政大機構典藏-National Chengchi University Institutional Repository(NCCUR):Item 140.119/153267
English  |  正體中文  |  简体中文  |  Post-Print筆數 : 27 |  Items with full text/Total items : 113392/144379 (79%)
Visitors : 51232005      Online Users : 951
RC Version 6.0 © Powered By DSPACE, MIT. Enhanced by NTU Library IR team.
Scope Tips:
  • please add "double quotation mark" for query phrases to get precise results
  • please goto advance search for comprehansive author search
    •  Adv. Search
    Home ‧ Login ‧ Upload ‧ Help ‧ About ‧ Administer Goto mobile version
    政大典藏 > College of Law > Department of Law > Theses >  Item 140.119/153267


    Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/153267


    Title: 雇主間針對勞動市場所為之禁止僱用協議——以美國競爭法為中心
    Non-hiring agreements between employers in the labor market —From the perspective of U.S. antitrust law
    Authors: 陳俞靜
    Chen, Yu-Ching
    Contributors: 王立達
    Wang, Li-Dar
    陳俞靜
    Chen,Yu-Ching
    Keywords: 互不挖角協議
    禁止招攬協議
    禁止僱用條款
    操縱薪資協議
    買方獨占
    勞動市場
    相關市場界定
    敏感資訊交換
    美國競爭法
    Non-solicitation agreements
    No poaching agreements
    No hiring agreements
    Price fixing agreements
    Monopsony
    relevant market
    exchange of sensitive information
    U.S. Competition Law
    labor market
    Date: 2024
    Issue Date: 2024-09-04 14:31:00 (UTC+8)
    Abstract: 本文聚焦在過往鮮少被重視的法規範模糊地帶——發生於競爭雇主間（尤其是於該產業之勞動市場中具買方獨占力量（monopsony power）之「明星」企業）針對勞工薪資及待遇、自由流動等所達成之不競爭協議（noncompetition covenants），通過借鑑目前發展相對領先之美國經驗，整理、剖析相關文獻資料以其執法經驗，試圖歸納出能適用於我國競爭法之最適解，提供予我國競爭主管機關、法院、事業（於勞動市場中具競爭人才關係之雇主）。
    此類僅由競爭雇主所達成之「默契」，在2010年發生著名的矽谷高科技案（In re High-Tech Employee Antitrust Litigation）後逐漸受到重視，而美國競爭執法機關更在2016年頒布《人力資源專業人員之反托拉斯指引》，明確表示「赤裸的（naked）」操縱薪資協議、禁止僱用協議視同操縱價格協議、瓜分市場協議落入當然違法原則之射程範圍，並於2023年撤回原本設有敏感資訊交換行為安全區之1996年《醫療照護領域之反托拉斯政策執法聲明》，更於最新版的2023年《結合處理原則》第10條首次明確提及買方獨占（monopsony）且明文將勞動市場競爭亦納入結合案審查因素，以展現其嚴格打擊此類協議之決心。惟，現階段尚欠缺明文之法規範且對於涉及競爭法之勞動領域案件不甚熟悉，當今美國法院仍傾向較保守之立場。
    將目光移回我國，2021年台灣花旗密約案乃我國首例涉及禁止僱用條款協議之案件，曾有立委提出增訂民法第489-1條、第489-2條草案，希冀杜絕此類協議之私法上效力以為嚇阻；而於競爭法部分，有論者主張應逕移植美國競爭主管機關嚴格之執法立場於我國，惟本文認為，此作法似過於速斷且不一定能與我國現行法制相容。此外，現行競爭法分析工具多為針對產品市場之特性所建構而成，縱然美國2023年《結合處理原則》第10條簡略提及可以將分析產品市場工具套用於相似之勞動市場，然勞動市場具有高度屬人性（重視勞資雙方匹配度、搜索摩擦、較高轉換成本等），相對於產品市場更為複雜且較難以統一之標準進行客觀評估，而就現今尚處於發展階段之勞動市場，本文認為，以「通勤區」（CZs）與「職業」為界定相關市場之工具，更能貼合真實之勞動市場，而Christopher S. Fowler教授提供之參數數據庫以及2023年《結合處理原則》或可成為我國未來勞動領域競爭法案件處理之重要借鏡。
    This article focuses on the ambiguity of antitrust law that has rarely been taken seriously in the past - - the non-competition agreements between competing employers (especially so-called "star companies" with monopsony power in the labor market of their respective industries) regarding labor’s wages, benefits, mobility and the freedom of change their employment. By referencing the relatively advanced development of US antitrust law, this article compiles and analyzes relevant literature and enforcement experiences to derive the optimal solution applicable to Taiwan's competition law, providing guidance for our competition authorities, courts, and businesses (employers competing for talent in the labor market).
    After the most famous case Silicon Valley High-Tech Employee Antitrust Litigation case (2010) happened, this legal problem gradually attracted public’s attention. In 2016, the U.S. DOJ & FTC promulgated "Antitrust Guidance for Human Resource Professionals", explicitly stating that "naked" wage-fixing agreements and no-poaching agreements fall within the scope of per se illegality, equivalent to price-fixing and market allocation agreements. In 2023, the agency revoked three antitrust enforcement policy statement, which had previously established a safe harbor for the exchange of sensitive information. Furthermore, the latest 2023 "Horizontal Merger Guidelines" explicitly mentioned monopsony for the first time in Section 10, and expressly included labor market competition as a factor in merger case reviews. Simply, those demonstrated the strict attitude of antitrust enforcement agencies to actively combat these types of anti-competitive conducts. However, in the absence of clear legal regulations and with limited experience in labor-related competition law cases, US courts still tend to adopt a more conservative stance.
    Turning our attention back to Taiwan, in 2021, Citibank case was the first case involving no hiring clause. Some legislators once proposed to add draft the Article 489-1, 489-2 of the Civil Code in the hope of making those unfair restraints void the validity. Turn to the competition law side, some argue that Taiwan should directly adopt the strict enforcement stance of US antitrust authorities. However, this article believes that such an approach is too hasty and may not be compatible with Taiwan's current legal system. Moreover, existing competition law analysis tools are primarily designed for the characteristics of product markets.
    Even though U.S. Merger Guidelines (2023) § 10 briefly mentions that the analysis tools of product market could apply in labor markets, however, in my opinion, most of the current competition analysis tools are constructed based on the characteristics of the product market, without considering labor market is more complex and difficult to unify certain standards for evaluation because of its personalized (which emphasis on the matching between employees and employers, search frictions, highly switching costs, etc.). In general speaking, the selection of suitable analysis tools for the labor market is still in the development phase, this article suggests that using "commuting zones" (CZs) and "occupations" to define relevant markets might be more suitable for the real labor market.
    Reference: 參考文獻

