Loading...
|
Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item:
https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/153459
|
| Title: | 探討東南亞氣候變遷與政治暴力之重要關聯性
The Nexus Between Climate Change and Organized Political Violence in Southeast Asia |
| Authors: | 河潤玄
Ayanoglu, Harun Talha |
| Contributors: | 劉復國
Liu, Fu Kuo
河潤玄
Ayanoglu,Harun Talha |
| Keywords: | 政治暴力
氣候變遷
恐怖主義
東南亞
Political Violence
Climate Change
Terrorism
Southeast Asia |
| Date: | 2024 |
| Issue Date: | 2024-09-04 15:18:48 (UTC+8) |
| Abstract: | 氣候變遷和有組織的政治暴力日益受到國際社會的關注，與非傳統安全問題的興起相一致。自此以來，眾多研究人員和專家在各種範疇和背景下研究了這些問題，並檢視其在不同地區的影響。本研究旨在調查氣候變遷與組織性政治暴力之間的聯繫，針對印度尼西亞、菲律賓、泰國和撒哈拉以南非洲的案例進行研究。
通過對歷史和當代案例的分析，本研究確認了氣候變遷與各種形式的政治暴力之間的關係。從赫梯人(Hittites)到中世紀帝國的歷史案例顯示，氣候擾動曾引發了眾多起義和革命。針對敘利亞、埃及和部分非洲地區的現代案例研究顯示，與氣候變遷相關的事件明顯的促成了政治暴力的出現。
為系統性地構建氣候變遷與政治暴力之間的關聯性，本研究採用了從廣泛文獻中研擬出的三元的模型。該模型包括氣候變遷影響的暴露度、社會經濟和政治脆弱性以及組織性武裝反對勢力的存在。此模型架構不僅可闡明氣候變遷與政治暴力之間的關聯性，還可作為預測氣候危機高漲時發生潛在衝突的工具。
Climate change and organized political violence have increasingly captured the attention of the international community, aligning with the rise of non-traditional security issues. Since then, numerous researchers and experts have studied these issues across various scopes and contexts, examining their implications in different regions. This research intended to investigate the link between climate change and organized political violence in the cases of Indonesia, the Philippines, Thailand, and Sub-Saharan Africa.
Through the analysis of historical and contemporary cases, this study affirms the relationship between climate change and various forms of political violence. Historical examples, from the Hittites to Medieval empires, present that climatic disruptions have triggered numerous uprisings and revolutions. Numbers of studies focusing on modern-day cases such like Syria, Egypt and parts of Africa, suggest that climate change-related events have significantly contributed to the emergence of political violence.
To systematically structure the nexus between climate change and political violence, this research employs a triadic risk model, distilled from extensive literature. The model comprises exposure to climate change impacts, socioeconomic and political fragility, and the presence of organized and armed opposition. This framework not only elucidates the connection between climate change and political violence but also serves as a predictive tool for potential conflicts amid the soaring climate crisis. |
| Reference: | Abel, G. J., Brottrager, M., Crespo Cuaresma, J., & Muttarak, R. (2019). Climate, conflict and forced migration. Global Environmental Change, 54, 239–249. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2018.12.003
Abuza, Z. (2003). Militant Islam in Southeast Asia: Crucible of terror. Lynne Rienner Publishers.
Ahram. (2013). Al-Qaeda 3.0: Exploiting unrest from Syria to Sahel: Expert. Ahram Online. https://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/2/8/63388/World/Region/AlQaeda--Exploiting-unrest-from-Syria-to-Sahel-Exp.aspx
Al Jazeera. (2022). What is behind the largest protests in Panama in years? [News]. Al Jazeera. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/7/20/what-is-behind-largest-protests-in-panama-in-years-explainer
Ali, M. (2010). Years of Drought: A Report on the Effects of Drought on the Syrian Peninsula. Heinrich-Böll-Stiftung, 1–14.
Allan, R. P., Barlow, M., Byrne, M. P., Cherchi, A., Douville, H., Fowler, H. J., Gan, T. Y., Pendergrass, A. G., Rosenfeld, D., Swann, A. L. S., Wilcox, L. J., & Zolina, O. (2020). Advances in understanding large‐scale responses of the water cycle to climate change. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1472(1), 49–75. https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.14337
Al-Monitor. (2022). Nationwide protests in Iran as food prices increase [News]. Al-Monitor. https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2022/05/nationwide-protests-iran-food-prices-increase
Anderson, C. A. (1989). Temperature and aggression: Ubiquitous effects of heat on occurrence of human violence. Psychological Bulletin, 106(1), 74–96. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.106.1.74
Anderson, C. A. (2001). Heat and Violence. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 10(1), 33–38. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8721.00109
Anderson, M. (2015). The Not So Little Little Ice Age: Climate Change Impacts on the Collapse of the Yuan and Ming Dynasty. In From Climactic Destruction to Economic Revitalization: Commerce, Disease and War in Eurasia, 1200-1900 (pp. 12–29). CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform
Anderson, R. W., Johnson, N., & Koyama, M. (2017). Jewish Persecutions and Weather Shocks: 1100–1800. The Economic Journal, 127(602), 97–111.
Andre, V. (2012). Framing Separatist Terrorism in Southern Thailand: Collision, Collusion, and Convergence. Monash University.
Arezki, R., & Brückner, M. (2011). Food Prices and Political Instability (pp. 1–22) [IMF Working Paper]. IMF. https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/wp/2011/wp1162.pdf
Arianti, V. (2022). Jemaah Islamiyah After the 2002 Bali Bombings: Two Decades of Continuity and Transformation. Counter Terrorist Trends and Analyses, 14(5), 17–28.
ASEAN. (2022a). ASEAN Key Figures 2022 (p. 84). ASEAN. https://www.aseanstats.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/AKF_2022_423.pdf
ASEAN. (2022b). ASEAN Statistical Yearbook 2022 (p. 298). ASEAN. https://www.aseanstats.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/ASYB_2022_423.pdf
Asian Development Bank. (2017). A Region at Risk: The Human Dimensions of Climate Change in Asia and the Pacific (0 ed.). Asian Development Bank. https://doi.org/10.22617/TCS178839-2
Avery, C. W., D.R. Easterling, K.E. Kunkel, B.C. Stewart, & T.K. Maycock. (2023). The Fifth National Climate Assessment. U.S. Global Change Research Program. https://doi.org/10.7930/NCA5.2023.RiB
Babbie, E. R. (2013). The practice of social research (Thirteenth edition). Wadsworth Cengage Learning.
