Loading...
|
Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item:
https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/152100
|
Title: | 女性政治人物與新聞媒體報導之研究:男性凝視的媒體再現或互利共生? A Study of Female Politicians and News Media Coverage: The Media Representation of the Male Gaze or Co-Benefit? |
Authors: | 王柏雅 Wang, Bo-Ya |
Contributors: | 魏玫娟 Wei, Mei-Chuan 王柏雅 Wang, Bo-Ya |
Keywords: | 媒體再現 男性凝視 女性主義 後女性主義 互利共生 Media Representation Male Gaze Feminism Post-feminism Co-Benefit Relationship |
Date: | 2024 |
Issue Date: | 2024-07-01 13:01:48 (UTC+8) |
Abstract: | 根據相關研究文獻,無論今昔,媒體報導對女性政治人物的再現皆著重於「外表」,包括長相(或稱「顏值」)跟身材,此為性別傳播研究中所批判的媒體再現的「男性凝視」,意指新聞媒體為其廣告收益而追求高點閱或觸擊率,讓女性政治人物在其報導中成為「被觀看」、「被客體化」、「被物化」者。但是對近年來臺灣選舉或政治相關活動的觀察可發現,在宣傳跟媒體曝光(即所稱「空戰」)對政治人物具顯著重要性的情況下,女性政治人物似乎也基於跟媒體的互利關係,有意識地共同參與媒體男性凝視的媒體再現。本論文旨在透過深度訪談,以女性主義觀點為分析框架,探討女性政治人物與媒體之間的互動關係,並與傳統和後女性主義進行對話。本研究的訪談對象包括立意取樣選取的3位女性政治人物與2位新聞從業者。研究結果發現,新聞媒體對女性政治人物的再現的確呈現男性凝視,目的為追求點閱率或收視率,以期增加男性消費者為主要對象的廣告收益。更值得一提的研究發現是,儘管受訪的女性政治人物也表達對媒體一定程度的不信任,但也承認就政治人物的曝光度而言,男性凝視的媒體再現對於女性政治人物是有利。從傳統女性主義傳播研究對男性凝視媒體再現的批判研究出發,本論文最後與強調自我性化是女性解放重要途徑的後女性主義觀點進行對話,以期對相關辯論有所貢獻。 As pointed out in the existent literature, the representation of female politicians in media coverages focuses on "appearance", including their "facial attractiveness" and body shape. This is the "male gaze" of media representation criticized by feminist scholars in communication studies. From the perspective of male gaze, female politicians are “watched” and “objectified” in the news reports for the pleasure of men. Revenue of advertising expected to make by targeting at male consumers is the main if not sole reason for such media representation of female politicians. What is more important about the finding of this study nonetheless is that it seems female politicians have intended to use media for enhancing their exposure and raising their profile against the background against which “air battle” appears to be equally important for election campaign and political work as traditional “ground battler.” Through in-depth interviews with female politicians and TV journalists, this study aims to explore the interaction between the female politicians and the media, and to engage in a dialogue with traditional feminism and post-feminism. It is found that the male gaze on female politicians in media coverages is primarily driven by the pursuit of advertising revenue. A more important finding is the recognition of female politicians interviewed in this study of the existence of co-benefit relationship between them and the media despite of their general distrust of the media. This finding leads us to the discussion of “self-sexualization” as an approach for women liberalization in the studies of post-feminism. |
Reference: | 中文文獻 Foucault, M. (2020). 監視與懲罰(王紹中譯)。台北:時報。(原著出版於1975年)。 OKAPI性平健檢小組(2020)。【台灣性平健檢|政治篇】亮眼的女性參政成績單之下,台灣政壇性平指數大盤點。https://okapi.books.com.tw/article/12824 OKAPI閱讀生活誌(2020)。#每天閱讀幾分鐘|關於博客來OKAPI閱讀生活誌。https://okapi.books.com.tw/article/13558 Readmoo編輯團隊(2019年10月13日)。對傅柯而言,權力運作的可怕,正是讓人們甘於自我規訓。https://news.readmoo.com/2019/10/13/michel-foucault/ RFI法國國際廣播電台(2023年4月12日)。打選戰為何有空戰、陸戰?談台灣選舉詞彙。