    1. 中文文獻

    1.1 專書

    公平交易委員會，認識公平交易法，增訂第18版，2019年8月。
    行政院勞工委員會勞資關係處，簽訂競業禁止參考手冊，勞動部， 2003年4月。
    胡祖舜，競爭法之經濟分析，2019年3月。
    廖義男，公平交易法，元照出版公司，二版，2024年3月。
    湯明輝，公平交易法研析，五南圖書出版公司，初版，1992年。
    Andrew B. Abel, Ben S. Bernanke, Dean Croushore 著，萬哲鈺、陳玉瓏、高嵩瑋譯，總體經濟學，華泰經銷，第六版，2009年04月。

    1.2 專書論文

    黃銘傑，我國法院判決對「足以影響生產、商品交易或服務供需之市場功能」要件之認知及其發展趨勢研析，載：聯合行為要件之評析及競爭法與制裁法之交錯，頁173-217，2022年1月。

    1.3 期刊論文

    王立達，我國聯合行為規範現狀之結構反省與革新：事前許可制、積極分流與事後查處制，台大法學論叢，第47卷第3期，頁1175-1219，2018年9月。
    王立達，許翠玲，違法聯合行為協議之私法上效力—競爭法與民法第 71 條之雙向實證與釋義分析，中研院法學期刊，第 11 期，頁 73-81，2012年9月。
    牛曰正，論公平交易法上事業之功能性判斷的意義與功能，政大法學評論，第171期，頁209-287，2022年12月。
    吳秀明，競爭法上之概括條款—公平法第24條法律適用原則與規範功能之在檢討(上)，政大法學評論，第84期，頁182-187，2005年4月。
    吳哲毅，公平交易法與勞動法之交錯──以「事業」概念為核心，公平交易季刊，29 卷 1 期，頁65-110，2021 年 1 月。
    林廷機，公平法有關不公平競爭行為，應如何適用「合理原則」或「當然違法」原則，輔仁法學，第17期，頁93-100，1998年6月。
    俞欣榮，台灣勞動份額與實質勞動報酬之研究：多因素生產模型之應用，中央銀行季刊，第45卷第3期，頁37-72，2023年9月。
    黃銘傑，公平交易法第 20 條廢止之試論，公平交易季刊，第27 卷 2 期，頁1-42 ，2019 年 4 月。
    黃銘傑，從營業秘密保護及競爭法觀點看併購過程中之不招攬條款—兼論與互不挖角協定之差異，月旦法學雜誌，第336期，頁90-106，2023年5月。
    莊春發，杯葛行為之分析，公平交易季刊，第14卷第1期，頁49，2006年1月。
    劉姿汝，違反公平交易法行為之私法效力，中正大學法學集刊，第 22 期，頁 95-163，2007年5月。
    賴宏宗，競爭法上杯葛行為之研究，政大學術集成，頁110-112，2005年。
    羅鈺珊，數位經濟下勞動市場的機會與挑戰，經濟前瞻，頁64-71，2018年1月。
    Herbert Hovenkamp著，蘭磊、王也欽譯，美國反壟斷運動到底發生了什麼？（Whatever did happen to the antitrust movement ?），頁112-158，經貿法律評論，2021年第6期。

