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    Title: 淨影慧遠《維摩義記》研究
    The Study of Ching-Ying Hui-Yuan`s “Commentary of Vimalakīrtinirdeśa”
    Authors: 廖晨甫
    Liao, Chen-Fu
    Contributors: 涂艷秋
    廖晨甫
    Liao, Chen-Fu
    Keywords: 南北朝佛學
    僧肇
    淨影慧遠
    般若學
    如來藏
    《維摩詰經》
    《維摩義記》
    《注維摩詰經》
    Buddhist Studies of the Southern and Northern Dynasties
    Seng-zhao
    Jing-ying Hui-yuan
    Prajnaparamita Studies
    Tathagatagarbha
    Vimalakirti Sutra
    Commentary of the Vimalakīrti nirdeśa sūtra
    Commentary of Vimalakīrtinirdeśa
    Date: 2024
    Issue Date: 2024-07-01 12:49:23 (UTC+8)
    Abstract: 本文以慧遠的《維摩義記》作為主要研究文本,探討在「心識」、「緣起」、「不二法門」與「淨土佛身」等重要議題上,慧遠究竟有何特出之處。因此,本文在對慧遠的生平與治學方式進行考察後,將上述四大議題作為章節,分別對《維摩義記》中的相關段落進行探討,並與《注維摩詰經》中僧肇的注疏對讀,深入分析慧遠的思想特色。
    而就結論來說,我們能夠發現慧遠乃是用其獨特的「八識三心」思想,以「真識心」為骨幹,串聯起各個概念。本文也對地論宗「真心起妄法」的概念進行了探討,可知慧遠對於「真心起妄法」的解釋,並非是真心本身有染,而是基於其作為實相界的本體,具有無分別的性質,又在根本無明的覆蓋,以及沒有佛智顯照本心的情況下,故而與妄識相轉薰習而成。如此解釋邏輯自洽,可以說是慧遠在「識」的概念上最大的特色。
    而慧遠的緣起觀,乃是自最外圍細末的「事識心」往內推,最終歸本於「真識心」之「體用」的緣起觀,在《維摩義記》之中,慧遠又將其概念進一步凝鍊,成為了極具特色的「三識心緣起」觀。
    至於對「不二法門」的闡釋上,慧遠在對經文的進一步分判下,開出「遣相」與「融相」二門,兼採了中觀與如來藏的概念來說明何謂「入不二法門」。而慧遠所言「第一義空」,則是用以遣執蕩相的方法論,在終極意義上的「真空」依然歸本於「真心」。因此,慧遠所謂「二相雙遣為遣相門」以入不二法門之空,雖然與中觀徑路相似,但亦有不同。仍是緊扣著「真心」來立論。
    而慧遠所言「佛身」,可以擴為「法身」、「報身」、「應身」三門。法身為體,直指無始法性;報身為相,概括行者自身所修成之德;應身為用,泛論一切利他教化之示現。而此三佛身,又緊緊連著「真心」。在論述作為「體」的法身時,慧遠則將所覺照的「法性」也納入「法身」的範疇中,進而讓本為「真空」的法性變為「妙有」,展現出自般若學到如來藏的轉向。
    在「佛土」義中,慧遠除了將凡夫、二乘與初地前菩薩、地上菩薩至佛三個階段分別冠以「事」、「妄」、「真」三心說為本的三淨土外,更是在「真淨土」中以「三佛身」之義開出「法性土」、「實報土」與「圓應土」三種佛土,其與三佛身可一一對應。而論其實,所謂「佛土」與「佛身」,不過就是真心轉起的「相」之差別,莫不本於如來藏真心上。
    如此看來,慧遠除了擴大了「淨土」的範疇外,還更進一步深化了「淨土」的意涵。其將「真淨土」的概念進一步推演,與他的三佛身與真心說相互呼應,構成了完整的「三佛土」之說,而就其本體,則莫不本於一「真識心」。
    由此,慧遠在思想上的獨到之處已然顯現。而在經過這樣的考證後,筆者認為,慧遠在學術背景上無疑是承接自「地論宗」的思想,令他以本淨的第八「阿梨耶識」作為眾生之本體。但對於《起信論》等典籍,乃至於《攝論》的接觸,讓他在地論的傳承之外,又吸納了更多的思想,使他異於智顗、吉藏兩位時代稍晚的大師。在他身上,我們較少見到後世的宗派之別,反而能從《大乘義章》、《維摩義記》等著作中見到慧遠試圖吸納各家之說於作為主體的「真心」之上,以此成就一個以「如來藏真心」為體,兼容各宗派之說的思想體系。
    可以說,與其將慧遠分判為單獨一個宗派的僧人,筆者認為將其稱為一個試圖建立以真心為主體的思想體系的思想家會更加合適,同時也更能體現其思想的特色。
    The present study primarily revolves around Hui-yuan 's " Commentary of Vimalakīrtinirdeśa ", delving into the distinctive features of Hui-yuan's perspectives on crucial themes such as "consciousness", "dependent origination", the "Non-duality Dharma Door", and the "Pure Land". After a thorough examination of Hui-yuan's life and scholarly approach, this discourse organizes the aforementioned four major topics into chapters. Each chapter meticulously examines relevant passages from the "Commentary of Vimalakīrtinirdeśa", juxtaposing them with the annotations of the monk Seng-Chao in his commentary on the Vimalakirti Sutra, thereby conducting a profound analysis of Hui-yuan's ideological characteristics.

