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Title:	自立青少年孤寂感對其生活歷程的影響 The Loneliness Among Care Leavers and Its Impact on Their Lives
Authors:	李有勝 Li, You-Sheng
Contributors:	林宜輝 Lin, Yei-Whei 李有勝 Li, You-Sheng
Keywords:	孤寂感自立青少年自立服務自立轉銜 Loneliness Care Leavers Independent living program transition to adulthood
Date:	2024
Issue Date:	2024-08-05 14:20:41 (UTC+8)
Abstract:	我國青少年自立服務自1995年臺北市政府率先開辦以來，途中歷經有2004年中央內政部兒童局採用補助的形式，並於2011年的兒少權法修法中明訂政府應提供自立服務，乃至同年的監察院也對行政部門提出糾正案要求政府部門應落實自立服務方案。至此，我國的自立服務政策已更為完整，然而上述政策並未能讓研究者在實務現場中感到游刃有餘。其中，研究者在實務過程中最無法回應自立青少年的孤寂感，並為此時感困窘與挫敗，細究原因後發現我國自立服務歷來討論皆是聚焦在生存議題，而未給予自立青少年孤寂議題應有的重視。為此，本研究決定以此主題進行深入探究。本論文主要採取立意抽樣的方式訪談五位背景各異的自立青少年，過程中藉由情節式訪談法了解孤寂感如何在他們安置及自立階段生活中現身並影響著他們的生活樣貌，論文分析是透過主題分析方式進行，歸納與整理其分析所發現的重要概念與主題。　　本論文發現不管是在安置與自立的階段中，皆能看見自立少年孤寂感的蹤跡，如情緒性孤寂感及社會性孤寂感。在安置階段，這些少年的孤寂感主要源自四種情境，包括有：(1)被迫從熟悉的環境中連根拔起(2)原本正向關係的變質(3)機構外出規範限制交友(4)熟悉的同儕轉換安置處所。至於在自立階段，少年們的孤寂感則來自於四種狀態，包含了：(1)對原生家庭既熟悉又陌生的矛盾情感(2)看見他人美好家庭圖像時所感受到的相對剝奪感(3)渴望獲得陪伴的空虛感(4)在複雜人際關係中的挫敗與失望感。另本研究也發現孤寂經驗會在認知與行為層面上對自立青少年產生影響，其中在認知上，自立青少年的孤寂經驗使其對自己與原生家庭產生負向意象，並失去對人際關係的信心，甚至有自立青少年認為自己過往所獲得的社工及生輔人員照顧皆非源自於他們真心的關愛，而僅是工作者為換取薪資報酬而不得不為的任務執行。有關行為層面上，自立青少年的孤寂經驗則會促使他們尋求人際連結以重獲可能的歸屬感，同時也有少年會藉由人際退縮的方式來避免與他人互動可能帶來的挫折感受。最為特別的是，自立青少年亦會將過往與現在的照顧關係視作某種商品，並對此加以評選，結果因而成為精打細算、貨比三家的消費者。　　在對研究結果梳理的過程中，研究者發現每一次生活地的轉換都會深深地影響自立青少年的人際關係網絡，尤其是造成斷點，以致不利其與他人間永續關係的建立，這也是造成孤寂感產生的諸多原因之一。另本論文認為自立青少年在成人轉銜任務上是不同於在原生家庭成長的少年──對於後者而言，成人轉銜意味著離家邁向獨立的一里路；但成人轉銜之於自立青少年，卻是得回首那千頭萬緒的原生家庭，尤其是要梳理這幾年來的傷害、疏離或甚至是空白的親情，進而才可能在心中尋找如何安放自己與家人間的關係，最終再邁向人生的下一步。　　根據研究發現，本論文亦提出一系列建議，包括有：(1)專業工作者應更關注安置與自立兒少孤寂感的議題(2)安置處所工作者也應積極支持安置兒少建立與維繫其社會關係(3)自立服務社工必須協助自立青少年梳理其與原生家庭及現有的人際關係(4)政策制定者必須提供足夠的資源來支持實務工作者在服務中有餘力可關照兒少孤寂感的議題。 From 1995 to 2011, both the Administration and the Legislature in Taiwan transcripts emphasized and established the Supportive Service for Care leavers. However, as all services and related research primarily address survival concerns, my role as a clinical social worker led to frustration when I couldn't assist care leavers in managing loneliness in their daily lives. This personal experience prompted me to conduct interviews with five care leavers and employ Thematic Analysis to understand the nature of loneliness and its impact on their daily experiences. 　　The research findings illuminate emotional and social loneliness. Furthermore, concerning placement, four scenarios were identified that could contribute to loneliness among care leavers, including departing from a familiar environment, terminating relationships with significant others, restricting social interactions with friends, and relocating peers. In the context of ageing out, four sources of loneliness were identified, encompassing conflicting emotions towards the original family, a sense of relative deprivation stemming from an idealized family image, the yearning for companionship, and frustration stemming from intricate interpersonal relationships. Moreover, care leavers are affected by loneliness at cognitive and behavioural levels. At the cognitive level, care leavers develop negative self-perceptions and perceptions of their original families, struggle to trust others, and may attribute past care received solely to the caregivers' obligations rather than genuine concern. At the behavioural level, care leavers seek belongingness through social connections, disengage from relationships that evoke frustration, and may view the caregiving relationship as transactional. 　　The research suggests that each relocation experienced by care leavers exacerbates the challenge of maintaining enduring relationships and contributes to feelings of loneliness. Furthermore, whereas the transition to adulthood for individuals raised in original families typically involves independence and separation from the family unit, for care leavers, this transition entails looking back at their original families, which may evoke harm, necessitating the establishment of a suitable foundation for familial relationships before progressing to the subsequent stage of their lives. 　　In conclusion, the research underscores four key implications for care leaving policy. Firstly, professionals should be sensitive to the loneliness issues faced by children and adolescents. Secondly, professionals involved in placement should assist in cultivating and sustaining informal relationships. Thirdly, professionals should help care leavers navigate their relationships with their original families. Lastly, social policymakers should allocate sufficient resources to clinical workers and provide robust support. These implications aim to address the emotional and social loneliness experienced by care leavers and advocate for policy changes and support services.
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