政大機構典藏-National Chengchi University Institutional Repository(NCCUR):Item 140.119/154577

政大機構典藏-National Chengchi University Institutional Repository(NCCUR):Item 140.119/154577

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政大機構典藏 > 國際事務學院 > 外交學系 > 學位論文 > Item 140.119/154577

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題名:	歐巴馬與川普之中東國家安全政策比較：以以巴、伊朗核武和反恐問題為例 Comparison of Barack Obama and Donald Trump’s National Security Policies toward the Middle East: The Cases of Israeli-Palestine, Iran Nuclear Weapons, and Countering Terrorism
作者:	李祥豪 Lee, Siang-Hao
貢獻者:	張文揚張景安 Chang, Wen-Yang Chang, Ching-An 李祥豪 Lee, Siang-Hao
關鍵詞:	以巴衝突伊朗核武反恐問題歐巴馬川普 Israeli-Palestine Conflicts Iran Nuclear Weapons Countering Terrorism Obama Trump
日期:	2024
上傳時間:	2024-12-02 11:24:09 (UTC+8)
摘要:	儘管歐巴馬(Barack Obama)與川普(Donald Trump)在外交政策上奉行不同的策略，然而在面對中東國家安全議題時，政策並非全然皆是轉變。歐巴馬重視多邊主義與外交合作，並透過《聯合全面行動計劃》（JCPOA）來限制伊朗的核武發展，且試圖減少美國在中東的直接軍事介入；反之，川普則推行「美國優先」政策，強調單邊主義與國家利益的優先，並在政策上強力支持以色列，例如承認耶路撒冷為以色列首都，並退出伊朗核武協議，改以「極限施壓」對抗伊朗。在反恐議題上，雙方皆有意減少美軍駐紮，並尋求與區域盟友合作，但歐巴馬試圖透過國家重建根除恐怖主義根源，川普則更專注於直接打擊恐怖組織。本文採用層次分析法，並以影響範圍為依據將以巴衝突視為國家層次、伊朗核武問題視為區域層次，而反恐問題則置於全球層次進行分析。本文通過對三大議題的深入比較，釐清兩位總統在政策上的延續與轉變，並探究造成政策變化的原因。結果顯示，相比於反恐政策的延續，兩位總統在以巴問題和伊朗核武問題上的政策轉變更為顯著。川普的「美國優先」策略導致對盟友和區域安全的重新考量，使其政策更為偏向以色列，並強化了與伊朗的對抗。而在反恐方面，川普則大致延續了歐巴馬的戰略緊縮，減少美軍直接駐紮，並依賴當地盟友打擊恐怖主義。與此同時，這三大議題間彼此相互影響，反映了美國在制定中東政策時，需從國家、區域及全球層次進行綜合考量。例如，以巴問題屬國家層次的長期衝突，而伊朗核武則是區域層次的安全挑戰。作為美國在中東的核心盟友，以色列關注的不僅是巴勒斯坦引發的威脅，亦擔憂伊朗核武發展可能使其成為區域霸權，威脅以色列生存。伊朗核武問題和反恐問題也存在關聯，體現於伊朗對代理人和恐怖組織的支持，對區域及全球安全構成威脅，美國的反恐政策因此無法忽視伊朗在該區域的行為。 Despite the differing strategies in foreign policy adopted by Barack Obama and Donald Trump, there was not a complete shift in approach when addressing security issues in the Middle East. Obama emphasized multilateralism and diplomatic cooperation, aiming to limit Iran's nuclear development through the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) and reduce direct U.S. military involvement in the region. Conversely, Trump implemented an "America First" policy, prioritizing unilateralism and national interests. His approach strongly supported Israel, recognizing Jerusalem as its capital and withdrawing from the Iran nuclear deal, opting instead for a "maximum pressure" strategy to counter Iran. Regarding counterterrorism, both presidents intended to reduce U.S. military presence and sought collaboration with regional allies. However, Obama aimed to address the root causes of terrorism through nation-building efforts, while Trump focused more on direct strikes against terrorist organizations. This article adopts a hierarchical approach, categorizing the Israeli-Palestinian conflict as a national-level issue, the Iran nuclear issue as a regional-level concern, and counterterrorism as a global-level challenge. Through an in-depth comparison of these three key issues, the study clarifies the continuities and changes in the policies of the two presidents and explores the reasons behind these policy shifts. The findings indicate that, compared to the continuity in counterterrorism policies, there were more significant policy changes in the Israeli-Palestinian and Iran nuclear issues. Trump's "America First" strategy led to a reevaluation of alliances and regional security, resulting in policies that leaned more towards Israel and intensified confrontation with Iran. In counterterrorism, Trump largely continued Obama's strategic retrenchment, reducing direct U.S. troop deployments and relying on local allies to combat terrorism. Meanwhile, these three issues are interrelated, reflecting the need for the U.S. to consider national, regional, and global levels when formulating Middle East policies. For instance, the Israeli-Palestinian conflict is a longstanding national-level dispute, whereas Iran's nuclear ambitions present a regional security challenge. As the U.S.’s key ally in the Middle East, Israel is concerned not only with threats posed by Palestine but also with Iran’s potential rise as a regional hegemon through nuclear development, which could threaten Israel’s survival. The Iran nuclear issue and counterterrorism are also linked, evident in Iran’s support for proxies and terrorist organizations, posing threats to regional and global security. Consequently, U.S. counterterrorism policy cannot overlook Iran's actions in the region.
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