https://www.rfi.fr/tw/%E5%B0%88%E6%AC%84%E6%AA%A2%E7%B4%A2/%E8%81%9A%E7%84%A6%E5%8F%B0%E6%B5%B7/20231204-%E6%89%93%E9%81%B8%E6%88%B0%E7%82%BA%E4%BD%95%E6%9C%89%E7%A9%BA%E6%88%B0-%E9%99%B8%E6%88%B0-%E8%AB%87%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3%E9%81%B8%E8%88%89%E8%A9%9E%E5%BD%99 人文沙龍團隊(2021)。〈後女性主義和當今歐美流行文化─以女孩跳鋼管舞為例〉,《人文與社會科學簡訊》,22(2):145 -149。 中央選舉委員會(2022a)。〈111年地方公職人員選舉-以婦女保障名額當選人數統計表〉。 中央選舉委員會(2022b)。計票查詢網站。https://vote.2022.nat.gov.tw/zh-TW/indexP.html 王揚傑(2022年11月13日)。永和最美里長候選人陳紫渝競總(部)成立 百餘民眾排隊等合影。中時新聞網。https://www.chinatimes.com/realtimenews/20221113001522-260407?chdtv 行政院內政部(2023)。女力崛起 地方民意代表女性參政比例創20年新高。https://www.moi.gov.tw/News_Content.aspx?n=4&sms=9009&s=277630 行政院性別平等處(2023)。〈2023性別圖像〉。 行政院勞動部統計處(2023)。111年我國兩性薪資差距。 吳莉君(2021)。《觀看的方式》。台北:麥田。(原書:John Berger. 1977. Ways of seeing. British Broadcasting Corporation.) 李承達、駱明慶(2008)。<美貌對候選人得票率的影響-以2004年立委選舉為例>,《經濟論文叢刊》,36(1):67-113。 李品葭(2013)。《地方記者資訊蒐集行為研究—一個社會網絡與資源交換的觀點》。台北市:國立政治大學新聞學系學位論文。 李建寧(2006)。《平面媒體女性新聞人物報導之性別分析-以夏禕事件為例》。高雄市:國立高雄師範大學性別教育研究所學位論文。 李美馨(2005)。《女男大不同?電視新聞如何報導政治人物》。台北市:國立政治大學新聞研究所學位論文。 林秀怡(2015)。<未曾消失的消費及物化女體,媒改十年,改變了什麼?>,《新知通訊》,315: 30-31。 林芳玫(1996)。《女性與媒體再現——女性主義與社會建構觀點》。台北市: 巨流。 林芸寬(2020)。【投書】選舉流量密碼?從俊男美女候選人看台灣的政治娛樂化,《天下獨立評論》,2022年10月4日。 林淑馨(2010)。《質性研究:理論與實務》。台北市:巨流 林毅(2021年3月24日)。警兒性侵案文章下架+開罰 南投縣府FB遭灌爆:進南投國要自備貞操帶。中時新聞網。https://www.chinatimes.com/realtimenews/20210324000049-260405?chdtv 胡幼慧(2008)。轉型中的質性研究:演變、批判和女性主義研究觀點。胡幼慧(主編),《質性研究:理論、方法及本土化女性研究實例》,頁3-18。台北:巨流。 胡全威(2020)。【胡全威觀點】美女、帥哥型的政治人物比較容易當選?奔騰思潮。https://www.lepenseur.com.tw/article/348 倪炎元(2003)。《再現的政治:台灣報紙媒體對「他者」建構的論述分析》。台北:韋伯。 夏春祥(1997)。〈文本分析與傳播研究〉,《新聞學研究》,54:141-166。 康庭瑜(2019)。〈賦權及其極限?後女性主義、社群媒體與自拍〉,《新聞學研究》,141:1-38。 張玉佩、葉孟儒(2008)。〈美貌的詛咒:男性凝視在網路相簿的權力探索〉,《資訊社會研究》,15:249-274。 張家寧(2024年1月9日)。吳欣岱登《夜夜秀》豁出去!1舉動全網看傻:最成功的敗票影片。三立新聞網。https://tw.news.yahoo.com/%E5%90%B3%E6%AC%A3%E5%B2%B1%E7%99%BB-%E5%A4%9C%E5%A4%9C%E7%A7%80-%E8%B1%81%E5%87%BA%E5%8E%BB-1%E8%88%89%E5%8B%95%E5%85%A8%E7%B6%B2%E7%9C%8B%E5%82%BB-%E6%9C%80%E6%88%90%E5%8A%9F%E7%9A%84%E6%95%97%E7%A5%A8%E5%BD%B1%E7%89%87-210007571.html 張嘉哲(2024年1月7日)。吳欣岱《夜夜秀》Cos娜美熱舞!觀眾表情超微妙 官方1句話洩內幕。今日新聞。https://www.nownews.com/news/6339509 張錦華(1994)。《媒介文化、意識型態與女性》。台北:正中書局。 張錦華、柯永輝(1995)。《媒體的女人.女人的媒體(上)》。臺北:碩人。 張錦華、劉容玫譯(2001)。《女性主義媒介研究》。台北市:遠流。(原書 van Zoonen, L., 1994. Feminist media studies. London: Sage.) 陳玫霖(2002)。《性別、政治與媒體:報紙如何報導女性政治人物》。高雄市:國立中山大學傳播管理研究所學位論文。 陳冠安(2019)。73%的當選率!為何得網路者得天下?財團法人國家政策研究基金會。https://www.npf.org.tw/1/20114 陳姿羽(2001)。《女性政治人物的報紙新聞再現--以呂秀蓮副總統為例》。高雄市:國立中山大學政治學研究所學位論文。 游美惠(2000)。〈內容分析、文本分析與論述分析在社會研究的運用〉,《調查研究》,8:5-42。 黃美惠(2001)。《媒介建構之女性參政框架—以副總統呂秀蓮的新聞報導為例》。新北市:淡江大學大眾傳播學系學位論文。 黃家茹(2019)。《社群媒體上的⼥性凝視:以Instagram為例》。台北市:國立政治大學傳播學院傳播碩士學位學程學位論文。 黃海榮(2007)。<「男性凝視」與色情>,《文化研究@嶺南》,6:1-4。 黃意琁(2013)。《以女性主義途徑分析我國性別主流化推行現況》。嘉義縣:國立中正大學治政學系政府與公共事務碩士在職專班學位論文。 黃麗蓉(2023年12月10日)。黃捷超辣大變身 郭正亮驚呆不禁脫口1句。中時新聞網。https://www.chinatimes.com/realtimenews/20231210003476-260407?chdtv 楊堯茹(2017)。《台灣女性政治人物媒體再現的批判論述分析-以 2012 年及 2016 年總統大選報導為例》。台北市:世新大學新聞研究所學位論文。 廖育嫻(2016)。《希拉蕊·羅登·柯林頓於紐約時報中的媒體再現:以2007年及2015年美國總統黨內初選為例》。台北市:國立政治大學國際傳播英語碩士學位學程(IMICS) 學位論文。 潘淑滿(2003)。《質性研究理論與研究》。台北:心理出版社。 蔡世偉(2024年2月12日)。女議員泳裝照外流事業線超辣 白喬茵笑回:手機被盜。聯合新聞網。https://udn.com/news/story/7327/7766657 蔡念中(1999)。〈提昇電視新聞節目品質—電視社會新聞羶色腥現象之探討〉,《廣播與電視》,14:167-168。 鄭怡軒(2018)。《電視台女性記者採取「撒嬌」策略與男性消息來源互動之研究》。高雄市:國立中山大學行銷傳播管理研究所學位論文。 盧沛樺、張玉佩(2010)。<性別差異政治:女性運動員的媒體再現與認同糾葛>,《中華傳播學刊》,17:139-170。 爆乳「田慎節」秀白皙大腿根提醒保暖 網:熱起來了。(2022年12月13日)。自由時報。https://news.ltn.com.tw/news/politics/breakingnews/4153481