    1.4 學位論文

    廖邕，《全球化影響下臺灣職棒的運動勞力遷徙》，國立台灣師範大學運動與休閒管理研究所碩士論文，2008年7月。
    劉錦蓉，《勞動市場集中度對薪資的影響》，台大經濟系在職專班碩士論文，2019年。
    鐘秉萱，《互不挖角協議與競業禁止條款─公平交易法與勞動市場公平之觀點》，交通大學科技法律研究所碩士論文，2020年。

    1.5 研究計畫

    石世豪，公平交易法注釋研究系列（一），公平交易委員會九十二年度委託研究計劃，2003年12月，https://www.ftc.gov.tw/upload/0499b40e-43cd-411c-a760-3c80a07c377b.pdf。
    孫奇芳，公平交易法第19條妨礙競爭行為規範之違反與損害賠償，司法研究年報第17輯第4篇，1997年。
    鄒孟文，勞動與產品市場集中度，平均員工薪資，及勞動份額之研究，政府研究資訊系統： https://www.grb.gov.tw/search/planDetail?id=13319388（最後點閱時間：2024 年 3 月 25 日）。

    1.6 網路資料

    工商時報，勞動部發函質疑花旗密約內容首度曝光，2022年1月25日：https://www.ctee.com.tw/news/20220125700636-430301 （最後點閱時間：2024年2月21日）。
    工商時報，花旗賣星展重大突破 勞資周三再協商，2022年01月25日： https://www.ctee.com.tw/news/20220125700614-430301（最後點閱時間：2024年3月2日）。
    中央社，密謀互不挖角被告 矽谷科技業136億和解， 2015年9月4日，https://www.cna.com.tw/news/ait/201509040392.aspx#:~:text=%EF%BC%88%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E7%A4%BE%E8%88%8A%E9%87%91%E5%B1%B14,36%E5%84%84%E5%85%83%EF%BC%89%E5%92%8C%E8%A7%A3%E3%80%82，（最後點閱時間：2024年5月16日）。
    中央社，花旗消金案11月有結果？黃天牧：由花旗母公司決定，2021年11月8日：https://www.cna.com.tw/news/afe/202111080089.aspx（最後點閱時間：2024年3月2日）。
    中央社，勞動部發函金管會要監理機關調閱花旗密約文件，2021年11月16日：https://www.cna.com.tw/news/afe/202111160356.aspx（最後點閱時間：2024年3月2日）。
    公平交易委員會網站，常見問答，何謂「杯葛」？公平交易法之規範方式如何？，https://www.ftc.gov.tw/internet/main/doc/docDetail.aspx?uid=1209&docid=13206&mid=1201（最後點閱時間：2024年 5月 13 日）。
    公平交易委員會，勞工是否屬於公平交易法第 2 條之事業，
    https://www.ftc.gov.tw/internet/main/doc/docDetail.aspx?uid=1203&docid=14309（最後點閱時間：2024年 5月 13 日）。
    民視新聞網，星展銀行450億整併花旗 3500員工將全數留任，2022年01月28日：https://www.ftvnews.com.tw/news/detail/2022128F01M1（最後點閱時間：2024年3月2日）。
    白經濟，GDP 加一塊，勞工分多少？，關鍵評論 ，2018年3月22日，https://www.thenewslens.com/article/87578（最後點閱時間：2024年3月2日）。
    江永昌，如何管制雇主共謀禁止招攬協議？，理財周刊，2022年2月24日，https://today.line.me/tw/v2/article/YayJW28 （最後點閱時間：2024年4月12日）。
    江永昌，國會看財經：花旗建立獨買市場，公平會不應袖手旁觀，理財周刊，第1120期，2022年2月10日，https://www.moneyweekly.com.tw/Magazine/Info/%E7%90%86%E8%B2%A1%E5%91%A8%E5%88%8A/77282（最後點閱時間：2024年3月2日）。