Bangalore, M., Smith, A., & Veldkamp, T. (2019). Exposure to Floods, Climate Change, and Poverty in Vietnam. Economics of Disasters and Climate Change, 3(1), 79–99. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41885-018-0035-4
Banlaoi, R. (2010). Philipine Security in the Age of Terror: National, Regional, and Global Challenges in the Post-911 World. Taylor & Francis Group.
Bellemare, M. F. (2014). Rising Food Prices, Food Price Volatility, and Social Unrest. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 97(1), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajae/aau038
Benjaminsen, T. A., Alinon, K., Buhaug, H., & Buseth, J. T. (2012). Does climate change drive land-use conflicts in the Sahel? Journal of Peace Research, 49(1), 97–111. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022343311427343
Berg, B. L., & Lune, H. (2012). Qualitative research methods for the social sciences (8th ed). Pearson.
Bjørgo, T. (Ed.). (2005). Root causes of terrorism: Myths, reality, and ways forward. Routledge.
Blade, T. (2022). Europe’s drought could be the worst in 500 years, warns researcher [News]. Euronews. https://www.euronews.com/my-europe/2022/08/10/europes-drought-could-be-the-worst-in-500-years-warns-researcher
Blanchard, J. L., Watson, R. A., Fulton, E. A., Cottrell, R. S., Nash, K. L., Bryndum-Buchholz, A., Büchner, M., Carozza, D. A., Cheung, W. W. L., Elliott, J., Davidson, L. N. K., Dulvy, N. K., Dunne, J. P., Eddy, T. D., Galbraith, E., Lotze, H. K., Maury, O., Müller, C., Tittensor, D. P., & Jennings, S. (2017). Linked sustainability challenges and trade-offs among fisheries, aquaculture and agriculture. Nature Ecology & Evolution, 1(9), 1240–1249. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-017-0258-8
Bollfrass, A., & Shaver, A. (2015). The Effects of Temperature on Political Violence: Global Evidence at the Subnational Level. PLOS ONE, 10(5), e0123505. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0123505
Boyce, D. G., Lotze, H. K., Tittensor, D. P., Carozza, D. A., & Worm, B. (2020). Future ocean biomass losses may widen socioeconomic equity gaps. Nature Communications, 11(1), 2235. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-15708-9
Boyce, D. G., Tittensor, D. P., Garilao, C., Henson, S., Kaschner, K., Kesner-Reyes, K., Pigot, A., Reyes, R. B., Reygondeau, G., Schleit, K. E., Shackell, N. L., Sorongon-Yap, P., & Worm, B. (2022). A climate risk index for marine life. Nature Climate Change, 12(9), 854–862. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-022-01437-y
Bresinger, C., van Rheenen, T., Ringler, C., Nin-Pratt, A., Minot, N., Aragon, C., Yu, B., Ecker, O., & Zhu, T. (2010). Food security and economic development in the Middle East and North Africa (pp. 1–68). International Food Policy Research Institute. https://www.ifpri.org/publication/food-security-and-economic-development-middle-east-and-north-africa
Brock, S., Barrett, O.-L., & Birkman, L. (2021). The World Climate and Security Report 2021. The Center for Climate & Security. https://imccs.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/World-Climate-and-Security-Report-2021.pdf
Burke, M. B., Miguel, E., Satyanath, S., Dykema, J. A., & Lobell, D. B. (2009). Warming increases the risk of civil war in Africa. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 106(49), 20670–20674. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0907998106
Butt, S. (2009). Indonesian Terrorism Law and Criminal Process Islam. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1400506
Cabral, S. (2023). Sri Lanka’s anti-government protests have gone silent—For now [News]. BBC News. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-64142694
Campbell, K., Gulledge, J., McNeill, J. R., Podesta, J., Ogden, P., Fuerth, L., Woolsey, R. J., Lennon, A., Smith, J., Weitz, R., & Mix, D. (2007). The Age of Consequences: The Foreign Policy and National Security Implications of Global Climate Change (p. 125). CSIS. https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA473826.pdf
Canon, G. (2022). Record growth, record heat, record drought: How will Las Vegas weather the climate crisis? [News]. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2022/mar/04/las-vegas-population-growth-climate-crisis#aoh=16465666771055&csi=0&referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com&_tf=From%20%251%24s&share=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fus-news%2F2022%2Fmar%2F04%2Flas-vegas-population-growth-climate-crisis
Cattaneo, C., & Bosetti, V. (2017). Climate-induced International Migration and Conflicts. CESifo Economic Studies, 63(4), 500–528. https://doi.org/10.1093/cesifo/ifx010
Chalermsripinyorat, R. (2022). Thailand’s deep south conflict is approaching a critical point. Nikkei Asia. https://asia.nikkei.com/Opinion/Thailand-s-deep-south-conflict-is-approaching-a-critical-point
Chalk, P., Angel Rabasa, William Rosenau, & Leanne Piggott. (2009). The Evolving Terrorist Threat to Southeast Asia; A Net Assessment. RAND Corporation.
Cheng, F., Garzione, C., Li, X., Salzmann, U., Schwarz, F., Haywood, A. M., Tindall, J., Nie, J., Li, L., Wang, L., Abbott, B. W., Elliott, B., Liu, W., Upadhyay, D., Arnold, A., & Tripati, A. (2022). Alpine permafrost could account for a quarter of thawed carbon based on Plio-Pleistocene paleoclimate analogue. Nature Communications, 13(1), 1329. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-29011-2
Cheng, L., Abraham, J., Trenberth, K. E., Fasullo, J., Boyer, T., Mann, M. E., Zhu, J., Wang, F., Locarnini, R., Li, Y., Zhang, B., Tan, Z., Yu, F., Wan, L., Chen, X., Song, X., Liu, Y., Reseghetti, F., Simoncelli, S., … Reagan, J. (2022). Another Record: Ocean Warming Continues through 2021 despite La Niña Conditions. Advances in Atmospheric Sciences, 39(3), 373–385. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00376-022-1461-3
Chew, A. (2023). JI’s Infiltration of State Institutions in Change of Tactics. Counter Terrorist Trends and Analyses, 15(3), 10–14.
