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| Title: | 修養、治病、強身與救國：中國士人的靜坐(1850-1920)
Self-Cultivation, Curing Illness, Strengthening the Body and Saving the Nation: Chinese Scholars' Quiet-Sitting, 1850-1920 |
| Authors: | 陳秀芬 |
| Contributors: | 歷史系 |
| Keywords: | 靜坐;修養;治病;強身;救國;清末;民初;士人
quiet-sitting;self-cultivation;curing illness;strengthening the body;saving the nation;late Qing China;early Republican China;scholars |
| Date: | 2021-07 |
| Issue Date: | 2024-08-15 |
| Abstract: | 在明清時期，靜坐是儒道釋三教與民間教派常見的修練工夫，其目的不外乎與個人（或集體）的成聖、成仙、證悟、救贖有關。然而清末民初有不少士人與社會名流之從事靜坐，除了修身養性之外，往往也隱含治病、強身甚至社會改革等世俗性目的。當時躬身實踐靜坐或曾經議論靜坐者，至少包括林則徐、曾國藩、郭嵩燾、康有為、梁啟超、張錫純、丁福保、蔣維喬、郭沫若等人。這股「靜坐熱」在1910年代漸入高峰，各式融通中外的靜坐法大行其道，風靡民間與校園，乃至有專門推廣靜坐的社團成立。為了解釋這個歷史現象，本計畫擬從靜坐的理念與實踐出發，剖析這些人為何靜坐？如何靜坐？又如何構想靜坐與「修養」、「治病」、「強身」與「救國」的關係？此外，當時有些士人深信靜坐足以治療手淫、肺病、虛勞、神經衰弱等病症，對於控制青少年的性慾、遺精、注意力不集中等問題頗有效益。究竟這類論述從何而來？帶來哪些社會效應？更重要的問題，是清末民初的靜坐之所以從傳統的修養之術，得以轉化成一種醫治百病的萬靈丹，如何反映了當時社會所瀰漫的「自我病理化」、「自我診斷」的集體性焦慮？而這種尋求「自我療癒」與「集體救贖」的企圖，又何以成為理解中國式身體之「現代性」的重要關鍵？
In late imperial China, quiet-sitting (or meditative sitting) had been one of the most popular means for self-cultivation, becoming immortal, seeking enlightenment and/or salvation. It was particularly true in neo-Confucianism, Daoism, Buddhism and certain sectarianism. From the second half of the nineteenth century to the early twentieth century, many literati/intellectuals had paid no less attention to quiet-sitting. In addition to self-cultivation, however, their purposes appeared more pragmatic, ranging from curing illness, and strengthening the body, to social reform. The “Quiet-sitting Fever” reached to its climax during 1910s when it had prevailed in many schools, societies and certain groups for promotion of quiet-sitting. For a better understanding of this phenomenon, this research project is aimed at answering the following questions: Why and how did the scholars/intellectuals engage themselves in the discourses and practices of quiet-sitting in the late Qing and early Republican China? How did they come to relate their individual self-cultivation to collective welfare in the contemporary social milieu and inter/national circumstances? Since some scholars claimed that quiet-sitting as a kind of panacea can “cure” various illnesses, including depletion by excessive masturbation, consumptive diseases, neurasthenia, as well as “managing” the youth’s sexual desires, nocturnal emission, and mental distraction, it is important to trace the origins from where their ideas had emerged and what impacts they had brought about. Overall, it will be my attempt to explore how the practices of quiet-sitting had met the social needs, especially when numerous intellectuals were indulged in “self-pathologization,” “self-diagnoses,” and hence eager to seeking “self-healings” and “collective salvation” in the common anxiety caused by political turmoils and social disorders. Answering these questions will contribute a better understanding to the “modernity” of the body in early twentieth-century China. |
| Relation: | 科技部, MOST108-2410-H004-037-MY2, 108.08-110.07 |
| Data Type: | report |
| Appears in Collections: | [歷史學系] 國科會研究計畫
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