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    Title: 分析東協國家對美國「印太戰略」之回應
    The response of ASEAN to the U.S. Indo-Pacific Strategy
    Authors: 吳季儒
    Wu, Chi-Ru
    Contributors: 薛健吾
    Hsueh, Chien-Wu
    吳季儒
    Wu, Chi-Ru
    Keywords: 印太戰略
    一帶一路
    東協國家
    避險
    美中競爭
    Indo-Pacific Strategy
    Belt and Road Initiative
    ASEAN
    Hedging
    U.S.-China competition
    Date: 2024
    Issue Date: 2025-03-03 13:27:43 (UTC+8)
    Abstract: 2019年提出的「印太戰略」獲得跨黨派政府的延續,對於印太地區的權力分配具有不可抹滅的影響力,並與「一帶一路」最終形成美中競爭下的戰略,而開啟美中競爭的新時代。其中東協國家亦在印太地區扮演關鍵性角色,由於中國的經濟利益對於東協國家的影響,以及「印太戰略」對於東協國家所帶來的合作機會,因此,本文所欲探討的研究問題為是否有那些系統性的原因驅使這些國家做出該種外交政策選擇?以及,東協10國如何回應美國的印太戰略?鑒於大多文獻認為東協國家係採取避險策略,所以其所欲採取的外交政策更耐人尋味,並對「印太戰略」造成深遠的影響,於是本文以避險理論出發,分析東協國家經濟需要中國的程度與領導者的抉擇,影響該國配合美國「印太戰略」的程度。新加坡與越南因屬經濟較不依賴中國與領導者政策選擇有變動,導致傾向配合「印太戰略」;菲律賓、泰國、印尼、馬來西亞及汶萊因屬經濟較依賴中國領導者與政策選擇有變動,導致配合「印太戰略」程度有變動;緬甸、寮國及柬埔寨因屬經濟較依賴中國領導者與政策選擇有變動,導致較不積極配合「印太戰略」。
    The Indo-Pacific Strategy proposed in 2019 has been continued by Cabinet of Joe Biden, exerting an indelible influence on the power distribution in the Indo-Pacific region and ultimately forming a strategic competition between the U.S. and China alongside the Belt and Road Initiative, thus opening a new era of U.S.-China competition. ASEAN play a crucial role in the Indo-Pacific region due to the impact of China's economic interests on these countries and the cooperation opportunities brought by the Indo-Pacific Strategy. Therefore, the research questions this paper aims to explore are: What systematic reasons drive these countries to make such diplomatic policy choices? And how do the ASEAN respond to the U.S. Indo-Pacific Strategy? Given that most literature suggests that ASEAN adopt a hedging strategy, their diplomatic policy choices become even more intriguing and have profound implications for the Indo-Pacific Strategy. This paper starts from the hedging theory to analyze the extent to which ASEAN economic dependence on China and the leaders' choices influence their alignment with the U.S. Indo-Pacific Strategy Singapore and Vietnam, being less economically reliant on China and experiencing changes in leadership policy choices, tend to align more with the Indo-Pacific Strategy. In contrast, the Philippines, Thailand, Indonesia, Malaysia, and Brunei, which are more economically reliant on China and have experienced changes in leadership and policy choices, show varying degrees of alignment with the Indo-Pacific Strategy. Myanmar, Laos, and Cambodia, being more economically reliant on China and experiencing changes in leadership and policy choices, tend to be less proactive in aligning with the Indo-Pacific Strategy.