Climate Central. (2022). Coastal Screening Tool. https://coastal.climatecentral.org/map/5/115.4167/9.8246/?theme=sea_level_rise&map_type=year&basemap=simple&contiguous=true&elevation_model=best_available&forecast_year=2050&pathway=ssp3rcp70&percentile=p95&refresh=true&return_level=return_level_10&rl_model=gtsr&slr_model=ipcc_2021_med
CNA. (2022). Alleged mass killings, torture: Myanmar’s shadow government compiles evidence for international legal channels [News]. CNA. https://www.channelnewsasia.com/asia/myanmar-national-unity-government-nug-tatmadaw-torture-mass-killings-2471181?cid=FBcna&fbclid=IwAR2vrULpPhCzl1mXqoHV40cm_mXmrgXzqpJpZO5c24r8c4VN_XAt1tTjqsM
Cockburn, H. (2022). Climate crisis blamed as extreme winter drought devastates crops in Spain and Portugal [News]. Independent. https://www.independent.co.uk/climate-change/news/spain-portugal-winter-drought-crops-b2014714.html#aoh=16448989479360&csi=0&referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com&_tf=From%20%251%24s&share=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fclimate-change%2Fnews%2Fspain-portugal-winter-drought-crops-b2014714.html
Coffey, L. (2015). ‘Arab Spring was really a spring for al-Qaeda’ [News]. Al Jazeera. https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2015/5/17/arab-spring-was-really-a-spring-for-al-qaeda/
Collier, K. (2006). Terrorism: Evolving Regional Alliances and State Failure in Mindanao. Southeast Asian Affairs, 26–38.
CPS. (2021). Terrorism [Governmental]. CPS. https://www.cps.gov.uk/crime-info/terrorism
CRED. (2022). 2021 Disasters in Numbers (pp. 1–8). Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters. https://reliefweb.int/report/world/2021-disasters-numbers
Credit-Suisse. (2011). Emerging Consumer Survey 2011 (pp. 1–36). Credit Suisse Research Institute.
Crenshaw, M. (1981). The Causes of Terrorism. Comparative Politics, 13(4), 379–399. https://doi.org/10.2307/421717
Dalby, S. (2014). Rethinking Geopolitics: Climate Security in the Anthropocene. Global Policy, 5(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1111/1758-5899.12074
Daoud, A. (2018). Synthesizing the Malthusian and Senian approaches on scarcity: A realist account. Cambridge Journal of Economics, 42(2), 453–476. https://doi.org/10.1093/cje/bew071
David Eckstein, Vera Künzel, & Laura Schäfer. (2021). Global Climate Risk Index: Who suffers Most from Extreme Weather Events? Weather-related Loss Events in 2019 and 2000 to 2019 (16th Edition). Germanwatch e.V. https://www.germanwatch.org/sites/default/files/Global%20Climate%20Risk%20Index%202021_2.pdf
Della Porta, D., Diani, M., Bosi, L., & Malthaner, S. (2015). Political Violence. In D. Della Porta & M. Diani (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Social Movements. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199678402.013.50
Dixon, A. M., Forster, P. M., Heron, S. F., Stoner, A. M. K., & Beger, M. (2022). Future loss of local-scale thermal refugia in coral reef ecosystems. PLOS Climate, 1(2), e0000004. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pclm.0000004
EM-DAT. (2023). The International Disaster Database [Dataset]. https://public.emdat.be/
EPA. (2023a). Climate Change Indicators: Drought [Governmental]. Climate Change Indicators. https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/climate-change-indicators-drought
EPA. (2023b). Climate Change Indicators: Heavy Precipitation. United States Environmental Protection Agency. https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/climate-change-indicators-heavy-precipitation
ESA. (2018). Lake Chad’s shrinking waters. The European Space Agency. https://www.esa.int/ESA_Multimedia/Images/2019/03/Lake_Chad_s_shrinking_waters#:~:text=This%20receding%20water%20is%20down,increasing%20human%20demand%20for%20freshwater.
Euronews. (2022). Verona and Pisa ration drinking water amid historic drought [News]. Euronews. https://www.euronews.com/2022/07/04/verona-and-pisa-ration-drinking-water-amid-historic-drought
FAO (Ed.). (2022a). The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture: Towards Blue Transformation. FAO. https://doi.org/10.4060/cc0461en
FAO. (2022b). World Food and Agriculture Statistical Yearbook 2022. FAO.
FAO. (2023). FAO Food Price Index | World Food Situation | Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. https://www.fao.org/worldfoodsituation/foodpricesindex/en/
FBI. (2021). Terrorism [Governmental]. FBI. https://www.fbi.gov/investigate/terrorism
Federation of Malaysia. (2018). Penal Code. ILO. https://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/docs/ELECTRONIC/61339/117909/F-833274986/MYS61339%202018.pdf
Fetzek, S., Fleishman, R., & Rezzonico, A. (2021). Climate Security and the Strategic Energy Pathway in Southeast Asia. Center for Climate & Security, an instititute of the Council on Strategic Risks. https://imccs.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Climate-Security-and-the-Strategic-Energy-Pathway-in-SOUTHEAST-Asia_February-2021.pdf
Few, R., Ahern, M., Matthies, F., & Kovats, S. (2004). Floods, health and climate change: A strategic review (pp. 1–124). Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research. https://researchonline.lshtm.ac.uk/id/eprint/13333/1/Floods,%20health%20and%20climate%20change.pdf
Fjelde, H., & Von Uexkull, N. (2012). Climate triggers: Rainfall anomalies, vulnerability and communal conflict in Sub-Saharan Africa. Political Geography, 31(7), 444–453. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polgeo.2012.08.004
Francis Fukuyama. (2013). What Is Governance? (314; p. 22). Center for Global Development. https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/159182/1426906_file_Fukuyama_What_Is_Governance.pdf
FSI. (2023). Fragile State Index 2023. Fragile State Index. https://fragilestatesindex.org/global-data/
Ganor, B. (2002). Defining Terrorism: Is One Man’s Terrorist another Man’s Freedom Fighter? Police Practice and Research, 3(4), 287–304. https://doi.org/10.1080/1561426022000032060
Gleick, P. H. (2014). Water, Drought, Climate Change, and Conflict in Syria. Weather, Climate, and Society, 6(3), 331–340. https://doi.org/10.1175/WCAS-D-13-00059.1
Goldstone, J. A. (1988). East and West in the Seventeenth Century: Political Crises in Stuart England, Ottoman Turkey, and Ming China. Comparative Studies in Society and History, 30(1), 103–142.
Goldstone, J. A. (2016). Revolution and Rebellion in the Early Modern World: Population Change and State Breakdown in England, France, Turkey, and China,1600-1850 (25th anniversary edition). Routledge,Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business.
Goodin, R. E. (2006). What’s wrong with terrorism? Polity.
Greenpeace. (2021). The Projected Economic Impact of Extreme Sea-Level Rise in Seven Asian Cties in 2030 (pp. 1–27). Greenpeace. https://www.greenpeace.org/static/planet4-eastasia-stateless/2021/06/966e1865-gpea-asian-cites-sea-level-rise-report-200621-f-3.pdf
GRiSP. (2013). Rice almanac: Source Book for the Most Important Economic Activities on Earth (Fourth Edition). IRRI.