    In conclusion, it becomes evident that Hui-yuan employs his unique "eight consciousnesses and three minds" ideology, with the "true consciousness mind" as the backbone, interlinking various concepts. This discourse also scrutinizes the concept of the "arising of phenomena from the true mind" in the Ti-lun tradition, revealing that Hui-yuan's interpretation does not imply any defilement within the true mind itself but rather stems from its ontological status within the realm of reality, possessing an undiscriminating nature. This interpretation elucidates a coherent logical framework, portraying Hui-yuan's paramount emphasis on the concept of "consciousness".

    Hui-yuan's perspective on dependent origination extends from the outermost periphery of the "consciousness of phenomena" inward, ultimately culminating in the concept of dependent origination of the "body and function" of the "true consciousness mind". Within the "Commentary of Vimalakīrtinirdeśa", Hui-yuan refines this notion further, evolving it into the distinct "dependent origination of the three consciousnesses".

    Regarding the explication of the "Non-duality Dharma Door", Hui-yuan, through further textual analysis, delineates two aspects: "eliminating appearances" and "integrating appearances", incorporating concepts from the Madhyamaka and Tathagatagarbha traditions to elucidate the notion of "entering the Non-duality Dharma Door". Hui-yuan's concept of "primary emptiness" is employed to dispel clinging to appearances, ultimately attributing ultimate emptiness to the "true mind". Therefore, Hui-yuan's concept of the "gate of eliminating appearances through the dual aspects" to enter the Non-duality Dharma Door, although resembling the path of Madhyamaka, still maintains its uniqueness, firmly rooted in the "true mind".

    As for Hui-yuan's discussion of the "Buddha's body", it can be expanded into the "Dharmakāya", "Saṃbhogakāya", and "Nirmāṇakāya". The Dharmakāya represents the essence, directly pointing to the beginningless Dharma nature; the Saṃbhogakāya represents the appearance, encompassing the virtues cultivated by practitioners themselves; the Nirmāṇakāya represents the function, encompassing all manifestations of altruistic teachings. These three Buddha bodies are closely linked to the "true mind". When discussing the "Dharmakāya" as the essence, Hui-yuan incorporates the "nature of Dharma" perceived into the scope of the "Dharmakāya", thereby transforming the inherently "true emptiness" of the Dharma nature into "wondrous existence", demonstrating a transition from the study of Prajnaparamita to the Tathagatagarbha.