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    重慶市中新示範項目管理局,2022/12/01,〈中新互聯互通項目是什麼?〉,《重慶市中新示範項目管理局》https://cci.cq.gov.cn/,查閱時間:2023/03/11。
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    崔譯戈,2023/09/19,〈國際觀察:中柬「鐵桿友誼」開啟新時代〉,《人民網》,http://world.people.com.cn/n1/2023/0919/c1002-40081135.html,查閱時間:2024/02/04。
    第二屆「一帶一路」國際合作高峰論壇官方網站,2019/04/27,〈第二屆「一帶一路」國際合作高峰論壇舉行圓桌峰會 習近平主持會議並致辭〉,《第二屆一带一路國際合作高峰論壇官方網站》, http://www.beltandroadforum.org/BIG5/n100/2019/0427/c24-1314.html,查閱時間:2022/06/22。
    陶軍、王迪、黄碩,2020/01/15,〈中國駐越南大使:推動中越關係健康穩定發展〉,《中國一帶一路網》https://www.yidaiyilu.gov.cn/ghsl/gnzjgd/115455.htm,查閱時間:2023/04/04。
    陸積明,2023/08/24,〈柬埔寨新政府開始實行《五角戰略》 引領國家邁入新發展期〉,《柬中時報》,https://cc-times.com/posts/22390,查閱時間:2024/01/21。
    陳妍君,2023/6/8,〈小馬可仕:菲律賓外交中立 美中兩國間不選邊站〉,《中央社》,https://www.cna.com.tw/news/aopl/202306080265.aspx,查閱時間:2024/04/14。
    陳妍君,2022/07/12,〈南海仲裁6週年 菲律賓:裁決結果已定不可辯駁〉,《中央通訊社》,https://www.cna.com.tw/news/aopl/202207120366.aspx,查閱時間:2022/11/07。
    陳妍君,2021/7/26,〈杜特蒂最後國情咨文史上最長 稱南海爭議無仲裁[影]〉,《中央通訊社》,https://www.cna.com.tw/news/firstnews/202107260384.aspx,查閱時間:2023/05/10。
    勞拉·比克,2023/09/11,〈美越升級全面戰略伙伴關係,拜登總統否認與中國冷戰〉,《BBC中文網》,https://www.bbc.com/zhongwen/trad/world-66772582,查閱時間:2023/10/01。
    斯影,2020/09/24,〈湄公河:美國啟動夥伴計劃會給流域資源之爭帶來什麼〉,《BBC中文網》https://www.bbc.com/zhongwen/trad/world-54264192,查閱時間:2023/04/06。
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    傅東飛,2023/02/02,〈菲律賓為美軍增設四個基地 大規模駐軍可能性不大〉,《BBC中文網》,https://www.bbc.com/zhongwen/trad/world-64494506,查閱時間:2023/04/30。
    黃自強,2024/3/18,〈安華:大馬對選邊站不感興趣 不插手地緣政治〉,《中央社》,https://www.cna.com.tw/news/aopl/202403180144.aspx,查閱時間:2024/04/14。
    黃幼娟,2021/12/01,〈中寮鐵路爭議(上):積極推動「中寮鐵路」,對中國和寮國的好處為何?〉,《關鍵評論網》,https://www.thenewslens.com/article/159449,查閱時間:2024/01/06。
    新南向政策專網,2016/08/16,〈新南向政策綱領〉,《經濟部國貿局新南向政策專網》,https://tinyurl.com/yckzujvr,查閱時間:2022/07/13。
    新華社,2021/11/22,〈習近平在中國-東盟建立對話關系30周年紀念峰會上的講話(全文)〉,《人民網》,http://politics.people.com.cn/BIG5/n1/2021/1122/c1024-32288688.html,查閱時間:2022/07/09。
    新華社,2018/08/27,〈大道致遠,海納百川——習近平主席提出「一帶一路」倡議五周年記〉,《中國共產黨新聞網》,http://cpc.people.com.cn/BIG5/n1/2018/0827/c419242-30251908.html,查閱時間:2022/06/22。
    廖綉玉,2019/12/13,〈科技冷戰》熱錢湧入、供應鏈洗牌、對美出口激增...東南亞將漁翁得利嗎?〉,《風傳媒》,https://www.storm.mg/article/1763108?page=1,查閱時間:2023/05/14。
    蔡晴雯,2023/03/22,〈印尼政府表示美國將於今年五月主導IPEF部長級會議〉,《中華經濟研究院WTO及RTA中心》,https://web.wtocenter.org.tw/Page/120/382888,查閱時間:2023/08/19。
    駐馬來西亞台北經濟文化辦事處經濟組,2022/05/27,〈馬來西亞首相深信印太經濟架構將加強印太與東協國家的經濟合作〉,《經濟部國際貿易局》,https://www.trade.gov.tw/Pages/Detail.aspx?nodeid=45&pid=743563,查閱時間:2023/09/03。
    鄭崇生,2018/7/19,〈美印太戰略 薛瑞福:台灣是重要夥伴〉,《中央通訊社》,https://www.cna.com.tw/news/firstnews/201807190026.aspx,查閱時間:2022/07/13。
    德國之聲中文網,2023/09/01,〈中國新版地圖惹眾怒 菲馬越台拒不接受〉,《德國之聲中文網》,https://reurl.cc/edXo2K,查閱時間:2023/10/01。
    轉角24小時,2018/08/22,〈當面重創「一帶一路」:馬來西亞正式腰斬中資鐵路〉,《轉角國際》,https://global.udn.com/global_vision/story/8662/3323206,查閱時間:2022/11/08。
    關鍵評論網,2023/05/01,〈中國於西沙群島開火鍋店宣示南海主權;小馬可仕訪美承諾不讓菲律賓成為軍事中繼站〉,《關鍵評論網》,https://www.thenewslens.com/article/184845,查閱時間:2023/05/05。
    關鍵評論網,2023/04/12,〈中泰鐵路工程延宕,泰民眾憂百年鐵道遺產遭移除〉,《關鍵評論網》,https://www.thenewslens.com/article/183904,查閱時間:2023/05/16。
    關鍵評論網,2021/08/04,〈印尼美國啟動戰略對話,承諾捍衛南海航行自由、促進雙邊關係〉,《關鍵評論網》,https://www.thenewslens.com/article/154542,查閱時間:2023/01/28。
    關鍵評論網,2021/01/27,〈價值百億美元中菲合作機場標案,菲律賓宣布終止〉,《關鍵評論網》,https://www.thenewslens.com/article/146585,查閱時間:2023/04/29。
    關鍵評論網 ASEAN,2016/07/26,〈中國傳聲筒?柬埔寨反對下,東協外長共同聲明未提南海仲裁〉,《關鍵評論網》,https://www.thenewslens.com/article/45048,查閱時間:2024/03/10。
