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| Title: | 彈性還是控制？美食外送員的生涯與勞動圖像
Flexibility or Control? The Career and Labor Practice of Food Delivery Drivers |
| Authors: | 盧子樵
Lu, Tzu-Chiao |
| Contributors: | 鄭力軒
Cheng, Li-Hsuan
盧子樵
Lu, Tzu-Chiao |
| Keywords: | 美食外送員
工作生涯
勞動圖像
共享經濟
數位監控
Food delivery drivers
Work career
Labor practice
Sharing economy
Digital surveillance |
| Date: | 2024 |
| Issue Date: | 2024-08-05 14:27:17 (UTC+8) |
| Abstract: | 目前平台工作的相關論點，聚焦共享經濟與數位監控兩面向。共享經濟強調平台得以讓零碎的勞務被定價，使「陌生人共享」為工人創造收入，分散企業中心化的壟斷模式。數位監控則強調平台對於演算法、資訊與工人合約的掌握，形成對工人勞動控制的數位牢籠。
根據上述兩個理論觀點，有關平台美食外送員的勞動研究，大多聚焦後者，強調平台對於工人的數位監控。例如，平台透過數位趕工遊戲的獎勵制度，使工人更願意投入其中。或批評平台掌握合約與演算法，讓工人只能被動接受平台制度與薪資調整。抑或從勞動法、勞動民族誌切入，強調平台「假承攬，真雇傭」，面對政府制度與管制措施，平台如同制度的變色龍。
本研究肯認平台的勞動控制本質以及相關研究，但本研究想從既有的批判性勞動研究成果，更進一步的深入探討外送工作，對於幾乎人人都可上線註冊、背景多元的美食外送員有什麼不同的意義？有著怎樣殊異的工作生涯與勞動圖像？美食外送員如何經驗平台的彈性與控制？
本研究透過質性研究的參與觀察、深度訪談以及美食外送員網路社群討論版收集資料。研究者成為外送員，投入外送員的勞動場域中，並邀請外送工作「投入程度」不同，以及外送佔「個人收入比例」不同的外送員參與訪談研究，根據二者，將外送員分成四種類型，分別是：「上線打工者」、「生涯過渡者」、「工作游牧者」與「平台受困者」。梳理平台外送的勞動過程中的行動者與平台勞動控制的機制。
本研究發現，高度投入、外送佔個人收入比高的外送員，往往容易受困於平台工作中，面對平台減薪、調整制度，只能被動接受。部分人力資本較低、被典型勞動市場排除者，即便遭到平台減薪，仍然會抱持「感謝平台」的心理。低度投入、外送佔個人收入比低的外送員，則將外送視為彈性的好兼職，平台為彈性時間、簡單勞務，創造額外收入，部分外送員並在找到其他工作、創業以後，隨即離開外送工作，外送工作得以成為他們轉銜至下個人生階段的橋樑。
彈性與控制之間，本研究不否認平台的數位監控以及共享經濟創造彈性收入的好處。但本研究試圖從多元背景的外送員，指出外送之於其生涯的不同意義。最後試圖從彈性的外送工作提出對傳統、典型勞動市場，要求勞工高度、全身心投入的反思，指出台灣外送產業的特處，並針對兩大平台併購與平台外送的現在進行式，提出政策建言。
Current studies on platform labor emphasize two main aspects: the sharing economy and the digital surveillance. The sharing economy emphasizes how platforms can monetize fragmented labor, allowing "stranger sharing" to create income for workers and decentralizing the monopoly of enterprises. The Digital surveillance highlights the platform's control over algorithms, information, and worker contracts, creating a digital cage that controls workers' labor.
Based on these two theoretical perspectives, most labor research on platform food delivery workers focuses on the digital surveillance of workers by the platform. This study acknowledges the nature of platform labor control and related research but aims to delve deeper into the existing critical labor research outcomes. It seeks to explore what different meanings food delivery work holds for the diverse backgrounds of delivery workers, who can almost all register online, and what distinct work careers and labor images emerge.
This study uses qualitative research methods, including participant observation, in-depth interviews, and data collection from online community discussion boards of food delivery workers. The researcher becomes a delivery worker, immersing in the labor field, and invites delivery workers with varying levels of "engagement" and differing proportions of "personal income" derived from delivery work to participate in the interviews. Based on these two factors, delivery workers are categorized into four types: "part-time workers," "career transitioners," "work nomads," and "platform captives." The study maps out the actors in the labor process of platform delivery and the mechanisms of platform labor control.
The study finds that highly engaged delivery workers, whose income heavily depends on delivery work, are often trapped in platform work, passively accepting platform pay cuts and system adjustments. Some workers with lower human capital, excluded from the typical labor market, even express gratitude towards the platform despite pay cuts. On the other hand, delivery workers with low engagement and low dependency on delivery income view it as a flexible and good part-time job. For them, the platform provides flexible hours and simple tasks that generate extra income. Some leave delivery worker as soon as they find other jobs or start their businesses, making delivery work a bridge to the next stage of their lives.
Between flexibility and control, this study does not deny the digital surveillance of the platform and the benefits of creating flexible income in the sharing economy. However, it attempts to highlight the different meanings of delivery work for workers from diverse backgrounds. Finally, it seeks to reflect on the traditional, typical labor market's demand for high, wholehearted worker engagement, pointing out the unique characteristics of Taiwan's delivery industry. The study also provides policy recommendations regarding the ongoing mergers of the two major platforms and the current state of platform delivery work. |
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| Description: | 碩士
國立政治大學
社會學系
110254011 |
| Source URI: | http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0110254011 |
| Data Type: | thesis |
| Appears in Collections: | [社會學系] 學位論文
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