英文文獻 Braden, M. "Women Politicians and the Media" (1996). Women's Studies. 9, Abstract. Cherry, K. (2022). What Is Self-Concept? Verywell Mind. https://www.verywellmind.com/what-is-self-concept-2795865 Dosekun, S. (2015). For Western Girls Only?, Feminist Media Studies, 15(6), 960-975, DOI: 10.1080/14680777.2015.1062991 Du Yiwei (2021) “Beauties by the political figures” – professional female interpreters in Chinese media, Feminist Media Studies, DOI: 10.1080/14680777.2021.1986094 Gothreau, C. (2020). The Objectification of Women in Politics and Why it Matters. Center for American Women and Politics. https://cawp.rutgers.edu/blog/objectification-women-politics-and-why-it-matters Hayes, D., Lawless, J. L., & Baitinger, G. (2014). Who Cares What They Wear? Media, Gender, and the Influence of Candidate Appearance. Social Science Quarterly, 95(5), 1194-1212. http://www.jstor.org/stable/44072744 Heflick, N. A., & Goldenberg, J. L. (2011). Sarah Palin, A Nation Object(ifie)s: The Role of Appearance Focus in the 2008 U.S. Presidential Election. Sex Roles, 65(3), 149-155. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-010-9901-4 https://uknowledge.uky.edu/upk_womens_studies/9 Huddy, L., & Terkildsen, N. (1993). Gender Stereotypes and the Perception of Male and Female Candidates. American Journal of Political Science, 37(1), 119-147. https://doi.org/10.2307/2111526 Jean-Noel, K. (2019). The Relationship Between the Media and Politics. Poor Coverage. https://sites.psu.edu/kaitlincivic/2019/02/02/the-relationship-between-the-media-and-politics/ Johansson, K. M., & Nygren, G. (Eds.). (2019). Close and Distant: Political Executive-Media Relations in Four Countries. Gothenburg: Nordicom, 9-26. Kahn, K. F., & Goldenberg, E. N. (1991). Women Candidates in the News: An Examination of Gender Differences in U.S. Senate Campaign Coverage. The Public Opinion Quarterly, 55(2), 180-199. Klein, J. (2021). What does 'sex positivity' mean? BBC. https://www.bbc.com/worklife/article/20210818-what-does-sex-positivity-mean Lawless, J. L. (2004). Women, War, and Winning Elections: Gender Stereotyping in the Post-September 11th Era. Political Research Quarterly, 57(3), 479-490. https://doi.org/10.2307/3219857 Loreck, J. (2016). Explainer: what does the ‘male gaze’ mean, and what about a female gaze? THE CONVERSATION. https://theconversation.com/explainer-what-does-the-male-gaze-mean-and-what-about-a-female-gaze-52486 Mcleod, S. (2023). Self-Concept In Psychology: Definition, Development, Examples. Simply Psychology. https://www.simplypsychology.org/self-concept.html Michelle E. Funk & Calvin R. Coker (2016). She’s Hot, for a Politician: The Impact of Objectifying Commentary on Perceived Credibility of Female Candidates, Communication Studies, 67:4, 455-473. Papadaki, EL. (2010). Feminist Perspectives on Objectification. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/feminism-objectification/ Rakow, L. F., & Kranich, K. (1991). Women As Sign in Television News. Journal of Communication, 41(1), 8-23. Riley, S., Evans, A., & Mackiewicz, A. (2016). It’s just between girls: Negotiating the postfeminist gaze in women’s ‘looking talk’. Feminism & Psychology, 26, 94-113. https://doi.org/10.1177/0959353515626182 Ross, K., & Sreberny-Mohammadi, A. (1996). Women MPs and the Media: Representing the Body Politic. Parliamentary Affairs, 49, 103-115. Ross, K., & Sreberny-Mohammadi, A. (1997). Playing house — gender, politics and the news media in Britain. Media, Culture & Society, 19(1), 101-109. https://doi.org/10.1177/016344397019001007 Ross, K., Jansen, M., & Bürger, T. (2020). Chapter 6. The media world versus the real world of women and political representation : Questioning differences and struggling for answers. In Comparing Gender and Media Equality Across the Globe : A Cross-National Study of the Qualities, Causes, and Consequences of Gender Equality in and through the News Media, 233–257. Stockemer, D., & Praino, R. (2015). Blinded by Beauty? Physical Attractiveness and Candidate Selection in the U.S. House of Representatives. Social Science Quarterly, 96(2), 430-443. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/ssqu.12155 Trabelsi, M. (2023). Women in politics and the media. The International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance. https://www.idea.int/news-media/news/women-politics-and-media Tsfati, Y., Markowitz Elfassi, D., & Waismel-Manor, I. (2010). Exploring the Association between Israeli Legislators’ Physical Attractiveness and Their Television News Coverage. The International Journal of Press/Politics, 15(2), 175-192. https://doi.org/10.1177/1940161209361212 Tuchman. (1978). Making News: A study in the construction of reality. New York: the Free Press. van Acker, E. (2003). Media Representations of Women Politicians in Australia and New Zealand: High Expectations, Hostility or Stardom. Policy and Society, 22(1), 116-136. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1449-4035(03)70016-2 van der Pas, D. J. (2022). Do European media ignore female politicians? A comparative analysis of MP visibility. West European Politics, 45(7), 1481-1492. https://doi.org/10.1080/01402382.2021.1988387 Van der Pas, D. J., & Aaldering, L. (2020). Gender Differences in Political Media Coverage: A Meta-Analysis. Journal of Communication, 70(1), 114-143. https://doi.org/10.1093/joc/jqz046 Walby, S. (1989). Theorising patriarchy. Sociology, 23(2), 213–234. Wixom, C., (2021). Media representation causes challenges for female politicians. The Daily Universe. https://universe.byu.edu/2021/07/08/media-representation-causes-challenges-for-female-politicians/ Yoshikuni, O. N. O., & Masahiko, A. (2020). Why Beauty Matters: Candidates' Facial Appearance and Electoral Success. Research Institute of Economy, Trade and Industry (RIETI). https://policycommons.net/artifacts/1565048/why-beauty-matters/ |
Description: | 碩士 國立政治大學 國家發展研究所 110261005 |
Source URI: | http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0110261005 |
Data Type: | thesis |
Appears in Collections: | [國家發展研究所] 學位論文
|
Files in This Item:
File |
Size | Format | |
100501.pdf | 1853Kb | Adobe PDF | 3 | View/Open |
|
All items in 政大典藏 are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved.
|