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    Title: 商標法欠缺正當使用目的之惡意註冊與救濟規範
    The Registration in Bad Faith For Trademarks without Genuine Use Purpose and the Related Remedies under Trademark Law
    Authors: 陳品憲
    Chen, Pin-Hsien
    Contributors: 沈宗倫
    陳品憲
    Chen, Pin-Hsien
    Keywords: 惡意註冊
    商標搶註
    無使用意圖之申請
    重複申請
    廣泛申請
    Trademark
    Bad faith filing
    Intent to use
    Refiling
    Cluttering
    Date: 2024
    Issue Date: 2024-09-04 14:51:26 (UTC+8)
    Abstract: 商標法之立法目的不僅在於保護商標權人之權益及消費者利益,同時亦寓有維護市場公平競爭及促進展業正常發展的目標存在,本文從我國商標惡意搶註為出發,分析惡意註冊之意義、類型及救濟程序,並思考我國商標法未規範之惡意註冊類型及提出未來可能之修法建議。
    我國商標法固有第30條第1項第12款用以防止商標搶註行為,該款主要在處理「申請在先」與「使用在先」的爭議,然而商標法上尚有其他不符合市場公平競爭秩序的商標申請行為,此等欠缺正當目的之惡意商標申請行為應同樣受商標法之規制。從歐盟近期的判決可歸納出三種可能不符合商業道德或行業慣例之申請模式,分別為無使用意圖之商標申請、重複申請及廣泛申請。
    首先是無使用意圖之商標申請,我國雖採註冊保護主義,但對於無實際使用商標意圖,僅為阻礙他人進入市場,因已違反商標透過使用表彰商品或服務來源之核心價值,故除既有的廢止程序外,亦應允許他人對此提起相應救濟。本文建議可將「惡意違反商業上競爭秩序」等相關文字增訂於異議及評定程序,一方面不會使審查程序更加繁瑣,另一方面由兩造當事人針對有無惡意進行實質攻防,可增加程序的可信性。
    重複申請部分,當事人若意圖規避商標使用寬限期的規定而重複提出申請,此時為避免申請人濫用商標法制度以永保商標權,本文認為應審視重複申請時的主觀意圖,只有當申請人提出的理由合乎商業邏輯時,才可作為重複申請的正當化事由。
    至於廣泛申請,係以一商標對多種商品或服務類別提出申請,如果一概允許勢必對其他市場競爭者造成一定程度之限制,本文認為廣泛申請之正當性應考慮申請時的主觀意圖,並衡量申請者與其他市場競爭者之利益,申請者如係為達成防禦性註冊之目的或擴大商標保護範圍,似無不應准許之道理。
    The legislative purpose of the Trademark Law is not only to protect the rights and interests of trademark owners and consumers, but also to maintain fair competition in the market and promote the normal development of the industry. The thesis starts from the bad faith registration of trademarks and analyzes the meaning, types and remedies of bad faith registration. Also, the thesis considers the types of bad faith registrations that are not regulated by the current Trademark Law and tries to provide some possible advices for future amendments.
    According to Article 30(1)(12) of the Trademark Law, trademark squatting is not allowed when someone knows others’ using trademark by specific relationship and intends to plagiarize it. This paragraph mainly deals with disputes between "first to apply" and "first to use". However, there are other types of registration that are not in accordance with normal business order. These types of application should also be regulated by the Trademark Law or otherwise may cause damage to fair competiton in the market. From recent EU judgments, we can find three types of application that may not be in line with business ethics or industry practices, including no intention to use, refiling and cluttering.
    The first one is trademark application without intention to use. Although our Trademark Law adopts registration protectionism, we should not allow applicants who don’t have genuine intention to use in commerce to evergreen their trademarks. Thus, in addition to the existing revocation procedure, others remedies should be provided. The thesis suggests that relevant text such as "violation of commercial competition order in bad faith" can be added to the opposition and invalidation procedure. On the one hand, it will not cause the examing procedure become more complicated. On the other hand, allowing two parties debating on whether there is bad faith can make the procedures more credible than only by the examiners.