    In terms of the significance of the "Buddha's Pure Land", Hui-yuan not only classifies the stages of ordinary beings, followers of the Two Vehicles, bodhisattvas from the initial ground, bodhisattvas on the ground, and Buddhas into the "consciousness of phenomena", "illusory consciousness", and "true consciousness" as the basis for the three pure lands but also within the "true Pure Land", delineates three types of Buddha lands: the land of the Dharma nature, the land of actual rewards, and the land of complete responses, each corresponding to the three Buddha bodies. In essence, the so-called "Buddha's Pure Land" and "Buddha's body" are merely distinctions of "appearances" originating from the Tathagatagarbha true mind.

    In this light, Hui-yuan not only broadens the scope of the "Pure Land" but also further deepens its significance. He extrapolates the concept of the "true Pure Land", interwoven with his doctrine of the three Buddha bodies and true mind, thus forming a comprehensive discourse on the "three Buddha lands". Ultimately, all originate from the "true consciousness mind".

    Thus, Hui-yuan's distinctive ideological contributions become evident. After such scholarly scrutiny, it is apparent that Hui-yuan undoubtedly inherits the thought of the Ti-lun tradition, using the eighth consciousness, the "storehouse consciousness", as the basis for sentient beings. However, through encounters with texts such as the "Awakening of Faith" and even the "Sutra of Perfect Enlightenment", he absorbs a multitude of ideas beyond the Ti-lun tradition, setting him apart from later masters like Zhi-yi and Ji-zang. Rather than being confined to sectarian distinctions, Hui-yuan's works such as the "Treatise on the Mahayana" and the "Commentary of Vimalakīrtinirdeśa" demonstrate his endeavor to assimilate diverse doctrines onto the foundation of the "true mind" of the Tathagatagarbha, thus establishing a philosophical system centered around the "true mind" of the Tathagatagarbha that accommodates various doctrinal perspectives.

    It can be said that rather than categorizing Hui-yuan as a singular sectarian monk, it would be more fitting to regard him as a thinker attempting to establish a philosophical system centered around the true mind, thereby better reflecting the uniqueness of his thought.
    Reference: 一、古典文獻
    (一)、佛典原著
    後秦.鳩羅摩什譯:《金剛般若波羅蜜經》,《大正藏》第8冊。
    後秦.鳩羅摩什譯:《摩訶般若波羅蜜經》,《大正藏》第8冊。
    後秦.鳩摩羅什譯:《維摩詰所說經》,《大正藏》第14冊。
    後秦.鳩摩羅什譯:《大智度論》,《大正藏》第25冊。
    後秦.佛陀耶舍、竺佛念等譯:《四分律》,《大正藏》第22冊。
    劉宋.求那跋陀羅譯:《雜阿含經》,《大正藏》第2冊。
    北涼.曇無讖譯:《大般涅槃經》,《大正藏》第12冊。
    北涼.曇無讖譯:《菩薩地持經》,《大正藏》第30冊。
    元魏,菩提流支譯:《入楞伽經》,《大正藏》第16冊。
    元魏.菩提流支等譯:《十地經論》,《大正藏》第26冊。
    梁.真諦譯:《攝大乘論》,《大正藏》第31冊。
    梁.真諦譯:《決定藏論》,《大正藏》第30冊。
    梁.真諦譯:《大乘起信論》,《大正藏》第32冊。

