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    政大典藏 > College of Law > Department of Law > Theses >  Item 140.119/152890


    Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/152890


    Title: 由離岸風場之規劃評析我國海域空間規劃之法制
    A Review on the Legal Regime of Maritime Spatial Planning in Taiwan: From the Perspective of Offshore Wind Farm Planning
    Authors: 王仁邑
    Wang, Jen-Yi
    Contributors: 傅玲靜
    Fu, Ling-Ching
    王仁邑
    Wang, Jen-Yi
    Keywords: 海域空間規劃
    海洋空間規劃
    離岸風電發展
    離岸風場規劃
    生態系統方法
    歐盟2014年海域空間規劃指令
    英國2009年海域及海岸近用法
    國土計畫法海洋資源地區
    海域管理法
    Maritime Spatial Planning
    Marine Spatial Planning
    Offshore Wind Development
    Offshore Wind Farm Planning
    Ecosystem-based Approach
    EU Maritime Spatial Planning Directive
    The Maritime and Coastal Access Act 2009
    The Marine Resource Zones of the National Spatial Planning Act
    The Marine Areas Management Act
    Date: 2023
    Issue Date: 2024-08-05 14:41:15 (UTC+8)
    Abstract: 在國際推展再生能源之趨勢下，我國近年積極發展離岸風電以促進能源轉型，惟伴隨此新興海域利用的快速成長，離岸風場選址引發的海域利用衝突亦層出不窮。盤點我國法制後可發現，各輪離岸風電競標之作業要點與國土計畫法海洋資源地區之規定均欠缺積極引導海域秩序之作用，恐難調和海域漸增之公私益衝突。
    為解決此一困境，本文爬梳國際間推行多年的海域空間規劃（Maritime Spatial Planning）理論，試圖建構理想的制度內涵供我國改進參考。依聯合國教科文組織之指引，海域空間規劃係透過分析及分配人類海域活動之時空間分布以實現生態、經濟及社會目標的公共過程。而多數文獻肯認此制度應重視以生態系統為基礎之管理方法、陸海交互作用、適應性管理方法以及先期且實質之參與。歐洲聯盟於2014年制定之海域空間規劃指令即反映前述內涵，並要求成員國建立法制，循程序性步驟產出海域空間計畫，惟就是否另立專法則採開放立場。
    透過英國之比較法研究，本文認為其不僅針對各輪離岸風電競標之風場場址有縝密部門規劃，且2009年制定之專法「海域及海岸近用法」更透過海域政策聲明書與海域計畫之分層訂定落實海域空間規劃理念，積極引導各部門海域利用之平衡，值得我國借鏡。其中，事前通知陸域主管機關參與規劃、於計畫草案擬定前便發布公眾參與聲明書以蒐集公眾意見、於規劃過程中進行永續性評估這三項規劃程序設計尤具參考價值。
    依本文研究成果，我國應就海域空間規劃另立專法或修正國土計畫法乃政策選擇，惟綜合審視我國法制概況，本文傾向採取另定專法路徑，並將適用範圍擴及專屬經濟海域以因應離岸風場開發趨勢，建議可在2015年版海域管理法草案之基礎上參酌英國法制增添相應之規劃程序與管理措施。透過本研究之拋磚引玉，本文期許為我國海域空間規劃法制化作出貢獻，讓離岸風電之推行能與海洋環境保護相互協調，並與多元的海域利用活動共存共榮於我國廣袤的大海中。
    Under global renewable energy initiatives, Taiwan has been vigorously developing offshore wind energy in recent years to facilitate energy transition. However, along with the rapid growth of this emerging marine use, there are also several conflicts between different marine sectors arisen from the site planning of offshore wind farms. A review of the legal framework in Taiwan reveals that both the existing offshore wind bidding rules and the current regulations of the “Marine Resource Zones” of the National Spatial Planning Act lack the active function of creating marine co-existence, making it difficult to coordinate the increasing conflicts of different interests.
    To solve this issue, this thesis looks into the theory of Maritime Spatial Planning (“MSP”) which has been promoted for years internationally and tries to build an ideal model to help reform the legal system in Taiwan. According to the UNESCO guidelines, MSP is a public process of analyzing and allocating the spatial and temporal distribution of human activities in marine areas to achieve ecological, economic, and social objectives. Most literature recognizes that MSP focuses on ecosystem-based management, land-sea interaction, adaptive management, and early and substantial participation. The European Union’s Maritime Spatial Planning Directive in 2014 adopts a similar position and requires member states to establish MSP legal framework to produce maritime spatial plans following procedural steps, while whether to enact a new law is left to the discretion of member states.
    Through comparative research on the legal regime of the United Kingdom, this thesis believes its experience is enlightening for Taiwan. The United Kingdom has elaborate sectoral preparation for offshore wind farm planning, and on top of that enacts the Marine and Coastal Access Act 2009 to implement the concept of MSP through the layered production of Marine Policy Statement and Marine Plans, achieving the balance between various marine uses. Under this Act, the three procedural arrangements that provide particularly valuable references include: (i) notifying terrestrial planning authorities beforehand to participate in the marine planning process, (ii) publishing the statement of public participation to collect opinions before the draft plan is prepared, and (iii) conducting the sustainability appraisal during the planning process.
    This thesis holds a position that it remains a policy choice for the Taiwanese legislators whether to enact a separate law on MSP or to amend the existing National Spatial Planning Act to incorporate MSP, however the author prefers that enacting a separate law is a better option after analyzing the legal framework of Taiwan. Meanwhile, the scope of MSP should be extended to the exclusive economic zones in response to the trend of offshore wind farms development. In conclusion, it is suggested to adopt the proposed draft of the Marine Areas Management Act in 2015 as a basis and add corresponding planning procedures and management measure provisions taking reference from the United Kingdom’s legal system. This research is expected to contribute to the legalization of MSP in Taiwan, by which the development of offshore wind farms can co-exist with the marine environment protection and thrive with various marine uses in the vast ocean.
    Reference: 一、中文文獻