    朱翊瑄，零工經濟（Gig Economy），資策會科技法律研究所，2020年6月，https://stli.iii.org.tw/article-detail.aspx?no=55&tp=5&d=8471（最後點閱時間：2024年3月2日）。
    非凡財經新聞，要求買家不得聘僱員工? 花旗銀工會成立5天收逾300人申請， 2021年10月21日：https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pIpBtkifRKA（最後點閱時間：2024年3月2日）。
    林文宏，美國結合處理原則概述，公平交易委員會電子報，第243期，https://www.ftc.gov.tw/upload/1130515-1.pdf。
    林向愷，革命前夕》2024新總統須面對的首要課題：最低工資法、勞動正義與經濟效益，信傳媒，2023年10月31日，https://www.cmmedia.com.tw/home/articles/43169（最後點閱時間：2024年4月2日）。
    邱淑芬，知識經濟時代公平交易法對競爭者間合作聯盟之規範，行政院公平交易委員會，公務出國報告資訊網，https://www.ftc.gov.tw/upload/c578bfec-8959-45bd-b038-f89501bfafcb.pdf （最後點閱時間2024 年 5月 25 日）。高凱聲，「下一世代網路」之發展與監理議題(下)，台網中心電子報， 2008年，http://www.myhome.net.tw/2008_12/Next_Generation_Networks_II.pdf. （最後點閱時間：2024年5月2日）。
    張展旗，公平法專欄：聯合行為的市場效果要件與為小不罰的認定標準，群勝國際法律事務所法律專欄，2020年2月20日，https://www.btlaw.com.tw/h/NewsInfo?key=0227079976&cont=187313 （最後點閱時間：2024年7月6日）。
    張靖榕，Google最慘恐面臨解體！全球最大反壟斷訴訟開審，ETtoday國際新聞 https://www.ettoday.net/news/20230914/2581970.htm#ixzz8MFMCilru（最後點閱時間：2024年5月12日）。
    華視新聞，中韓職棒互不挖角，1998年7月16日，https://news.cts.com.tw/cts/general/199807/199807160017627.html. （最後點閱時間：2024年3月2日）。
    華爾街見聞，諾貝爾經濟學獎獲得者：提高最低工資的負面影響很小，2021年10月11日，https://new.qq.com/rain/a/20211011A0CABE00（最後點閱時間：2024年5月2日）。
    經濟滿點製作所，重點一百一十八：商品市場獨買或要素市場獨賣， 2017年12月，https://www.bing.com/videos/riverview/relatedvideo?q=%e5%95%86%e5%93%81%e5%b8%82%e5%a0%b4%e7%8d%a8%e8%b3%a3%e6%88%96%e8%a6%81%e7%b4%a0%e5%b8%82%e5%a0%b4%e7%8d%a8%e8%b2%b7++YouTube&mid=242F4016524AE942F80E242F4016524AE942F80E&FORM=VIRE（最後點閱時間：2024年5月2日）。
    楊益昌，不公平的通通管？公平交易法及案例簡介，頁44-51，https://www.ftc.gov.tw/upload/3-1111107-1.pdf（最後點閱時間：2024年6月18日）。
    維基百科，經濟租，https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E7%A7%9F（最後點閱時間：2024年4月19日)。
    維基百科，產業集中度，https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E4%BA%A7%E4%B8%9A%E9%9B%86%E4%B8%AD%E5%BA%A6 ( 最後點閱時間：2024年3月2日）。
    歐陽書劍，諾貝爾獎與最低工資，自由財經，2021年10月，https://ec.ltn.com.tw/article/paper/1478292（最後點閱時間：2024年5月2日）。