    As for the refiling cases, if the party intends to circumvent the obligation to present proof of use by filing the same trade mark for similar goods or services, it is something that can be taken into account to assess whether the applicant acted in bad faith. In order to prevent the applicant from abusing the trademark system and obtaining perpetual evergreening trademark rights, the subjective motivation of the applicant should be considered. Only when the applicant files with commercial logic can it be used as a justification for refiling applications.
    As for the cluttering cases, since it represents filing the trademark application for different and broad classes, it may somehow cause restrictions on potential competitors in the market. Therefore, the interest status between the applicant and other competitors should be evaluated carefully. If the applicant aims to achieve the purpose of defensive registration or expanding the scope of trademark protection, it seems reasonable for the applicant to file for broad categories.
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    (四)其他
    1.司法院106年度智慧財產法律座談會行政訴訟類提案及研討結果第1號
    2.司法院99年智慧財產法律座談會提案及研討結果行政訴訟類第3號
    3.民國100年商標法修正草案條文對照表
    4.民國95年6月26日經訴09506171300訴願決定書
    5.國家工商行政管理總局商標局、商標評審委員會,商標審查及審理標準,2016年
    6.國家知識產權局,商標審查審理指南,2021年版
    7.國家知識產權局關於發布《商標審查審理指南》的公告(第462號)
    8.陳宏杰、朱稚芬,赴美國專利商標局研習「高階商標審查訓練課程」報告,頁10,2017年6月
    9.陳盈竹、趙宗彥,國際間處理惡意申請商標之趨勢,經濟部智慧財產局簡報
    10.經濟部智慧財產局,在大陸地區維護商標權益注意事項,2014年
    11.經濟部智慧財產局,非傳統商標審查基準,2017年版
    12.經濟部智慧財產局,商標法逐條釋義,2021年版
    13.經濟部智慧財產局,商標註冊申請案件程序審查基準,2018年
    14.經濟部智慧財產局,商標識別性審查基準,2022年版
    15.經濟部智慧財產局,混淆誤認之虞審查基準,2021年版
    16.經濟部智慧財產局,註冊商標使用之注意事項,2020年版
    二、外文文獻(依姓氏字母排列)
    (一)書籍
    1.BEEBE, BARTON ET AL., TRADEMARKS, UNFAIR COMPETITION, AND BUSINESS TORTS (2011)
    2.MCCARTHY, J. THOMAS, MCCARTHY ON TRADEMARKS AND UNFAIR COMPETITION (2006)
    (二)期刊論著
    1.Barton Beebe & Jeanne C. Fromer, Fake Trademark Specimens, Columbia Law Review, Vol.120, No.7, 217-249 (2020)
    2.Frank I. Schechter, The Rational Basis of Trademark Protection, 40 HARV. L. REV. 813-833 (1927)
    3.Jennifer Davis & Łukasz Zelechowski, Bad Faith, Public Policy and Morality: How Open Concepts Shape Trade Mark Protection, IIC 54, 859–890 (2023)
    4.Joanna Sitko, The Significance of Bad-Faith Premises for the Strategy of Trade Mark Protection in the Light of the Latest EU Case-Law, IIC 54, 1381-1406 (2023)
    5.Mariia Shipilina, Trade Mark Law and the Concept of Bad Faith: A fair balance between the protection of exclusive rights conferred on the proprietor and free access to the European market, 1-54 (2020)
    6.Michal Bohaczewski, Abusive Trade Mark Filings: Some Recent Applications of the Concept of Bad Faith in the Case Law of the Court of Justice and General Court, IIC 54, 1203-1225 (2023)
    7.Phillip Johnson, “So Precisely What Will You Use Your Trade Mark for?” Bad Faith and Clarity in Trade Mark Specifications, IIC 49, 940-970 (2018)
    8.Pinja Hoffrichter, Bad faith and evergreening in EU trade mark law, Hanken School of Economics, 1-84 (2022)