    （一）專書
    邱文彥，海岸管理：理論與實務，五南圖書，2000年。
    姜皇池，國際海洋法（上冊），二版，新學林，2018年。
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    陳慈陽，環境法總論，三版，元照，2011年11月。

    （二）專書論文
    林明鏘，評國土計畫法，收錄於：林明鏘著，國土計畫法學研究，二版，元照，2018年3月，頁201-223。
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    （三）期刊論文
    江念慈、卓正中、高瑞新，以海域空間規劃治理金廈海域之初探性研究──以海漂垃圾為例，航運季刊，第29卷第3期，2020年9月，頁1-27。
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    高銘志，淺談近期修正再生能源發展條例─能源轉型關鍵最後一哩修法？，月旦法學雜誌，第291期，2019年7月，頁94-107。
    張志偉，行政自主餘地──以德國行政法學判斷餘地理論為檢視重點，財產法暨經濟法，第52期，2018年6月，頁93-138。
    陳貞如，「生態系統方法」之國際海洋環境法制發展及我國實踐，台灣國際法季刊，第十二卷第三期，2015年9月，頁85-120。
    陳惠美，都市計畫法中民眾參與相關問題之分析與探討，全國律師，第23卷第2期，2019年2月，頁89-100。
    陳靜慧，海洋空間規劃（MSP）法制之發展與挑戰－以歐盟《海洋空間規劃指令》為例，台灣法學雜誌，第404期，2020年11月，頁141-158。
    傅玲靜，利益衡量、計畫形成自由及利益衡量原則──評最高行政法院108年度上字第626號判決（芝山岩周邊景觀管制規定計畫案），裁判時報，119期，2022年5月，頁13-28。
    傅玲靜，都市計畫之計畫形成自由及其司法審查密度──以德國法制為觀察比較之對象，興大法學，27期，2020年5月，頁1-57。
    詹昊棠，英國海洋管理相關機構介紹，國際海洋資訊，第15期，2021年12月，頁17-21。
    羅俊瑋，海域管理法制初探，真理法學論叢，第20期，2018年3月，頁1-32。