Gunaratna, R. (2017a). Ending the Fight in Marawi. Counter Terrorist Trends and Analyses, 9(10), 1–5.
Gunaratna, R. (2017b). The Islamic State’s Northern Expansion in the Philippines. Counter Terrorist Trends and Analyses, 9(5), 1–4.
Gunaratna, R. (2017c). The Siege of Marawi: A Game Changer in Terrorism in Asia. Counter Terrorist Trends and Analyses, 9(7), 1–5.
Gupta, D. K. (2005). Exploring roots of terrorism. In Root Causes of Terrorism Myths, Reality and Ways Forward (pp. 16–32). Routledge.
Gurr, T. R. (2016). Why men rebel (Fortieth anniversary paperback edition). Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group.
Haddad, L., Ruel, M. T., & Garrett, J. L. (1999). Are Urban Poverty and Undernutrition Growing? Some Newly Assembled Evidence. World Development, 27(11), 1891–1904. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0305-750X(99)00093-5
Hakenbeck, S. E., & Büntgen, U. (2022). The role of drought during the Hunnic incursions into central-east Europe in the 4th and 5th c. CE. Journal of Roman Archaeology, 35(2), 876–896. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1047759422000332
Hallegatte, S., Green, C., Nicholls, R. J., & Corfee-Morlot, J. (2013). Future flood losses in major coastal cities. Nature Climate Change, 3(9), 802–806. https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate1979
Halpern, B. S., Longo, C., Hardy, D., McLeod, K. L., Samhouri, J. F., Katona, S. K., Kleisner, K., Lester, S. E., O’Leary, J., Ranelletti, M., Rosenberg, A. A., Scarborough, C., Selig, E. R., Best, B. D., Brumbaugh, D. R., Chapin, F. S., Crowder, L. B., Daly, K. L., Doney, S. C., … Zeller, D. (2012). An index to assess the health and benefits of the global ocean. Nature, 488(7413), 615–620. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature11397
Hashim, J. H., & Hashim, Z. (2016). Climate Change, Extreme Weather Events, and Human Health Implications in the Asia Pacific Region. Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health, 28(2_suppl), 8S-14S. https://doi.org/10.1177/1010539515599030
Hauteville, J.-M. (2022). Haiti suffers deadly demonstrations against rise in fuel prices [News]. Le Monde. https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2022/09/17/haiti-suffers-deadly-demonstrations-against-rise-in-fuel-prices_5997305_4.html
Hefner, R. W. (2015). Islam and Political Democracy. In Routledge Handbook of Southeast Asian Democratization (pp. 170–185). Routledge.
Hendrix, C. S. (2018). Searching for climate–conflict links. Nature Climate Change, 8(3), 190–191. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-018-0083-3
Hendrix, C. S., & Salehyan, I. (2012). Climate change, rainfall, and social conflict in Africa. Journal of Peace Research, 49(1), 35–50. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022343311426165
Herbst, P. (2003). Talking terrorism: A dictionary of the loaded language of political violence. Greenwood Press.
Hinz, E. (2022). Is there a chance for peace in southern Thailand? https://www.dw.com/en/is-there-a-chance-for-peace-in-southern-thailands-insurgency/a-62409086
Hirabayashi, Y., Mahendran, R., Koirala, S., Konoshima, L., Yamazaki, D., Watanabe, S., Kim, H., & Kanae, S. (2013). Global flood risk under climate change. Nature Climate Change, 3(9), 816–821. https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate1911
Homer-Dixon, T. F. (1999). Environment, Scarcity, and Violence. Princeton University Press. http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt7pgg0
Hsiang, S. M., & Burke, M. (2014). Climate, conflict, and social stability: What does the evidence say? Climatic Change, 123(1), 39–55. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-013-0868-3
Hsiang, S. M., Meng, K. C., & Cane, M. A. (2011). Civil conflicts are associated with the global climate. Nature, 476(7361), 438–441. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature10311
ICG. (2003). Jemaah Islamiyah in South East Asia: Damaged but Still Dangerous (p. 50). International Crisis Group. https://icg-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/63-jemaah-islamiyah-in-south-east-asia-damaged-but-still-dangerous.pdf
ICG. (2017a). Jihadism in Southern Thailand: A Phantom Menace (291; p. 36). International Crisis Group. https://www.crisisgroup.org/asia/south-east-asia/thailand/291-jihadism-southern-thailand-phantom-menace
ICG. (2017b). Thailand: Malay-Muslim Insurgency and the Dangers of Intractability. International Crisis Group. https://www.crisisgroup.org/asia/south-east-asia/thailand/thailand-malay-muslim-insurgency-and-dangers-intractability
ICG. (2020). Southern Thailand’s Peace Dialogue: Giving Substance to Form (304; p. 26). International Crisis Group. https://www.crisisgroup.org/asia/south-east-asia/thailand/304-southern-thailands-peace-dialogue-giving-substance-form
ICG. (2023). Southern Thailand’s Stop-start Peace Dialogue (176). International Crisis Group. https://www.crisisgroup.org/asia/south-east-asia/thailand/b176-southern-thailands-stop-start-peace-dialogue
IFRC. (2020). WORLD DISASTERS REPORT: Come heat or high water. INTL FED OF RED CROSS.
ILO. (2023). Informal economy. International Labour Organizarion. https://www.ilo.org/global/topics/employment-promotion/informal-economy/lang--en/index.htm
IMF. (2021). Five Things to Know about the Informal Economy. International Monetary Fund. https://www.imf.org/en/News/Articles/2021/07/28/na-072821-five-things-to-know-about-the-informal-economy#:~:text=The%20informal%20economy%20is%20a%20global%20phenomenon%2C%20but%20there%20is,15%20percent%20in%20advanced%20economies.