    霧谷晶策,2021/08/28,〈賀錦麗出訪越南暗藏抗中布局,兩國是否能從「全面夥伴關係」升格至「戰略夥伴關係」?〉,《關鍵評論網》,https://www.thenewslens.com/article/155597,查閱時間:2023/01/28。
    英文部分
    一、官方文件
    United States White House, 2022.“Indo-Pacific Strategy of the United States” .
    United States Department of Defense, June 1,2019.“Indo-Pacific Strategy Report:Preparedness, Partnerships, and Promoting a Networked Region”.
    United States Department of State, November 4,2019.“A Free and Open Indo-Pacific: Advancing a Shared Vision”.
    United States, December,2017.“National Security Strategy of the United States of America”.
    ASEAN, June 23, 2019.“Asean Outlook On The Indo-Pacific”.
    United States, January 12, 2021.“United States Strategic Framework for the Indo-Pacific”.
    United States White House, March, 2021.“Interim National Security Strategic Guidance”.
    United States Agency for International Development, October, 2019.“Country Development Cooperation Strategy”.
    U.S. Department of State, March, 2022.“Integrated Country Strategies:Lao People’s Democratic Republic”.
    二、專書
    Goh, E. 2005.“Meeting the China challenge: The U.S. in Southeast Asian regional security strategies” Washington, DC: East-West Center published.
    Kang, David C. 2007.“China Rising: Peace, Power, and Order in East Asia” New York, NY: Columbia University Press.
    Maçães. 2019.“Belt and Road: A Chinese World Order” London: Hurst & Company.
    三、期刊
    Charles P. Kindleberger. 1986.“ International Public Goods without International Government”The American Economic Review, 76(1):1–13. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1804123
    Evelyn Goh. 2005.“Meeting the China Challenge:The U.S. in Southeast Asian Regional Security Strategies”Policy Studies,16:1–66. https://www.eastwestcenter.org/system/tdf/private/PS016.pdf?file=1&type=node&id=32053
    Jung, Lee and Lee. 2020 “The Indo-Pacific Strategy and US Alliance Network Expandability: Asian Middle Powers’ Positions on Sino-US Geostrategic Competition in Indo-Pacific Region” Journal of Contemporary China, 30(127):53–68. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10670564.2020.1766909?scroll=top&needAccess=true&role=tab
    Ho, Dung. 2022 “How regime legitimation influences Vietnam’s strategy toward US–China strategic rivalry” International Journal of Asian Studies, 19:1–20. https://www.rsis.edu.sg/staff-publication/how-regime-legitimation-influences-vietnams-strategy-toward-us-china-strategic-rivalry/
    Menon 2023 “What Can Malaysia Expect from IPEF?” ISEAS Perspective,(64):1–12. https://www.iseas.edu.sg/articles-commentaries/iseas-perspective/2023-64-what-can-malaysia-expect-from-ipef-by-jayant-menon/
    Mahani Hamdan, Chang-Yau Hoon 2019 “Brunei Darussalam: Making Strides with a Renewed Focus on the Future” Southeast Asian Affairs, 85–102. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26939689
    Siu Tzyy Wei 2023 “Caught in the Middle: The Measured Voice of Brunei’s Foreign Policy Amidst the South China Sea Disputes” Pressing Security Concerns in Southeast Asia:Next-Generation Perspectives, https://pacforum.org/tag/brunei
    Medeiros 2005 “Strategic hedging and the future of Asia‐pacific stability” The Washington Quarterly, 29(1), 145–167. https://doi.org/10.1162/016366005774859724
    Roy, Denny 2005 “Southeast Asia and China: Balancing or Bandwagoning?” Contemporary Southeast Asia, 27(2), 305-322.