    （四）研究報告
    中華民國海洋及水下技術協會，非都市土地海域區區位許可機制探討，內政部營建署委託研究成果報告，執行期間：2016年4月至2017年4月。
    中華民國海洋及水下技術協會，海域功能區劃與管理工作，內政部營建署委託研究成果報告，執行期間：2007年9月至2008年9月。
    邱文彥（計畫主持人）、胡興華（協同主持人），海域管理法制立法研究，國家海洋研究院委託研究報告，計畫編號：OAC-NAMR-108-006，執行期間：2019年3月至2019年10月。
    邱文彥（計畫主持人）、陸曉筠（協同主持人），海域空間規劃國際政策、制度與實務研析，國家海洋研究院委託研究報告，計畫編號：NAMR-109-017，執行期間：2020年3月至2020年11月。
    經濟部能源局（今經濟部能源署），離岸風電英國參訪研習團出國報告，系統識別號：C10504704，出國期間：2016年9月4日至2016年9月14日，報告日期：2016年12月14日。

    （五）學位論文
    吳依佩，論風力發電所涉環境爭議與訴訟之研究，國立清華大學科法所碩士論文，2011年。
    李彥蒲，臺灣發展離岸風力發電對漁業的影響及其雙贏策略之研究，國立臺灣海洋大學環境生物與漁業科學學系碩士論文，2014年。
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    張凱婷，風力發電之風險管制與行政爭訟，東吳大學法學院法律學系碩士論文，2019年。
    陳琬瑩，從公私協力觀點探討我國離岸風力發電法制之形成與發展，國立臺北大學法律學系碩士論文，2020年。
    黃弘祺，國土空間規劃中海域範圍及功能區劃之研究，國立中山大學海洋環境及工程學系碩士論文，2007年。
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    蕭堉成，離岸風電法制問題評析與法制化研究—以德國法為借鏡，國立臺灣大學法律學院法律學研究所碩士論文，2019年。

    （六）網路文獻
    海洋委員會，2020國家海洋政策白皮書，2020年6月，https://www.oac.gov.tw/ch/home.jsp?id=232&parentpath=0,2（最後瀏覽日期：2024年5月3日）。

    二、英文文獻

    （一）專書
    CULLINGWORTH, BARRY, NADIN, VINCENT, HART, TREVOR, DAVOUDI, SIMIN, PENDLEBURY, JOHN, VIGAR, GEOFF, WEBB, DAVID, & TOWNSHEND, TIM: TOWN AND COUNTRY PLANNING IN THE UK (ROUTLEDGE, 15TH EDITION, 2015).
    LEIN, JAMES KURT: INTEGRATED ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING (WILEY-BLACKWELL, 1ST EDITION, 2003).
    MILLENNIUM ECOSYSTEM ASSESSMENT: ECOSYSTEMS AND HUMAN WELL-BEING: SYNTHESIS (ISLAND PRESS, WASHINGTON, DC, 2005).