Infrom. (2023). Country Risk Profile. European Commission DRKMC-INFORM. https://drmkc.jrc.ec.europa.eu/inform-index/INFORM-Risk/Country-Risk-Profile
Institute for Economics & Peace. (2023). Global Terrorism Index 2023: Measuring the Impact of Terrorism (p. 95). Institute for Economics & Peace. https://www.visionofhumanity.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/GTI-2023-web-170423.pdf
IPAC. (2021). The Impact of the Taliban Victory on Indonesia’s Jemaah Islamiyah (73; IPAC Report, p. 20). Institute for Policy Analysis of Conflict. http://cdn.understandingconflict.org/file/2021/09/IPAC_Report_73_JI.pdf
IPCC. (2015). AR5 Synthesis Report: Climate Change 2014. The IPCC. https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/syr/
IPCC. (2021). Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. https://www.ipcc.ch/report/sixth-assessment-report-working-group-i/
IPCC. (2022). The Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate: Special Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (1st ed.). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009157964
IPCC. (2023a). Climate Change 2022 – Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability: Working Group II Contribution to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (1st ed.). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009325844
IPCC. (2023b). Climate Change 2023 Synthesis Report: Summary for Policymakers (pp. 1–36). Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/syr/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_SYR_SPM.pdf
Ivanova, A. (2023). Kazakhstan marks a year since deadly fuel protests [News]. Deutsche Welle. https://www.dw.com/en/kazakhstan-marks-a-year-since-deadly-fuel-protests/a-64314344
Jamieson, A. (2005). The use of terrorism by organized crime: An Italian case study. In Root Causes of Terrorism Myths, Reality and Ways Forward (pp. 164–177). Routledge.
Jenkins, B. M. (1974). International Terrorism: A New Model of Conflict. UMI.
Jenkins, B. M. (1980). The Study of Terrorism: Definitional Problems (pp. 1–10). RAND Corporation.
Johnstone, S., & Mazo, J. (2011). Global Warming and the Arab Spring. Survival, 53(2), 11–17. https://doi.org/10.1080/00396338.2011.571006
Jongman, B., Ward, P. J., & Aerts, J. C. J. H. (2012). Global exposure to river and coastal flooding: Long term trends and changes. Global Environmental Change, 22(4), 823–835. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2012.07.004
Kabat, P., Appleton, B., & Veraart, J. (2004). Climate changes the water rules: How water managers can cope with today’s climate variability and tomorrow’s climate change. Dialogue on Water and Climate.
Kaczynski, T. (1995). The Unabomber Trial: The Manifesto [News]. Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/national/longterm/unabomber/manifesto.text.htm
Kelley, C. P., Mohtadi, S., Cane, M. A., Seager, R., & Kushnir, Y. (2015). Climate change in the Fertile Crescent and implications of the recent Syrian drought. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 112(11), 3241–3246. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1421533112
Kendall, A., Olson, C. M., & Frongillo, E. A. (1996). Relationship of Hunger and Food Insecurity to Food Availability and Consumption. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 96(10), 1019–1024. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0002-8223(96)00271-4
Khan, R., & Gilani, H. (2021). Global drought monitoring with drought severity index (DSI) using Google Earth Engine. Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 146(1–2), 411–427. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-021-03715-9
Kimuli, J. B., Di, B., Zhang, R., Wu, S., Li, J., & Yin, W. (2021). A multisource trend analysis of floods in Asia-Pacific 1990–2018: Implications for climate change in sustainable development goals. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 59, 102237. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2021.102237
Kingdom of Thailand. (1956). Criminal Code B. E. 2499. Thailand Law Online. https://www.thailandlawonline.com/laws-in-thailand/thailand-criminal-law-text-translation#chapter-2
Kingdom of Thailand. (2013). Anti-Terrorist Financing Act, BE 2556 (2013). ILO. https://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/docs/ELECTRONIC/96441/113970/F1162155231/THA96441%20Eng.pdf
Konstantidinis, A., & Van Der Perre, C. (2022). A green island turns red: Madagascans struggle through long drought [News]. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/green-island-turns-red-madagascans-struggle-through-long-drought-2022-03-17/
Kulp, S. A., & Strauss, B. H. (2019). New elevation data triple estimates of global vulnerability to sea-level rise and coastal flooding. Nature Communications, 10(1), 4844. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-12808-z
Lagi, M., Bertrand, K. Z., & Bar-Yam, Y. (2011). The Food Crises and Political Instability in North Africa and the Middle East. https://doi.org/10.48550/ARXIV.1108.2455
Lee, S.-K., Park, W., Baringer, M. O., Gordon, A. L., Huber, B., & Liu, Y. (2015). Pacific origin of the abrupt increase in Indian Ocean heat content during the warming hiatus. Nature Geoscience, 8(6), 445–449. https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo2438
Légifrance. (1990). Code Pénal Partie législative (Articles 111-1 à 727-3). République française. https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/codes/section_lc/LEGITEXT000006070719/LEGISCTA000006089684/#LEGISCTA000006089684
Levy, B. S., Sidel, V. W., & Patz, J. A. (2017). Climate Change and Collective Violence. Annual Review of Public Health, 38(1), 241–257. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-031816-044232
Levy, M., Thorkelson, C., Vörösmarty, C., Douglas, E., & Humphreys, M. (2005). Freshwater Availability Anomalies and Outbreak of Internal War: Results from a Global Spatial Time Series Analysis. CIESIN, Earth Institute. https://www.ciesin.columbia.edu/pdf/waterconflict.pdf
Li, B., Sain, S., Mearns, L. O., Anderson, H. A., Kovats, S., Ebi, K. L., Bekkedal, M. Y. V., Kanarek, M. S., & Patz, J. A. (2012). The impact of extreme heat on morbidity in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Climatic Change, 110(3–4), 959–976. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-011-0120-y
Lia, B. (2006). Globalisation and the Future of Terrorism: Patterns and Predictions (2. Aufl). Routledge Taylor & Francis Group.
Majul, C. A. (1973). Muslims in the Philippines. University of Manila Press.
Manning, S. W., Kocik, C., Lorentzen, B., & Sparks, J. P. (2023). Severe multi-year drought coincident with Hittite collapse around 1198–1196 bc. Nature, 614(7949), 719–724. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-05693-y
Maslow, A. H. (1943). A Theory of Human Motivation. Psychological Review, 50(4), 370–396. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0054346
Maxwell, D., Levin, C., Armar-Klemesu, M., Ruel, M., Morris, S., & Ahiadeke, C. (2000). Urban Livelihoods and Food and Nutrition Security in Greater Accra, Ghana (pp. 1–172). International Food Policy Research Institute. https://www.ifpri.org/publication/urban-livelihoods-and-food-and-nutrition-security-greater-accra-ghana-0
McAllister, B., & Schmid, A. (2011). Theories of Terrorism. In The Routledge Handbook of Terrorism Research (pp. 103–118). Routledge.
McCargo, D. (2008). Tearing apart the land: Islam and legitimacy in Southern Thailand. Cornell University Press.