    Kuik 2008 “The essence of hedging: Malaysia and Singapore's response to a rising China. ” Contemporary Southeast Asia: A Journal of International and Strategic Affairs, 30(2), 159-185.
    Kuik 2016 “How Do Weaker States Hedge? Unpacking ASEAN states’ alignment behavior towards China. ” Journal of Contemporary China, 25(100), 500–514.
    四、研究報告
    Seah, Lin, Martinus , Suvannaphakdy, Thao 2023. The Stateof Southeast Asia:2023 Survey Report. the ASEAN Studies Centre at the ISEAS-Yusof Ishak Institute published.
    Jackson 2022. New Opportunities for the United States-Kingdom of Thailand Alliance in the Indo-Pacific. East-West Center published.
    Poling, Hudes, Natalegawa 2021. Alliances in Need of Upkeep: Strengthening the U.S.-Philippines and U.S.-Thailand Partnerships. Center for Strategic and International Studies published.
    Lum 2023. Cambodia: Background and U.S. Relations. Congressional Research Service published.
    Lee 2023. Southeast Asian Perspectives of the United States and China : A SWOT Analysis. The Asan Institute for Policy Studies published.
    五、網際網路
    Hudson Institute 2018.“Vice President Mike Pence's Remarks on the Administration's Policy Towards China”https://tinyurl.com/bddb2yxt
    Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan“Diplomatic Bluebook 2017”https://tinyurl.com/2d4h5a3n(June 30,2022)
    Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan 2007“Confluence of the Two Seas”, https://www.mofa.go.jp/region/asia-paci/pmv0708/speech-2.html(June 30,2022)
    Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan 2016“Address by Prime Minister Shinzo Abe
    at the Opening Session of the Sixth Tokyo International Conference on African Development”, https://www.mofa.go.jp/afr/af2/page4e_000496.html(June 30,2022)
    Intelligence Squared US 2021 “Taiwan is Indefensible”, https://www.intelligencesquaredus.org/debate/taiwan-indefensible-0/#/(December 02,2022)
    Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Singapore 2022“The 5th U.S.-Singapore Strategic Partnership Dialogue October 25, 2022, Washington, D.C.”, https://www.mfa.gov.sg/Newsroom/Press-Statements-Transcripts-and-Photos/2022/10/221026spd(January 27,2023)
    U.S. Embassy in Laos 2016“United States and Lao PDR Unveil Comprehensive Partnership.”, https://la.usembassy.gov/united-states-and-lao-pdr-unveil-comprehensive-partnership/(January 29,2023)
    U.S. International Development Finance Corporation “Who We Are.”, https://www.dfc.gov/who-we-are(February 12,2023)
    U.S. Development of State “Development Finance”, https://www.state.gov/development-finance/(February 12,2023)
    International Trade Administration “Asia EDGE”, https://www.trade.gov/asia-edge(February 12,2023)
    Ramon Pacheco Pardo “South Korea as a “global pivotal state”:the role of partners”, Brussels School of Governance. https://brussels-school.be/publications/policy-briefs/south-korea-%E2%80%9Cglobal-pivotal-state%E2%80%9D-role-partners(February 19,2023)
    Pradumna B Rana “G7’s ‘Build Back Better World’:Rival to China’s BRI?”, https://think-asia.org/bitstream/handle/11540/13896/CO21109.pdf?sequence=1(February 19,2023)
    Hiebert, Marston 2015 “President Obama Needs to Visit Singapore Next Year”, The Center for Strategic and International Studies. https://www.csis.org/analysis/president-obama-needs-visit-singapore-next-year(March 5,2023)
    U.S. Department of Defense 2019 “Secretary of Defense Mark T. Esper and Singapore Minister for Defence Ng Eng Hen Signing Memorandum of Understanding”,https://www.defense.gov/News/Transcripts/Transcript/Article/2034882/secretary-of-defense-mark-t-esper-and-singapore-minister-for-defence-ng-eng-hen/(March 12,2023)
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    Description: 碩士
    國立政治大學
    國家安全與大陸研究碩士在職專班
    110981004
    Source URI: http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0110981004
    Data Type: thesis
    Appears in Collections:[國家安全與大陸研究碩士在職專班] 學位論文

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