    （二）專書論文
    Cormier, Roland & Kannen, Andreas: Managing Risk Through Marine Spatial Planning, in MARITIME SPATIAL PLANNING: PAST, PRESENT, FUTURE 353-374 (Zaucha, Jacek & Gee, Kira eds., 2019).
    Ehler, Charles, Zaucha, Jacek & Gee, Kira: Maritime/Marine Spatial Planning at the Interface of Research and Practice, in MARITIME SPATIAL PLANNING: PAST, PRESENT, FUTURE 1-22 (Zaucha, Jacek & Gee, Kira eds., 2019).
    Ehler, Charles: Marine Spatial Planning: An Idea Whose Time Has Come, in OFFSHORE ENERGY AND MARINE SPATIAL PLANNING 6-17 (Yates, Katherine L. & Bradshaw, Corey J. A. eds., 2018)
    Gee, Kira: The Ocean Perspective, in MARITIME SPATIAL PLANNING: PAST, PRESENT, FUTURE 23-46 (Zaucha, Jacek & Gee, Kira eds., 2019).
    Harris, Linda R., Holness, Stephen, Finke, Gunnar, Kirkman, Stephen & Sink, Kerry: Systematic Conservation Planning as a Tool to Advance Ecologically or Biologically Significant Area and Marine Spatial Planning Processes, in MARITIME SPATIAL PLANNING: PAST, PRESENT, FUTURE 71-96 (Zaucha, Jacek & Gee, Kira eds., 2019).
    Kidd, Sue, Jones, Hannah & Jay, Stephen: Taking Account of Land-Sea Interactions in Marine Spatial Planning, in MARITIME SPATIAL PLANNING: PAST, PRESENT, FUTURE 245-270 (Zaucha, Jacek & Gee, Kira eds., 2019).
    McGowan, Lynne, Jay, Stephen & Kidd, Sue: Scenario-Building for Marine Spatial Planning, in MARITIME SPATIAL PLANNING: PAST, PRESENT, FUTURE 327-351 (Zaucha, Jacek & Gee, Kira eds., 2019).
    Morf, Andrea, Kull, Michael, Piwowarczyk, Joanna & Gee, Kira: Towards a Ladder of Marine/Maritime Spatial Planning for Participation, in MARITIME SPATIAL PLANNING: PAST, PRESENT, FUTURE 219-244 (Zaucha, Jacek & Gee, Kira eds., 2019).
    O’higgins, Tim, O’higgins, Linda, O’hagan, Anne Marie & Ansong, Joseph Onwona: Challenges and Opportunities for Ecosystem-Based Management and Marine Spatial Planning in the Irish Sea, in MARITIME SPATIAL PLANNING: PAST, PRESENT, FUTURE 47-70 (Zaucha, Jacek & Gee, Kira eds., 2019).
    Ramieri, Emiliano, Bocci, Martina & Markovic, Marina: Linking Integrated Coastal Zone Management to Maritime Spatial Planning: The Mediterranean Experience, in MARITIME SPATIAL PLANNING: PAST, PRESENT, FUTURE 271-294 (Zaucha, Jacek & Gee, Kira eds., 2019).
    Twomey, Sarah & O’mahony, Cathal: Stakeholder Processes in Marine Spatial Planning: Ambitions and Realities from the European Atlantic Experience, in MARITIME SPATIAL PLANNING: PAST, PRESENT, FUTURE 295-326 (Zaucha, Jacek & Gee, Kira eds., 2019).
    Varjopuro, Riku: Evaluation of Marine Spatial Planning: Valuing the Process, Knowing the Impacts, in MARITIME SPATIAL PLANNING: PAST, PRESENT, FUTURE 417-440 (Zaucha, Jacek & Gee, Kira eds., 2019).
    Yates, Katherine L.: Meaningful Stakeholder Participation in Marine Spatial Planning with Offshore Energy, in OFFSHORE ENERGY AND MARINE SPATIAL PLANNING 169-188 (Yates & Bradshaw eds., 2018).