Merari, A. (1993). Terrorism as a strategy of insurgency. Terrorism and Political Violence, 5(4), 213–251. https://doi.org/10.1080/09546559308427227
Miles-Novelo, A., & Anderson, C. A. (2019). Climate Change and Psychology: Effects of Rapid Global Warming on Violence and Aggression. Current Climate Change Reports, 5(1), 36–46. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40641-019-00121-2
Millan, R., Mouginot, J., Rabatel, A., & Morlighem, M. (2022). Ice velocity and thickness of the world’s glaciers. Nature Geoscience, 15(2), 124–129. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-021-00885-z
Milligan, J. A. (2001). Religious Identity, Political Autonomy and National Integrity: Implications for educational policy from MuslimChristian conflict in the Southern Philippines. Islam and Christian–Muslim Relations, 12(4), 435–448. https://doi.org/10.1080/0959641020089916
Minderoo Foundation. (2021). The Global Fishing Index 2021 Assessing the Sustainability of the World’s Marine Fisheries (p. 31). Minderoo Foundation. https://cdn.minderoo.org/content/uploads/2021/11/05140211/20220505-global-fishing-index-2021-report.pdf?_gl=1*rsefec*_ga*MTgwODI4NDg2Mi4xNjkyMTY0NzE4*_ga_MFMM3WMMTC*MTY5NDI1NzI3MS40LjAuMTY5NDI1NzI3MS42MC4wLjA.
Mishra, R. (2023). What’s Behind the Growing Number of Attacks in Southern Thailand? The Diplomat. https://thediplomat.com/2023/05/whats-behind-the-growing-number-of-attacks-in-southern-thailand/
Nandi, J. (2021). East India extremely vulnerable to climate change: Analysis [News]. Hindustan Times. https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/east-india-extremely-vulnerable-to-climate-change-analysis-101618725805562.html
NASA. (2023a). How does climate change affect precipitation? NASA Global Precipitation Measurement. https://gpm.nasa.gov/resources/faq/how-does-climate-change-affect-precipitation
NASA. (2023b). Understanding our planet to benefit humankind [Governmental]. NASA Global Climate Change. https://climate.nasa.gov/
NASA. (2023c). Vital Signs [Governmental]. Global Climate Change Vital Signs of the Planet. https://climate.nasa.gov/vital-signs/sea-level/
Naumann, G., Cammalleri, C., Mentaschi, L., & Feyen, L. (2021). Increased economic drought impacts in Europe with anthropogenic warming. Nature Climate Change, 11(6), 485–491. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-021-01044-3
ND-GAIN. (2022). ND-Gain Country Index. University of Notre Dame. https://gain.nd.edu/our-work/country-index/rankings/
Nelson, G. C., Rosegrant, M. W., Jawoo Koo, Richard Robertson, Timothy Sulser, Tingju Zhu, Claudia Ringler, Siwa Msang, Amanda Palazzo, Miroslav Batka, Marilia Magalhaes, Rowena Valmonte-Santos, Mandy Ewing, & David Lee. (2009). Climate change: Impact on agriculture and costs of adaptation (0 ed.). International Food Policy Research Institute. https://doi.org/10.2499/0896295354
Netanyahu, B. (1987). Terrorism: How the West Can Win. Avon.
Nicholls, R., Hoozemans, F., & Marchand, M. (1999). Increasing flood risk and wetland losses due to global sea-level rise: Regional and global analyses. Global Environmental Change, 9, S69–S87. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0959-3780(99)00019-9
NOAA. (2022). Global and Regional Sea Level Rise Scenarios for the United States: Updated Mean Projections and Extreme Water Level Probabilities Along U.S. Coastlines (NOAA Technical Report NOS 01, p. 111). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. https://aambpublicoceanservice.blob.core.windows.net/oceanserviceprod/hazards/sealevelrise/noaa-nos-techrpt01-global-regional-SLR-scenarios-US.pdf
NOAA. (2023). Global Drought Conditions [Governmental]. Drought.Gov. https://www.drought.gov/international#drought-conditions
NPR. (2013). How Could A Drought Spark A Civil War? : NPR. NPR. https://www.npr.org/2013/09/08/220438728/how-could-a-drought-spark-a-civil-war
Ocean Health Index. (2023). Ocean Health Index. Global Assessment. https://oceanhealthindex.org/global-scores/
Opiyo, F., Wasonga, O. V., Schilling, J., & Mureithi, S. M. (2012). Resource-based conflicts in drought-prone Northwestern Kenya: The drivers and mitigation mechanisms. Wudpecker Journal of Agricultural Research, 1(11), 442–453.
Ostasiewicz, A., & Etutu, J. (2022). East Africa drought: “The suffering here has no equal” [News]. BBC News. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-61437239#aoh=16525827046883&csi=0&referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com&_tf=From%20%251%24s&share=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-africa-61437239
Penn, J. L., & Deutsch, C. (2022). Avoiding ocean mass extinction from climate warming. Science, 376(6592), 524–526. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abe9039
Plante, C., & Anderson, C. A. (2017). Global Warming and Violent Behavior. Association for Psychological Science. https://www.psychologicalscience.org/observer/global-warming-and-violent-behavior
Plume, K. (2022). Plains drought to curb U.S. wheat harvest, adding to global supply worries [News]. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/world/us/plains-drought-curb-us-wheat-harvest-adding-global-supply-worries-2022-03-14/
Post, J. M., Crenshaw, M., Gurr, T. R., Juergensmeyer, M., & Stern, J. (2005). The International Summit on Democracy, Terrorism and Security. Club de Madrid. http://summit.clubmadrid.org/causes/
Potocki, M., Mayewski, P. A., Matthews, T., Perry, L. B., Schwikowski, M., Tait, A. M., Korotkikh, E., Clifford, H., Kang, S., Sherpa, T. C., Singh, P. K., Koch, I., & Birkel, S. (2022). Mt. Everest’s highest glacier is a sentinel for accelerating ice loss. Npj Climate and Atmospheric Science, 5(1), 7. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41612-022-00230-0
Qing, Y., Wang, S., Ancell, B. C., & Yang, Z.-L. (2022). Accelerating flash droughts induced by the joint influence of soil moisture depletion and atmospheric aridity. Nature Communications, 13(1), 1139. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-28752-4
Rahmstorf, S. (2007). A Semi-Empirical Approach to Projecting Future Sea-Level Rise. Science, 315(5810), 368–370. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1135456
Rakovec, O., Samaniego, L., Hari, V., Markonis, Y., Moravec, V., Thober, S., Hanel, M., & Kumar, R. (2022). The 2018–2020 Multi‐Year Drought Sets a New Benchmark in Europe. Earth’s Future, 10(3). https://doi.org/10.1029/2021EF002394
Raleigh, C., & Kniveton, D. (2012). Come rain or shine: An analysis of conflict and climate variability in East Africa. Journal of Peace Research, 49(1), 51–64. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022343311427754
Ramakrishna, K. (2022). Jemaah Islamiyah 20 Years After the Bali Bombings: Continuity and Change. Counter Terrorist Trends and Analyses, 14(5), 1–6.