    9.Richard Arnold, Broad Specifications and Intent to Use: Is the EU Trade Mark System Credible, GRUR International, 70(7), 656–661 (2021)
    10.Rimvydas Norkus & Milda Pranckute, Shaping Bad Faith as an Absolute Ground for the Invalidity of a Trade Mark: EU, French, and Lithuanian Approaches, 7 ICJ 190 (2021)
    11.Schnepper EB, Dairy in Denmark: Bad Faith and Compliance with the European Interpretation, Journal of Intellectual Property Law & Practice, Volume 9, Issue 1, 11-13 (2014)
    12.Tamar Khuchua, Facing The Bad Faith–The Challenges And Tools To Combat The Blocking Strategies Of The Firms In The Eu Trade Mark Law, Nordic Journal of European Law, 107-129 (2020)
    (三)判決資料
    1.Application of E. I. DuPont DeNemours & Co., 476 F.2d 1357 (C.C.P.A. 1973)
    2.Chocoladefabriken Lindt & Sprüngli AG v. Franz Hauswirth GmbH, C-529/07, ECLI:EU:C:2009:361
    3.Chocoladefabriken Lindt & Sprüngli AG v. Franz Hauswirth GmbH, Opinion of Advocate General Sharpston of C-529/07, ECLI:EU:C:2009:148
    4.Copernicus v. EUIPO–Maquet GmbH, T-82/14, ECLI:EU:T:2016:396
    5.Eddy Packing Co., Inc., No. CANCELLATION 9204154, 2010 WL 1720597 (Apr. 15, 2010)
    6.Edom Lab'ys, Inc. v. Llichter, 102 U.S.P.Q.2d 1546 (T.T.A.B. 2012)
    7.Equitable Nat'l Life Ins. Co., Inc. v. AXA Equitable Life Ins. Co., 434 F. Supp. 3d 1227 (D. Utah 2020)
    8.Finmeccanica S.p.A. v. Grupo Canosci, s.l., R2448/2010-4 (2013)
    9.Good Samaritan Med. Ctr. v. Nat'l Lab. Rels. Bd., 858 F.3d 617 (1st Cir. 2017)
    10.Harte-Hanks Data Technologies v. Trillium Digital Systems Inc, C53447/1 (2000)
    11.Hasbro, Inc. v. EUIPO–Kreativni Događaji d.o.o., T-663/19, ECLI:EU:T:2021:211
    12.In re Bose Corp., 580 F.3d 1240 (Fed. Cir. 2009)
    13.In Re Mucky Duck Mustard Co. Inc., 6 U.S.P.Q.2d 1467 (T.T.A.B. 1988)
    14.In Re Stellar Int'l, Inc., 159 U.S.P.Q 48 (T.T.A.B. July 30, 1968)
    15.Koton Mağazacilik Tekstil Sanayi ve Ticaret v. EUIPO, C-104/18P, ECLI:EU:C:2019:724
    16.LLC v. Ahmad, 112 U.S.P.Q.2d 1361 (T.T.A.B. 2014)
    17.Loreal S.A. & Loreal Usa, Inc. v. Marcon, 102 U.S.P.Q.2d 1434 (T.T.A.B. 2012)
    18.Malaysia Dairy Industries Pte. Ltd v. Ankenævnet for Patenter og Varemærker, C-320/12, ECLI:EU:C:2013:435
    19.Pangyrus v. OHIM–RSVP, T-257/11, ECLI:EU:T:2015:115
    20.Peeters Landbouwmachines BV v. OHIM–AS Fors MW, T-33/11, ECLI:EU:T:2012:77
    21.pelicantravel.com s.r.o v. OHIM–Pelikan Vertriebsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG, T-136/11, ECLI:EU:T:2012:689
    22.SA.PAR. v. OHIM–Salini Costruttori (GRUPPO SALINI), T-321/10, ECLI:EU:T:2013:372
    23.Sands, Taylor & Wood Co. v. Quaker Oats Co., 978 F.2d 947 (7th Cir.1992)
    24.Sengoku Works Ltd. v. RMC Int'l, Ltd., 96 F.3d 1217 (9th Cir.), as modified, 97 F.3d 1460 (9th Cir. 1996)
    25.Simca v. OHIM - GIE PSA Peugeot Citroën, T-327/12, ECLI:EU:T:2014:240
    26.Sky plc and Others v. Skykick UK Limited and Skykick Inc, C-371/18, ECLI:EU:C:2020:45
    27.Soc. Techs. LLC v. Apple Inc., 4 F.4th 811 (9th Cir. 2021)
    28.Specht v. Google Inc., 758 F. Supp. 2d 570 (N.D. Ill. 2010), judgment entered, No. 09 C 2572, 2011 WL 4737179 (N.D. Ill. Oct. 6, 2011), and aff'd, 747 F.3d 929 (7th Cir. 2014)