    2. 外文文獻

    2.1 專書

    BAKER, JONATHAN, THE ANTITRUST PARADIGM: RESTORING A COMPETITIVE ECONOMY, HARVARD UNIVERSITY PRESS (2019).
    DUNNE, NIAMH, COMPETITION LAW AND ECONOMIC REGULATION: MAKING AND MANAGING MARKETS, CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS (1st ed., 2015).
    GELLHORN, ERNEST, WILLIAM E. KOVACIC & STEPHEN CALKINS, ANTITRUST LAW AND ECONOMICS IN A NUTSHELL, WEST ACADEMIC PUBLISHING (5th ed., 2004)
    HOVENKAMP, HERBERT, PRINCIPLE OF ANTITRUST, WEST ACADEMIC PUBLISHING (2 nd ed., 2020).
    LEVY, NICHOLAS, CHRISTOPHER COOK, EUROPEAN MERGER CONTROL LAW: A GUIDE TO THE MERGER REGULATION, MATTHEW BENDER ELITE PRODUCTS (2005).
    MANNING, ALAN, MONOPSONY IN MOTION: IMPERFECT COMPETITION IN LABOR MARKETS, PRINCETON UNIVERSITY PRESS (2003).
    PHILIPPON, THOMAS, THE GREAT REVERSAL: HOW AMERICA GAVE UP ON FREE MARKETS, THE BELKNAP PRESS OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY PRESS (2019).
    POSNER, ERIC, HOW ANTITRUST FAILED WORKERS, OXFORD (2021).
    POSNER, RICHARD A., ANTITRUST LAW, CHICAGO UNIVERSITY PRESS (2nd ed., 2001)
    RAYBOULD, D.M., ALISON FIRTH, COMPARATIVE LAW OF MONOPOLIES, GRAHAM & TROTMAN (1988).
    SULLIVAN, E. THOMAS, JEFFREY L. HARRISON, UNDERSTANDING ANTITRUST AND ITS ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS, LEXISNEXIS MATTHEW BENDER (6th ed., 2014).
    西村あさひ法律事務所編，M&A法大全（下），商事法務，全訂版，2019年1月。

    2.2 專書論文

    Furman, J. & Orszag, P., A Firm-Level Perspective on the Role of Rents in the Rise in Inequality, in TOWARD A JUST SOCIETY: JOSEPH STIGLITZ AND TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY ECONOMICS 19, 19 (M. Guzman ed., 2018).
    Manning, Alan, Imperfect Competition in the Labor Market, in HANDBOOK OF LABOR ECONOMICS 973, 973-1041 (David Card et al. eds., 2011).
    Hofstadter, Richard, What Happened to the Antitrust Movement?, in THE PARANOID STYLE IN AMERICAN POLITICS AND : OTHER ESSAYS 188, 189-190 (1st ed., 1965)
    Blundell, Richard & MaCurdy, Thomas H., Labor Supply: A Review of Alternative Approaches, in HANDBOOK OF LABOR ECONOMICS 1559, 1559-1695 (O. Ashenfelter & D. Card eds., 1999).

    2.3 學位論文

    Sharma, Garima, Monopsony and Gender (April 28, 2023) (PhD’s thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology) (https://economics.mit.edu/sites/default/files/inlinefiles/monopsony_gender_gsharma_12.pdf )