Rayda, N. (2021). Jemaah Islamiyah infiltrating Indonesian religious, civic institutions: Senior counterterror official [News]. CNA. https://www.channelnewsasia.com/asia/jemaah-islamiyah-infiltrating-indonesian-institutions-terror-group-2332941
Rentschler, J., & Salhab, M. (2020a). 1.47 billion people face flood risk worldwide: For over a third, it could be devastating. World Bank Blogs. https://blogs.worldbank.org/climatechange/147-billion-people-face-flood-risk-worldwide-over-third-it-could-be-devastating?cid=ccg_tt_climatechange_en_ext
Rentschler, J., & Salhab, M. (2020b). People in Harm’s Way Flood Exposure and Poverty in 189 Countries (pp. 1–26). World Bank. https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/669141603288540994/pdf/People-in-Harms-Way-Flood-Exposure-and-Poverty-in-189-Countries.pdf
Republic of Singapore. (1987). Internal Security Act [Governmental]. Singapore Statues Online. https://sso.agc.gov.sg/Act/ISA1960
Republic of Singapore. (2003). Terrorism (Suppression of Financing) Act. Singapore Statues Online. https://sso.agc.gov.sg/Act/TSFA2002#pr2-
Republic of the Philippines. (2011). [REPUBLIC ACT NO. 10168] AN ACT DEFINING THE CRIME OF FINANCING OF TERRORISM, PROVIDING PENALTIES THEREFOR AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES. Congress of the Philippines. http://www.amlc.gov.ph/laws/terrorism-financing/2015-10-16-02-51-58
Republic of the Philippines. (2020). REPUBLIC ACT NO. 11479 An Act to Prevent, Prohibit and Penalize Terrorism, Thereby Repealing Republic Act No. 9372, Otherwise Known As the “Human Security Act of 2007.” Official Gazette. https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/downloads/2020/06jun/20200703-RA-11479-RRD.pdf
Reuveny, R. (2007). Climate change-induced migration and violent conflict. Political Geography, 26(6), 656–673. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polgeo.2007.05.001
Reuveny, R. (2008). Ecomigration and Violent Conflict: Case Studies and Public Policy Implications. Human Ecology, 36(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10745-007-9142-5
Rohling, E. J., Yu, J., Heslop, D., Foster, G. L., Opdyke, B., & Roberts, A. P. (2021). Sea level and deep-sea temperature reconstructions suggest quasi-stable states and critical transitions over the past 40 million years. Science Advances, 7(26), eabf5326. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf5326
Sachs, J. D. (2007). Poverty and environmental stress fuel Darfur crisis. Nature, 449(7158), 24–24. https://doi.org/10.1038/449024a
Salehyan, I., & Hendrix, C. S. (2014). Climate shocks and political violence. Global Environmental Change, 28, 239–250. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2014.07.007
Sayne, A. (2011). Climate Change Adaptation and Conflict in Nigeria (pp. 1–16). United States Institute of Peace. https://www.usip.org/sites/default/files/Climate_Change_Nigeria.pdf
Scheffran, J., Ide, T., & Schilling, J. (2014). Violent climate or climate of violence? Concepts and relations with focus on Kenya and Sudan. The International Journal of Human Rights, 18(3), 369–390. https://doi.org/10.1080/13642987.2014.914722
Schmid, A. (2011). Introduction. In The Routledge Handbook of Terrorism Research (pp. 1–38). Routledge.
Schurmann, H. F. (1956). Economic Structure of the Yuan Dynasty. Havard University Press.
Smith, T. G. (2013). Food price spikes and social unrest in Africa, Research brief – April 2013 (pp. 1–12). Strauss Center. https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/165516/researchbrief%20no%2011_final.pdf
Sohail, T., Zika, J. D., Irving, D. B., & Church, J. A. (2022). Observed poleward freshwater transport since 1970. Nature, 602(7898), 617–622. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-04370-w
Statista. (2023a). Contribution of travel and tourism sector to GDP in Indonesia from 2019 to 2021. Statista. https://www.statista.com/statistics/1273373/indonesia-travel-and-tourism-contribution-share-to-gdp/
Statista. (2023b). Share of direct gross value added of the tourism industry to the GDP of the Philippines from 2012 to 2022. Statista. https://www.statista.com/statistics/1094766/philippines-tourism-direct-gross-value-added-share-of-gdp/
Statista. (2023c). Share of tourism contribution to the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) value in Thailand from 2017 to 2020. Statista. https://www.statista.com/statistics/1143467/thailand-share-of-tourism-to-gdp/
Studholme, J., Fedorov, A. V., Gulev, S. K., Emanuel, K., & Hodges, K. (2022). Poleward expansion of tropical cyclone latitudes in warming climates. Nature Geoscience, 15(1), 14–28. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-021-00859-1
Surminski, S., Saffioti, C., Duenas, S., Sequeira, T., Kothari, A., & Drall, S. (2021). Marsh McLennan Flood Risk Index. Marsh McLennan. https://www.marshmclennan.com/insights/publications/2021/september/marsh-mclennan-flood-risk-index.html#Resilience
Tao, F., Yokozawa, M., Hayashi, Y., & Lin, E. (2003). Terrestrial Water Cycle and the Impact of Climate Change. AMBIO: A Journal of the Human Environment, 32(4), 295–301. https://doi.org/10.1579/0044-7447-32.4.295
Thackeray, C. W., Hall, A., Norris, J., & Chen, D. (2022). Constraining the increased frequency of global precipitation extremes under warming. Nature Climate Change, 12(5), 441–448. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-022-01329-1
The Guardian. (2021). ‘Mega-drought’ leaves many Andes mountains without snow cover [News]. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/aug/06/mega-drought-leaves-many-andes-mountains-without-snow-cover#aoh=16283072959658&csi=0&referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com&_tf=From%20%251%24s&share=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fenvironment%2F2021%2Faug%2F06%2Fmega-drought-leaves-many-andes-mountains-without-snow-cover
The Guardian. (2022a). Chile announces unprecedented plan to ration water as drought enters 13th year [News]. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2022/apr/11/santiago-chile-ration-water-drought#aoh=16497490556717&csi=1&referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com&_tf=From%20%251%24s&share=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fenvironment%2F2022%2Fapr%2F11%2Fsantiago-chile-ration-water-drought
The Guardian. (2022b). Italy declares state of emergency in drought-hit northern regions [News]. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/jul/05/italy-declares-state-emergency-drought-hit-northern-regions#aoh=16570294957866&csi=0&referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com&_tf=From%20%251%24s&share=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2022%2Fjul%2F05%2Fitaly-declares-state-emergency-drought-hit-northern-regions
The White House. (2021, June 15). FACT SHEET: National Strategy for Countering Domestic Terrorism [Governmental]. The White House. https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2021/06/15/fact-sheet-national-strategy-for-countering-domestic-terrorism/
The World Bank. (2024a). Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, value added (% of GDP)—Indonesia, Thailand, Philippines, World. The World Bank. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NV.AGR.TOTL.ZS?locations=ID-TH-PH
The World Bank. (2024b). Employment in agriculture (% of total employment) (modeled ILO estimate)—Indonesia, Thailand, Philippines, World. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.AGR.EMPL.ZS?end=2022&locations=ID-TH-PH-1W&start=1970
Tilly, C. (2004). Terror, Terrorism, Terrorists. Sociological Theory, 22(1), 5–13.