    （三）期刊論文
    Day, Jon C.: Zoning—Lessons from the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park, 45 OCEAN & COASTAL MANAGEMENT 139-156 (2002).
    Gibson, Emma & Howsam, Peter: The Legal Framework for Offshore Wind Farms: A Critical Analysis of the Consents Process, 38 ENERGY POLICY 4692-4702 (2010).
    Johnson, Courtney B.: Advances in Marine Spatial Planning: Zoning Earth’s Last Frontier, 29(1) JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL LAW & LITIGATION 191-246 (2014).
    Katsanevakis, Stelios, Stelzenmüller, Vanessa, South, Andy, Sørensen, Thomas Kirk, Jones, Peter J.S., Kerr, Sandy, Badalamenti, Fabio, Anagnostou, Christos, Breen, Patricia, Chust, Guillem, D’Anna, Giovanni, Duijn, Mike, Filatova, Tatiana, Fiorentino, Fabio, Hulsman, Helena, Johnson, Kate, Karageorgis, Aristomenis P., Kröncke, Ingrid, Mirto, Simone, Pipitone, Carlo, Portelli, Susan, Qiu, Wanfei, Reiss, Henning, Sakellariou, Dimitris, Salomidi, Maria, Hoof, Luc van, Vassilopoulou, Vassiliki, Fernández, Tomás Vega, Vöge, Sandra, Weber, Anke, Zenetos, Argyro & Hofstede, Remment ter: Ecosystem-based Marine Spatial Management: Review of Concepts, Policies, Tools, and Critical Issue, 54 OCEAN & COASTAL MANAGEMENT 807-820 (2011).
    Kidd, Sue & Ellis, Geraint: From the Land to Sea and Back Again? Using Terrestrial Planning to Understand the Process of Marine Spatial Planning, 14(1) JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY & PLANNING 49-66 (2012).
    Long, Rachel D., Charles, Anthony & Stephenson, Robert L.: Key principles of marine ecosystem-based management, 57 MARINE POLICY 53-60 (2015).
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    Meiner, Andrus: Integrated Maritime Policy for the EU – Consolidating Coastal and Marine Information to Support Maritime Spatial Planning, 14 JOURNAL OF COASTAL CONSERVATION 1-11 (2010).
    Msomphora, Mbachi Ruth, Njaya, Friday & Jentoft, Svein: Ecosystem-based Governance According to the Malawi Principles: A Test for the Southern Lake Malawi, 21 MARITIME STUDIES 297-307 (2022).
    Plant, Glen: Offshore Wind Energy Development: The Challenges for English Law, JOURNAL OF PLANNING & ENVIRONMENT LAW 939-964 (2003).
    Schaefer, Nicole & Barale, Vittorio: Maritime Spatial Planning: Opportunities & Challenges in the Framework of the EU Integrated Maritime Policy, 15 J COAST CONSERV 237-245 (2011).
    Slater, Anne-Michelle & Claydon, Jim: Marine spatial planning in the UK: A review of the progress and effectiveness of the plans and their policies, 22(2) ENVIRONMENTAL LAW REVIEW 85-107 (2020).
    Slater, Anne-Michelle: What is Marine Spatial Planning?, 14(1) ENVIRONMENTAL LAW REVIEW 1-6 (2012).
    Smith, Hance D., Ballinger, Rhoda C. & Stojanovic, Timothy A.: The Spatial Development Basis of Marine Spatial Planning in the United Kingdom, 14(1) JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY & PLANNING 29-47 (2012).
    Zervaki, Antonia: Introducing Maritime Spatial Planning Legislation in the EU: Fishing in Troubled Waters?, 1 MARITIME SAFETY AND SECURITY LAW JOURNAL 95-114 (2015).

    （四）網路文獻
    Ares, Elena, Barclay, Christopher, Bennett, Oliver & White, Edward: House of Commons Library Research Briefing Paper on Marine and Coastal Access Bill [HL], Research Paper 09/56 (2009), available at: https://commonslibrary.parliament.uk/research-briefings/rp09-56/ (last visited May 3, 2024).
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    DEFRA(英國環境部): A Description of the Marine Planning System for England (2011), available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/the-marine-planning-system-for-england (last visited May 3, 2024).
    DEFRA(英國環境部): Marine and Coastal Access Act 2009: Explanatory Notes (2009), available at: https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2009/23/notes/data.pdf (last visited May 3, 2024).
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    Description: 碩士
    國立政治大學
    法律學系
    107651015
    Source URI: http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0107651015
    Data Type: thesis
    Appears in Collections:[Department of Law] Theses

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