    29.Stark Carpet Corp. v. Stark Carpet & Flooring Installations, Corp., 954 F. Supp. 2d 145 (E.D.N.Y. 2013)
    30.Stella Kunststofftechnik GmbH v. OHIM–Stella Pack SA., T-27/09, ECLI:EU:T:2009:492
    31.Taiwan Semiconductor Mfg. Co., Ltd., No. 78377300, 2010 WL 1791171 (Apr. 23, 2010)
    32.Torres v. Cantine Torresella S.r.l., 808 F.2d 46 (Fed. Cir. 1986)
    33.Urb Rulmenti Suceava SA v. OHIM–Harun Adiguzel, T-506/13, ECLI:EU:T:2014:940
    34.Uveritech, Inc. v. Amax Lighting, Inc., 115 U.S.P.Q.2d 1242 (T.T.A.B. 2015)
    35.Verus Eood v. EUIPO–Maquet GmbH, C-101/17P, ECLI:EU:C:2017:979
    36.Victoria's Secret Stores v. Artco Equip. Co., 194 F. Supp. 2d 704 (S.D. Ohio 2002)
    37.知的財產高等裁判所2011年(平成23年)10194號
    38.知的財產高等裁判所2012年(平成24年)10019號
    39.知的財產高等裁判所2016年(平成28年)10053號
    40.知的財產高等裁判所2022年(令和4年)10006號
    (四)網路資料
    1.Andrei Iancu, Remarks by Director Iancu at International Trademark Association 141st Annual Meeting, USPTO (May 21 2019), available at https://www.uspto.gov/about-us/news-updates/remarks-director-iancu-international-trademark-association-141st-annual
    2.Cornell Law School, bad faith, available at https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/bad_faith
    3.Elaine O’Hare, Trade Marks-Spotlight on Bad Faith (2021), available at https://www.stevens-bolton.com/site/insights/articles/trade-marks-spotlight-on-bad-faith
    4.EUIPO, Trade mark guidelines, Part C and D (2024), available at https://guidelines.euipo.europa.eu/2214311/1788522/trade-mark-guidelines/part-c-opposition,
    https://guidelines.euipo.europa.eu/2214311/1785610/trade-mark-guidelines/part-d-cancellation
    5.Federica Pezza, Strategic refiling and the MONOPOLY decision: Any CHANCE ® for right holders?, available at https://www.medialaws.eu/strategic-refiling-and-the-monopoly-decision-any-chance-for-right-holders/
    6.First to File Versus First to Use, Corsearch:BLOG (Nov. 16, 2019), available at https://corsearch.com/content-library/blog/first-to-file-versus-first-to-use/
    7.Han-Mei Tso, Major Amendments to China's Trademark Law regarding Malicious Registration and Trademark Misuse, OBWB newsletter (2019), available at https://www.obwb.com/newsletter/major-amendments-to-chinas-trademark-law-regarding-malicious-registration-and-trademark-misuse
    8.Hong CHANG, Strategies to Deal with Bad Faith Trademark Rights Enforcement (2023), available at https://www.jdsupra.com/legalnews/strategies-to-deal-with-bad-faith-9947512/
    9.INTA, Bad Faith Trademark Applications and Registrations, available at https://www.inta.org/wp-content/uploads/public-files/advocacy/board-resolutions/BadFaithBoardResolutionNov2Clean_Final.pdf
    10.INTA, Benefits of Opposition Proceedings, available at https://www.inta.org/wp-content/uploads/public-files/advocacy/board-resolutions/Benefits-of-Opposition-Proceedings-09.22.2008.pdf
    11.INTA, Requirements for Pre-and Post-Registration Opposition System Jurisdictions, available at https://www.inta.org/wp-content/uploads/public-files/advocacy/board-resolutions/Requirements-for-Pre-and-Post-Registration-Opposition-System-Jurisdictions-11.07.2012.pdf