    2.4 期刊論文

    Atkeson, Andrew & Ariel Burstein, Pricing-to-Market, Trade Costs, and International Relative Prices, 98 (5) AMER. ECON. REV. 1998 (2008).
    Autor, David, David Dorn, Lawrence Katz, Christina Patterson & John Van Reenen, Concentrating on the Fall of the Labor Share, 107 (5) AMERICAN ECONOMIC REVIEW PAPERS AND PROCEEDINGS 180 (2017).
    Azar, José, Ioana Marinescu & Marshall I. Steinbaum, Labor Market Concentration, 57 (S) JOURNAL OF HUMAN RESOURCES 167 (2022).
    Azar, José, Ioana Marinescu, Marshall I. Steinbaum & Bledi Taska, Concentration in US labor markets: Evidence from online vacancy data, 66 LAB. ECON. 101886 (2020).
    Baker, Jonathan B., Timothy F. Bresnahan, Empirical Methods of Identifying and Measuring Market Power, 61 (1) ANTITRUST LAW JOURNAL 3 (1992).
    Bakir, Erdogan, Megan Hays & Janet Knoedler, Rising Corporate Power and Declining Labor Share in the Era of Chicago School Antitrust, 55 JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ISSUES 397 (2021).
    Benartzi, Shlomo, Thaler, Richard H., Myopic Loss-Aversion and the Equity Premium Puzzle, 110 (1) THE QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS 73 (1995).
    Borger, Bruno D., & Fosgerau, Bruno, The trade-off between money and travel time: A test of the theory of reference-dependent preferences, 64 JOURNAL OF URBAN ECONOMICS 101, 101-115 (2008).
    Burdett, Kenneth & Dale Mortensen, Wage differentials, employer size, and unemployment. 39 INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC REVIEW 257 (1998).
    Card, David & Alan B. Krueger, Minimum Wages and Employment: A Case Study of the Fast-Food Industry in New Jersey and Pennsylvania, 90 (5) AMER. ECON. REV.1397 (2000).
    Card, David, Ana Rute Cardoso, Joerg Heining & Patrick Kline, Firms and Labor Market Inequality: Evidence and Some Theory, 36 (S1) JOURNAL OF LABOR ECONOMICS 13 (2018).
    Dauth, Wolfgang, Peter Haller, Is there loss aversion in the trade-off between wages and commuting distances, 83 (103527) REGIONAL SCIENCE AND URBAN ECONOMICS 1 (2020).
    Easterbrook, Frank H., Limits of Antitrust, 63 (1) TEXAS LAW REVIEW 1 (1984).
    Easterbrook, Frank H., Workable Antitrust Policy, 84 MICHIGAN LAW REV. 1696 (1986).
    Hovenkamp, Herbert, Competition Policy for Labour Markets, No. 19-29 U OF PENN, INST FOR LAW & ECON RESEARCH PAPER 1 (2019).
    Hovenkamp, Herbert, Is Antitrust’s Consumer Welfare Principle Implied?, 45 JOURNAL OF CORPORATION LAW 101 (2019).
    Hovenkamp, Herbert, Whatever did happen to the antitrust movement?, 94 NOTRE DAME LAW REVIEW 583 (2019).
    Khan, Lina M. Amazon’s Antitrust Paradox, 126 YALE L.J. 710, 710-805 (2017)
    Krueger, A.P., The Political Economy of a Rent Seeking Society, 64 AMERICAN ECONOMIC REVIEW 291 (1974).
    Manning, Alan, Monopsony in Labor Markets: A Review, 74 (1) ILR REVIEW 3, (2021).
    Marinescu, Ioana & Roland Rathelot, Mismatch Unemployment and the Geography of Job Search, 10 (3) AMERICAN ECONOMIC JOURNAL: MACROECONOMICS 42 (2018).
    Melitz, Marc J., The Impact of Trade on Intra-industry Reallocations and
    Aggregate Industry Productivity, 71 ECONOMETRICA 1695 (2003).
    Melitz, Marc J., & Gianmarco I. P. Ottaviano, Market Size, Trade, and
    Productivity, 75 REV. ECON. STUDIES 295 (2008).
    Murray, Michael, Antitrust Enforcement in Labor Markets: The Department of Justice’s Efforts, 59 SANTA CLARA L. REV. 561 (2020).
    Polden, Donald J., Restraints on Workers’ Wages and Mobility: No-Poach Agreements and the Antitrust Laws, 59 SANTA CLARA L. REV. 576 (2020).
    Posner, Eric A. & Cass R. Sunstein, Antitrust and Inequality, 2 AMERICAN JOURNAL OF LAW AND EQUALITY 190, 190-207 (2022).
    Salop, Steven C., Question: What Is the Real and Proper Antitrust Welfare Standard? Answer: The True Consumer Welfare Standard, 22 (3) LOYOLA CONSUMER LAW REV. 336 (2010).
    Shapiro, Carl, Protecting Competition in the American Economy: Merger Control, Tech Titans, Labor Markets, 33 (3) JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC PERSPECTIVES 69 (2019).
    Stutzer, Alois, Bruno S. Frey, Stress that Doesn't Pay: The Commuting Paradox, 110 (2) THE SCAND. J. OF ECONOMICS 339 (2008).
    Tversky, Amos, Daniel Kahneman, Loss Aversion in Riskless Choice: A Reference-Dependent Model, 106 (4) THE QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS 1039 (1991).

    2.5 未正式發表論文(working paper)

    Autor, David, David Dorn, Lawrence Katz, Christina Patterson & John Van Reenen, The Fall of the Labor Share and the Rise of Superstar Firms, NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES No. 23396 (May. 2017), available at http://www.nber.org/papers/w23396.
    Azar, José, Steven Berry & Ioana Marinescu, Estimating Labor Market Power, NBER WORKING PAPER NO. 30365 (Aug. 2022), available at https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3456277.
    Grullon, Gustavo, Yelena Larkin & Roni Michaely, Are U.S. Industries Becoming More Concentrated?, SWISS FINANCE INSTITUTE RESEARCH PAPER NO. 19-41 (Oct. 2018), available at https://deliverypdf.ssrn.com/delivery.php?ID=022074007112127072114068017066067096052038021023029087122003065125112018077028007099058031037055107005101000082116079003077025010070031064016121118027021089096068067062019090001009027084117080124105102006121085007031119085018113103002089124104092003&EXT=pdf&INDEX=TRUE.
    Guerriero, Marta, The Labor Share of Income around the World: Evidence from a Panel Dataset Publication, ADBI WORKING PAPER SERIES No. 920 (2019), available at https://www.adb.org/publications/labor-share-income-around-world-evidence-panel-dataset.
    Gutiérrez, Germán, Thomas Philippon, Declining Competition and Investment in the U.S., NBER WORKING PAPER No. 23583 (July. 2017), available at http://www.nber.org/papers/w23583.
    Krueger, Alan, Orley Ashenfelter, Theory and Evidence on Employer Collusion in the Franchise Sector, NBER WORKING PAPER No. 24831 (2018), available at https://www.nber.org/papers/w24831.