Trigo, R. M., Gouveia, C. M., & Barriopedro, D. (2010). The intense 2007–2009 drought in the Fertile Crescent: Impacts and associated atmospheric circulation. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 150(9), 1245–1257. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2010.05.006
UN. (2012). Shrinking Lake Chad humanitarian impacts. the UN. https://www.un.org/waterforlifedecade/waterforlifevoices/cases_fao_lake_chad.shtml
UN Climate Change. (2018). Global Sea Level Rise Is Accelerating—Study. United Nations Climate Change. https://unfccc.int/news/global-sea-level-rise-is-accelerating-study?gclid=Cj0KCQjw7PCjBhDwARIsANo7CgmSp8lCPqqfB0wssuYMSLQG2qCqeF4rIBzXnBZCeE13owq7pWkXPVkaAtraEALw_wcB
UNDP. (2024). Human Development Index (HDI). Human Development Reports. https://hdr.undp.org/data-center/human-development-index#/indicies/HDI
Viner, D., & Agnew, M. (1999). Climate Change and Its Impacts on Tourism. WWF. https://assets.wwf.org.uk/downloads/tourism_and_cc_full.pdf
Von Schuckmann, K., Minière, A., Gues, F., Cuesta-Valero, F. J., Kirchengast, G., Adusumilli, S., Straneo, F., Ablain, M., Allan, R. P., Barker, P. M., Beltrami, H., Blazquez, A., Boyer, T., Cheng, L., Church, J., Desbruyeres, D., Dolman, H., Domingues, C. M., García-García, A., … Zemp, M. (2023). Heat stored in the Earth system 1960–2020: Where does the energy go? Earth System Science Data, 15(4), 1675–1709. https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-1675-2023
Von Uexkull, N., Croicu, M., Fjelde, H., & Buhaug, H. (2016). Civil conflict sensitivity to growing-season drought. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 113(44), 12391–12396. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1607542113
Waldmann, P. (2005). Social-revolutionary terrorism in Latin America and Europe. In Root Causes of Terrorism Myths, Reality and Ways Forward. Routledge.
WB & ADB. (2022a). Climate Risk Country Profile: Indonesia (2021) (p. 32). The World Bank Gorup and the Asian Deverlopment Bank. https://climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org/sites/default/files/2021-05/15504-Indonesia%20Country%20Profile-WEB_0.pdf
WB & ADB. (2022b). Climate Risk Country Profile: Philippines (2021) (p. 32). The World Bank Gorup and the Asian Deverlopment Bank. https://climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org/country/philippines
WB & ADB. (2022c). Climate Risk Country Profile: Thailand (2021) (p. 32). The World Bank Gorup and the Asian Deverlopment Bank. https://climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org/sites/default/files/2021-08/15853-WB_Thailand%20Country%20Profile-WEB_0.pdf
Werrell, C. E., Femia, F., & Sternberg, T. (2015). Did We See It Coming?: State Fragility, Climate Vulnerability, and the Uprisings in Syria and Egypt. SAIS Review of International Affairs, 35(1), 29–46. https://doi.org/10.1353/sais.2015.0002
WGI. (2022). Worlwide Governance Indicators. The World Bank. https://info.worldbank.org/governance/wgi/
Wheeler, M. (2019). Behind the Insurgent Attack in Southern Thailand. International Crisis Group. https://www.crisisgroup.org/asia/south-east-asia/thailand/behind-insurgent-attack-southern-thailand
Wight, C. (2015). Rethinking Terrorism: Terrorism, Violence and the State. Palgrave.
Williams, A. P., Cook, B. I., & Smerdon, J. E. (2022). Rapid intensification of the emerging southwestern North American megadrought in 2020–2021. Nature Climate Change, 12(3), 232–234. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-022-01290-z
Williams, B. A., Watson, J. E. M., Beyer, H. L., Klein, C. J., Montgomery, J., Runting, R. K., Roberson, L. A., Halpern, B. S., Grantham, H. S., Kuempel, C. D., Frazier, M., Venter, O., & Wenger, A. (2022). Global rarity of intact coastal regions. Conservation Biology, 36(4). https://doi.org/10.1111/cobi.13874
World Economics. (2024). Informal Economy Sizes. World Economics. https://www.worldeconomics.com/Informal-Economy/
Wuebbles, D. J., Fahey, D. W., Hibbard, K. A., Dokken, D. J., Stewart, B. C., & Maycock, T. K. (2017). Climate Science Special Report: Fourth National Climate Assessment, Volume I. U.S. Global Change Research Program. https://doi.org/10.7930/J0J964J6
Zhang, D. D., Brecke, P., Lee, H. F., He, Y.-Q., & Zhang, J. (2007). Global climate change, war, and population decline in recent human history. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 104(49), 19214–19219. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0703073104
Zhang, D. D., Jim, C. Y., Lin, G. C.-S., He, Y.-Q., Wang, J. J., & Lee, H. F. (2006). Climatic Change, Wars and Dynastic Cycles in China Over the Last Millennium. Climatic Change, 76(3–4), 459–477. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-005-9024-z |
| Description: | 博士
國立政治大學
亞太研究英語博士學位學程(IDAS)
107265504 |
| Source URI: | http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0107265504 |
| Data Type: | thesis |
| Appears in Collections: | [亞太研究英語博/碩士學位學程(IDAS/IMAS)] 學位論文
|
Files in This Item:
| File |
Description |
Size | Format | |
|---|
| 550401.pdf | | 3758Kb | Adobe PDF | 0 | View/Open |
|
All items in 政大典藏 are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved.
|