    12.Josh Gerben, Massive Wave of Fraudulent US Trademark Filings Likely Caused by Chinese Government Payments, GERBEN, available at https://www.gerbenlaw.com/blog/chinese-business-subsidies-linked-to-fraudulent-trademark-filings/
    13.Karen S. Kuhlke, Fighting Bad Faith Trademark Filings in the United States, available at http://tmfive.org/files/App-3_USPTO-Bad-faith-seminar.pdf
    14.Lorenza Picciano, Evergreening: a powerful tool for your business, but it comes with risks, michelmores, available at https://www.michelmores.com/commercial-litigation-insight/evergreening-a-powerful-tool-for-your-business-but-it-comes-with-risks/
    15.Monika Wieczorkowska, Refiling of a trademark doesn’t always protect the holder against sanctions for failure to use the mark (2014), available at https://codozasady.pl/en/p/refiling-of-a-trademark-doesnt-always-protect-the-holder-against-sanctions-for-failure-to-use-the-mark
    16.Noel Courage, Challenging a Competitor’s Patent Application to Prevent Grant, Bereskin & Parr (September 17 2018), available at https://www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=13284ec7-b82b-4ed2-b743-4703a4a365e0
    17.TBMP, 309.03(c)(1), available at https://tmep.uspto.gov/RDMS/TBMP/current#/current/sec-bdacef53-7b72-4ca5-8ceb-215e4afda588.html
    18.TM5, Case Examples of Bad-Faith Trademark Filings, available at http://tmfive.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/The-Compilation-of-Case-Example-of-Bad-faith-TM_2019.pdf
    19.TM5, Report on “Laws and Examination Guidelines/Practices of the TM5 Offices against Bad-Faith Trademark Filings”, available at https://tmfive.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/setupgraded-report_00-03-chapter1-chapter3.pdf
    20.TM5 Bad Faith Trademark, available at http://tmfive.org/continuationexpansion-of-bad-faith-project-2-2/
    21.Trademark Opposition Proceedings in the United States, available at https://www.wipo.int/export/sites/www/sct/en/comments/pdf/sct17/us_1.pdf
    22.Tramatm, 4 types of bad faith trademark applications that will be rejected, available at https://www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=ee9a4d91-4a95-4ee1-97a4-fbc4a07ceaf9
    23.特許廳,制度手續,網址: https://www.jpo.go.jp/system/basic/trademark/index.html#02
    24.特許廳,審判便覽,第20版,網址: https://www.jpo.go.jp/system/trial_appeal/sinpan-binran.html
    25.特許廳,產業構造審議會知的財產政策部會第23回商標制度小委員會,會議附件資料3,2010年12月13日,網址: https://www.jpo.go.jp/resources/shingikai/sangyo-kouzou/shousai/shohyo_shoi/document/seisakubukai-23-shiryou/shiryou3.pdf
    26.特許廳,產業構造審議會知的財產政策部會第23回商標制度小委員會,議事錄,網址:https://www.jpo.go.jp/resources/shingikai/sangyo-kouzou/shousai/shohyo_shoi/document/index/t_mark_gijiroku23.pdf
    (五)其他
    Intellectual Property Owners Association, Bad Faith Trade Mark Filing-
    An International Perspective (2013)
    Description: 碩士
    國立政治大學
    法律科際整合研究所
    107652007
    Source URI: http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0107652007
    Data Type: thesis
    Appears in Collections:[法律科際整合研究所] 學位論文

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