0363 Lloyd’s Register Foundation. (2020, October). The Lloyd’s Register Foundation World Risk Poll: full report and analysis of the 2019 poll. https://www.lrfoundation.org.uk/wrp/themes-and-reports/2019-world-risk-poll Loewenstein, G. F., Weber, E. U., Hsee, C. K., & Welch, N. (2001). Risk as feelings. Psychological bulletin, 127(2), 267-286. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.127.2.267 Loewenstein, G., & Mather, J. (1990). Dynamic processes in risk perception. Journal of Risk and Uncertainty, 3(2), 155-175. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00056370 Loftus E. F. (2005). Planting misinformation in the human mind: a 30-year investigation of the malleability of memory. Learning & memory, 12(4), 361-366. https://doi.org/10.1101/lm.94705 Luo, C., Su, Y., & Xiao, X. (2024). Social media news seeking and vaccination intention amidst the COVID-19 pandemic: A moderated serial mediation model. Current Psychology, 43(32), 26659-26672. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-024-06031-3 Marcus, G. E., Neuman, W. R., & MacKuen, M. (2000). Affective intelligence and political judgment. University of Chicago Press. McIntyre, L. (2019). Post-Truth. The MIT Press. McMahan, S., Witte, K., & Meyer, J. (1998). The perception of risk messages regarding electromagnetic fields: extending the extended parallel process model to an unknown risk. Health communication, 10(3), 247-259. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327027hc1003_4 Mechkova, V., Pemstein, D., Seim, B., & Wilson, S. (2025). Digital Society Project Dataset v7 [Data set]. Digital Society Project. https://digitalsocietyproject.org/data/ Nah, S., Williamson, L. D., Kahlor, L. A., Atkinson, L., Upshaw, S. J., & Ntang-Beb, J. L. (2023). The Roles of Social Media Use and Medical Mistrust in Black Americans’ COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy: The RISP Model Perspective. Health Communication, 39(9), 1833-1846. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2023.2244169 Neblo, M. A. (2007). Philosophical psychology with political intent. In W. R. Neuman, G. E. Marcus, A. N. Crigler, & M. MacKuen (Eds.), The affect effect: Dynamics of emotion in political thinking and behavior (pp. 25-47). University of Chicago Press. https://polisci.osu.edu/sites/polisci.osu.edu/files/_philosophical%20psychology%20with%20political%20intent_.pdf Ohme, J., Hameleers, M., Brosius, A., & Van der Meer, T. (2021). Attenuating the crisis: the relationship between media use, prosocial political participation, and holding misinformation beliefs during the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Elections, Public Opinion and Parties, 31(sup1), 285-298. https://doi.org/10.1080/17457289.2021.1924735 Olivett, V. J., Maranges, H. M., & March, D. S. (2023). The unique roles of threat perception and misinformation accuracy judgments in the relationship between political orientation and COVID‐19 health behaviors. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 53(6), 508-518. https://doi.org/10.1111/jasp.12960 Osmundsen, M., Bor, A., Vahlstrup, P. B., & Michael, B. P. (2021). Partisan Polarization Is the Primary Psychological Motivation behind Political Fake News Sharing on Twitter. The American Political Science Review, 115(3), 999-1015. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055421000290 Oxford University Press. (2016, November 8). Word of the year 2016. Oxford Languages. https://languages.oup.com/word-of-the-year/2016/ Park, C. S. (2023). Why People Rely on Fact-Checkers? Testing Theses of “Perceived Severity of Fake News” and “Disappointment in News Media.” Journalism Studies, 25(1), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2023.2289878 Pena, M. M., Klemfuss, J. Z., Loftus, E. F., & Mindthoff, A. (2017). The effects of exposure to differing amounts of misinformation and source credibility perception on source monitoring and memory accuracy. Psychology of Consciousness: Theory, Research, and Practice, 4(4), 337-347. https://doi.org/10.1037/cns0000137 Pennycook, G., Cannon, T. D., & Rand, D. G. (2018). Prior exposure increases perceived accuracy of fake news. Journal of experimental psychology. General, 147(12), 1865-1880. https://doi.org/10.1037/xge0000465 Peterson, E., & Iyengar, S. (2021). Partisan Gaps in Political Information and Information-Seeking Behavior: Motivated Reasoning or Cheerleading? American Journal of Political Science, 65(1), 133-147. http://www.jstor.org/stable/45415617 Prike, T., Baker, J., & Ecker, U. K. H. (2024). Fact‐checking election‐campaign misinformation: Impacts on noncommitted voters' feelings and behavior. Political Psychology. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1111/pops.13059 Rhodes, S. C. (2021). Filter Bubbles, Echo Chambers, and Fake News: How Social Media Conditions Individuals to Be Less Critical of Political Misinformation. Political Communication, 39(1), 1-22. https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2021.1910887 Riddle, K., & Di, Z. (2020). Are caregivers concerned about media violence? A survey of U.S. parents’ beliefs about specific media violence effects. Journal of Children and Media, 14(4), 438-457. https://doi.org/10.1080/17482798.2020.1717564 Roberto, A. J., Mattson, L. D., Von Feldt, P. A., & Zhou, X. (2023). “The Only Thing We Have to Fear Is Fear Itself”: Predicting College Students’ Voting Behavior Using the Extended Parallel Process Model. Social Sciences, 12(11), 628. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci12110628 Rocha, Y. M., de Moura, G. A., Desidério, G. A., de Oliveira, C. H., Lourenço, F. D., & de Figueiredo Nicolete, L. D. (2023). The impact of fake news on social media and its influence on health during the COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic review. Journal of Public Health, 31(7), 1007-1016. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10389-021-01658-z Rogers, R. W. (1983). Cognitive and physiological processes in fear appeals and attitude change: A revised theory of protection motivation. In J. T. Cacioppo & R. E. Petty (Eds.), Social psychophysiology (pp. 153-177). Guilford Press. Röpcke, A., Brinkmann, C., Neumann-Böhme, S., Sabat, I., Barros, P. P., Schreyögg, J., Torbica, A., Brouwer, W., Hajek, A., & Stargardt, T. (2024). Understanding health risk perception: insights from an eight-country panel study during the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Public Health. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10389-024-02351-7 Rosenstock, I. M. (1974). Historical origins of the Health Belief Model. Health Education Monographs, 2(4), 328-335. https://doi.org/10.1177/109019817400200403 Sasaki, F. (2016). Online political efficacy (OPE) as a reliable survey measure of political empowerment when using the Internet. Policy & Internet, 8(2), 197-214. https://doi.org/10.1002/poi3.114 Schaffner, B.F., & Luks, S. (2018). Misinformation or Expressive Responding? What an Inauguration Crowd Can Tell Us about the source of Political Misinformation in Surveys. Public Opinion Quarterly, 82, 135-147. https://doi.org/10.1093/POQ/NFX042 Siegrist M. (2013). The necessity for longitudinal studies in risk perception research. Risk analysis : an official publication of the Society for Risk Analysis, 33(1), 50-51. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1539-6924.2012.01941.x Slovic, P., Finucane, M. L., Peters, E., & MacGregor, D. G. (2007). The affect heuristic. European Journal of Operational Research, 177(3), 1333-1352. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2005.04.006 So, J. (2013). A Further Extension of the Extended Parallel Process Model (E-EPPM): Implications of Cognitive Appraisal Theory of Emotion and Dispositional Coping Style. Health Communication, 28(1), 72-83. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2012.708633 So, J., Kuang, K., & Cho, H. (2015). Reexamining Fear Appeal Models from Cognitive Appraisal Theory and Functional Emotion Theory Perspectives. Communication Monographs, 83(1), 120-144. https://doi.org/10.1080/03637751.2015.1044257 Sun, Y., Chia, S. C., Lu, F., & Oktavianus, J. (2020). The Battle is On: Factors that Motivate People to Combat Anti-Vaccine Misinformation. Health Communication, 37(3), 327-336. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2020.1838108 Sweeny, K., Melnyk, D., Miller, W., & Shepperd, J. A. (2010). Information Avoidance: Who, What, When, and Why. Review of General Psychology, 14(4), 340-353. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0021288 Swire, B., Berinsky, A. J., Lewandowsky, S., & Ecker, U. K. H. (2017). Processing political misinformation: Comprehending the Trump phenomenon. Royal Society Open Science, 4(3), Article 160802. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.160802 Tandoc, E. C., & Seet, S. K. (2022). War of the Words: How Individuals Respond to “Fake News,” “Misinformation,” “Disinformation,” and “Online Falsehoods.” Journalism Practice, 18(6), 1503-1519. https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2022.2110929 Tandoc, E. C., Lim, Z. W., & Ling, R. (2017). Defining “Fake News”: A typology of scholarly definitions. Digital Journalism, 6(2), 137-153. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2017.1360143 UNESCO & IPSOS. (2023, September). Survey on the impact of online disinformation and hate speech. https://www.unesco.org/sites/default/files/medias/fichiers/2023/11/unesco_ipsos_survey.pdf UNICEF. (2025, February 10). A quick guide to spotting misinformation. UNICEF Europe and Central Asia. https://www.unicef.org/eca/stories/quick-guide-spotting-misinformation Valentino, N. A., & Nardis, Y. (2013). Political communication: Form and consequence of the information environment. In L. Huddy, D. O. Sears, & J. S. Levy (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Political Psychology (2nd ed., pp. 559-590). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199760107.013.0018 Valentino, N. A., Brader, T., Groenendyk, E. W., Gregorowicz, K., & Hutchings, V. L. (2011). Election Night’s Alright for Fighting: The Role of Emotions in Political Participation. The Journal of Politics, 73(1), 156-170. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0022381610000939 Valentino, N. A., Hutchings, V. L., Banks, A. J., & Davis, A. K. (2008). Is a worried citizen a good citizen? Emotions, political information seeking, and learning via the Internet. Political Psychology, 29(2), 247-273. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9221.2008.00625.x van der Linden, S., & Roozenbeek, J. (2021). Psychological inoculation against fake news. In R. Greifeneder, M. E. Jaffé, E. J. Newman, & N. Schwarz (Eds.), The psychology of fake news: Accepting, sharing, and correcting misinformation (pp. 147-169). Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429295379-11 van der Linden, S., Panagopoulos, C., & Roozenbeek, J. (2020). You are fake news: political bias in perceptions of fake news. Media, Culture & Society, 42(3), 460-470. https://doi.org/10.1177/0163443720906992 Vegetti, F., & Mancosu, M. (2020). The Impact of Political Sophistication and Motivated Reasoning on Misinformation. Political Communication, 37(5), 678-695. https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2020.1744778 Vellani, V., Zheng, S., Ercelik, D., & Sharot, T. (2023). The illusory truth effect leads to the spread of misinformation. Cognition, 236, Article 105421. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2023.105421 Verba, S., Schlozman, K. L., & Brady, H. E. (1995). Voice and Equality: Civic Voluntarism in American Politics. Harvard University Press. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv1pnc1k7 Villagrán, L., Reyes-Valenzuela, C., Alzugaray, C., Zumárraga-Espinosa, M., & Méndez, J. (2023). The mediating role of emotions in offline and online political participation: A post-social outbreak study in Ecuador and Chile. Frontiers in psychology, 13, Article 1111184. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1111184 Visschers, V. H., & Siegrist, M. (2013). How a nuclear power plant accident influences acceptance of nuclear power: results of a longitudinal study before and after the Fukushima disaster. Risk analysis : an official publication of the Society for Risk Analysis, 33(2), 333-347. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1539-6924.2012.01861.x Vosoughi, S., Roy, D., & Aral, S. (2018). The spread of true and false news online. Science, 359(6380), 1146-1151. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aap9559 Wagner, M. (2021). Affective polarization in multiparty systems. Electoral Studies, 69, Article 102199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electstud.2020.102199 Wang, T.-L. (2020). Does Fake News Matter to Election Outcomes?: The Case Study of Taiwan’s 2018 Local Elections. Asian Journal for Public Opinion Research, 8(2), 67-104. https://doi.org/10.15206/ajpor.2020.8.2.67 Wardle, C. (2017, February 16). Fake news. It’s complicated. First Draft. https://firstdraftnews.org/articles/fake-news-complicated/ Wardle, C., & Derakhshan, H. (2017). Information disorder: Toward an interdisciplinary framework for research and policy making. Council of Europe. https://rm.coe.int/information-disorder-toward-an-interdisciplinary-framework-for-researc/168076277c Weeks, B. E., & Gil de Zúñiga, H. (2019). What’s Next? Six Observations for the Future of Political Misinformation Research. American Behavioral Scientist, 65(2), 277-289. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764219878236 White, K., Binder, M., Ledet, R., & Hofstetter, C. (2006). Information, misinformation, and political participation. American Review of Politics, 27, 71-90. https://doi.org/10.15763/issn.2374-7781.2006.27.0.71-90 Witte, K. (1992). Putting the fear back into fear appeals: The extended parallel process model. Communication Monographs, 59(4), 329-349. https://doi.org/10.1080/03637759209376276 Witte, K., Cameron, K. A., McKeon, J. K., & Berkowitz, J. M. (1996). Predicting risk behaviors: development and validation of a diagnostic scale. Journal of health communication, 1(4), 317-341. https://doi.org/10.1080/108107396127988 Witte, K., Meyer, G., & Martell, D. (2001). Effective health risk messages: A step-by-step guide. SAGE Publications. World Health Organization. (2020, September). An ad hoc WHO technical consultation managing the COVID-19 infodemic: Call for action. World Health Organization. https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/334287/9789240010314-eng.pdf?sequence=1 Xiao, X. (2022). Let’s verify and rectify! Examining the nuanced influence of risk appraisal and norms in combatting misinformation. New Media & Society, 26(7), 3786-3809. https://doi.org/10.1177/14614448221104948 Yang, J. Z., Dong, X., & Liu, Z. (2021). Systematic Processing of COVID-19 Information: Relevant Channel Beliefs and Perceived Information Gathering Capacity as Moderators. Science Communication, 44(1), 60-85. https://doi.org/10.1177/10755470211044781 Yang, Z. J., & Kahlor, L. (2012). What, Me Worry? The Role of Affect in Information Seeking and Avoidance. Science Communication, 35(2), 189-212. https://doi.org/10.1177/1075547012441873 Zhou, X., & Roberto, A. J. (2022). An Application of the Risk Information Seeking and Processing Model in Understanding College Students' COVID-19 Vaccination Information Seeking and Behavior. Science communication, 44(4), 446-474. https://doi.org/10.1177/10755470221120415 Zollo, F., Bessi, A., Del Vicario, M., Scala, A., Caldarelli, G., Shekhtman, L., Havlin, S., & Quattrociocchi, W. (2017). Debunking in a world of tribes. PLOS ONE, 12(7), Article e0181821. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0181821 |