    2.6 網路資料

    Council of Economic Advisers, Benefits of Competition and Indicators of Market Power, COUNCIL OF ECONOMIC ADVISERS ISSUE BRIEF (April, 2016), https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/sites/default/files/page/files/20160414_cea_competition_issue_brief.pdf.
    Dayen, David, The Rehabilitation of Antitrust, AM. PROSPECT (Dec. 22, 2017), http://pro spect.org/article/rehabilitation-antitrust.
    Democratic Platform Comm., 2016 Democratic Party Platform (2016), https://democrats.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/2016_DNC_Platform.pdf
    Federal Trade Commission, Antitrust Red Flags for Employment Practices, https://www.ftc.gov/system/files/documents/public_statements/992623/ftc-doj_hr_red_flags.pdf. (last visited April. 25, 2024).
    Federal Trade Commission, FYI: FTC Approves Consent Agreement with The Council of Fashion Designers of America and 7th on Sixth, Inc., (Oct. 20, 1995), https://www.ftc.gov/news-events/news/press-releases/1995/10/fyi-ftc-approves-consent-agreement-council-fashion-designers-america-7th-sixth-inc.
    Federal Trade Commission, The Council of Fashion Designers of America, et al.; Prohibited Trade Practices, and Affirmative Corrective Actions, (April. 17, 1996), https://www.ftc.gov/legal-library/browse/federal-register-notices/council-fashion-designers-america-et-al-prohibited-trade-practices-affirmative-corrective-actions.
    Federal Trade Commission, Guidance from the Bureau of Competition on Requesting and Obtaining an Advisory Opinion, https://www.ftc.gov/system/files/attachments/competition-advisory-opinions/advisoryopinionguidance-bctextjune2011_update_links_oct_2015.pdf (last visited May. 2, 2024).
    Fowler, Christopher S., New Commuting Zone delineation for the U.S. based on 2020 data (Jan. 29, 2024), https://osf.io/8vsh2.
    Gordon, Jason, FTC Regulatory Enforcement Procedures-Explained: How does the FTC enforce Regulations?, THE BUSINESS PROFESSOR (April. 19, 2024), https://thebusinessprofessor.com/en_US/consumer-law/ftc-regulatory-enforcement-procedures.
    J. Mark Gidley et.al., U.S. Antitrust Agencies Propose Sweeping Changes to Merger Guidelines – 5 Key Things You Need to Know (July 20,2023), https://www.whitecase.com/insight-alert/us-antitrust-agencies-propose-sweeping-changes-merger-guidelines-5-key-things-you.
    Koenig, Bryan, DOJ Gives Fast-Food Chains Ammo Against No-Poach Suits, LAW 360 (Jan. 29, 2019), https://www.law360.com/articles/1123203/doj-gives-fast-food-chains-ammo-against-no-poach-suits.
    Mayer Brown, No-Poach and Non-Solicitation Agreements: Naked Antitrust Violations or Legitimate Business Arrange, (2021), https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QLsTsA4c1L0.
    OECD, Labour compensation per hour worked, https://data.oecd.org/lprdty/labour-compensation-per-hour-worked.htm (last visited May. 2, 2024).
    Statement of Commissioner Alvaro M. Bedoya, joined by Chair Lina M. Khan and Commissioner Rebecca Kelly Slaughter Regarding the Proposed Merger Guidelines Issued by the Federal Trade Commission and U.S. Department of Justice, at 3 (July 19, 2023), See https://www.ftc.gov/system/files/ftc_gov/pdf/p234000_merger_guidelines_statement_bedoya_final.pdf.
    Statement of Makan Delrahim Before the Subcommittee on Regulatory Reform, Commercial and Antitrust Law Committee on the Judiciary U.S. House of Representatives (Dec. 12, 2018), See https://judiciary.house.gov/sites/evo-subsites/republicans-judiciary.house.gov/files/legacy_files/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/Delrahim-Testimony.pdf.
    Streitfeld, David, Tech Giants Settle Antitrust Hiring Suit, THE NEW YORK TIMES (April. 24, 2014), https://www.nytimes.com/2014/04/25/technology/settlement-silicon-valley-antitrust-case.html.
    Tolbert, Charles M., Sizer, Molly, U.S. Commuting Zones and Labor Market Areas: A 1990 Update, AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD POLICY LABOR AND HUMAN CAPITAL (Seb, 1990), https://ageconsearch.umn.edu/record/278812?v=pdf.
    U.S. Senate Committee on the Judiciary- Subcommittee on Antitrust, Competition and Consumer Rights, The Consumer Welfare Standard in Antitrust: Outdated or a Harbor in a Sea of Doubt? (Dec. 17, 2017), https://www.judiciary.senate.gov/committee-activity/hearings/the-consumer-welfare-standard-in-antitrust-outdated-or-a-harbor-in-a-sea-of-doubt.
    U.S. Department of Justice, Adobe Systems, Inc., et al., Competitive Impact Statement, https://www.justice.gov/atr/case-document/competitive-impact-statement-0 (last visited April. 25, 2024).
    U.S. Department of Justice, Former Owner of Health Care Staffing Company Indicted for Wage Fixing (December 10, 2020), https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/former-owner-health-care-staffing-company-indicted-wage-fixing.
    U.S. Department of Justice, Introduction to Antitrust Division Business Review, https://www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/atr/legacy/2011/11/03/276833.pdf (last visited May. 2, 2024).
    U.S. Department of Justice, Justice Department Requires Six High Tech Companies to Stop Entering Into Anticompetitive Employee Solicitation Agreements,
    https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/justice-department-requires-six-high-tech-companies-stop-entering-anticompetitive-employee (last visited Apr. 25, 2024).
    U.S. Department of Justice, Justice Department Withdraws Outdated Enforcement Policy Statements (Feb. 3, 2023), https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/justice-department-withdraws-outdated-enforcement-policy-statements.
    U.S. Department of Justice Antitrust Division, United States v. Adobe Systems, Inc., et al.; Proposed Final Judgment and Competitive Impact Statement (Oct. 1, 2010), FEDERAL REGISTER, https://www.casemine.com/judgement/us/5914ae25add7b04934746417
    U.S. Department of Justice Antitrust Division, U.S. v. Utah Society for Healthcare Human Resources Administration, et al., https://www.justice.gov/atr/case/us-v-utah-society-healthcare-human-resources-administration-et-al (last visited: May 7, 2024.)
    Wikipedia, Core-based statistical area, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Core-based_statistical_area (last visited May 29, 2024).
    Wikipedia, Statute of Labourers 1351, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statute_of_Labourers_1351#:~:text=The%20Statute%20of%20Labourers%20was%20a%20law%20created,and%20limiting%20movement%20in%20search%20of%20better%20conditions (last visited May 2, 2024).
    Wikipedia, Marginal product, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marginal_product (last visited May. 2, 2024).
    Reviving Competition, Part 4 ：21st Century Antitrust Reforms and the American Worker, https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-117hhrg48614/html/CHRG-117hhrg48614.htm (last visited May 2, 2024).
    Description: 碩士
    國立政治大學
    法律學系
    109651012
    Source URI: http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0109651012
    Data Type: thesis
    Appears in Collections:[Department of Law] Theses

    Files in This Item:

    File SizeFormat
    101201.pdf4164KbAdobe PDF0View/Open


    All items in 政大典藏 are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved.


    社群 sharing

    著作權政策宣告 Copyright Announcement
    1.本網站之數位內容為國立政治大學所收錄之機構典藏，無償提供學術研究與公眾教育等公益性使用，惟仍請適度，合理使用本網站之內容，以尊重著作權人之權益。商業上之利用，則請先取得著作權人之授權。
    The digital content of this website is part of National Chengchi University Institutional Repository. It provides free access to academic research and public education for non-commercial use. Please utilize it in a proper and reasonable manner and respect the rights of copyright owners. For commercial use, please obtain authorization from the copyright owner in advance.

    2.本網站之製作，已盡力防止侵害著作權人之權益，如仍發現本網站之數位內容有侵害著作權人權益情事者，請權利人通知本網站維護人員(nccur@nccu.edu.tw)，維護人員將立即採取移除該數位著作等補救措施。
    NCCU Institutional Repository is made to protect the interests of copyright owners. If you believe that any material on the website infringes copyright, please contact our staff(nccur@nccu.edu.tw). We will remove the work from the repository and investigate your claim.
    DSpace Software Copyright © 2002-2004  MIT &  Hewlett-Packard  /   Enhanced by   NTU Library IR team Copyright ©   - Feedback