    (二)、經論注疏
    後秦.僧肇撰:《注維摩詰經》,《大正藏》第38冊。
    後秦.僧肇撰:《肇論》,《大正藏》第45冊。
    梁.僧祐撰:《出三藏記集》,《大正藏》第55冊。
    梁.慧皎撰:《高僧傳》,《大正藏》第50冊。
    梁.寶亮等集:《大般涅槃經集解》,《大正藏》第37冊。
    北周.法上撰:《十地論義疏卷第一.第三》,《大正藏》第85冊。
    隋.吉藏撰:《仁王般若經疏》,《大正藏》第33冊。
    隋.智顗撰:《妙法蓮華經玄義》,《大正藏》第33冊。
    隋.慧遠撰:《十地經論義記》,《卍續藏經》第45冊。
    隋.慧遠撰:《大乘義章》,《大正藏》第44冊。
    隋.慧遠撰:《無量壽經義疏》,《大正藏》第37冊。
    隋.慧遠撰:《維摩義記》,《大正藏》第38冊。
    唐.智昇撰:《開元釋教錄》,《大正藏》第55冊。
    唐.道宣撰:《四分律刪繁補闕行事鈔》,《大正藏》第40冊。
    唐.道宣撰:《續高僧傳》,《大正藏》第50冊。
    宋.志磐撰:《佛祖統紀》,《大正藏》第49冊。
    宋.法雲編:《翻譯名義集》,《大正藏》第54冊。
    元.念常集:《佛祖歷代通載》,《大正藏》第49冊。

    (三)、一般古籍
    唐.魏徵等撰:《隋書》,北京:中華書局,2019年。
    唐.李延壽撰:《北史》,北京:中華書局,1974年。

    二、專著
    呂澂:《中國佛學源流略講》(台北:里仁書局,1985年)
    馮煥珍:《回歸本覺——淨影寺慧遠的真識心緣起思想研究》(北京:商務印書館,2021年)
    廖明活:《淨影慧遠思想述要》(台北:台灣學生書局,1999年)
    釋印順:《大乘廣五蘊論講記》(新竹:印順文教基金會,2014年)
    釋印順:《佛法概論》(北京:中華書局,2010年)

    三、期刊論文
    王帥:〈北朝地論學派的圓融觀念〉(《佛學研究》2020年第1期,頁261-270)
    李會智、高天:〈山西晉城青蓮寺佛教發展之脈絡〉(文物世界,2003年03期,頁18-23)
    林嘯:〈淨影慧遠佛性觀對其淨土思想的影響〉(《中南大學學報》,22卷4期,2016年8月,頁15-22)
    郭朝順:〈《維摩詰經》的宗派詮釋差異:以羅什譯本為核心的隋唐佛教宗派詮釋的開展〉,《佛光學報》,新3卷2期,2017年7月,頁41-107。
    韋漢傑:〈《維摩經》中的華嚴思想〉(《鵝湖月刊》,359期,2005年5月,頁2-12)
    張凱:〈論淨影慧遠的佛身思想〉(《宗教學研究》,2015年04期,頁120-125)
    許宗興:〈《維摩詰經》中世尊與維摩詰之主從關係探究〉(《成大宗教與文化學報》,10期,2008年6月,頁19-38)
    陳淑萍:〈敦煌寫本《大乘義章》及其相關研究〉(《敦煌學》,34期,2018年8月,頁153-175)
    馮煥珍:〈淨影寺慧遠判教觀的再考察〉(《佛學研究中心學報》,8期,2003年7月,頁72-108)
    馮煥珍:〈淨影寺慧遠的行持, 著述及其顯實宗〉(《中華佛學學報》,15期,2002年7月,頁177-218)
    馮煥珍:〈淨影寺慧遠著述考〉(《中山大學學報》,2001年05期,頁43-54)
    楊小平:〈淨影寺慧遠緣集說的基本體系〉(《佛學研究》2016年第25期,頁261-262)
    萬金川著:〈《維摩詰經》的主要論題研究──由大乘思想的精神取向談起〉(《慧炬》,197期,1980,頁5-15)
    廖明活:〈淨影寺慧遠的心識思想〉(《中國文哲研究所期刊》,第3期,1993年3月,頁391-415)
    廖明活:〈淨影寺慧遠的佛性學說〉(《中國文哲研究所期刊》,第4期,1994年3月,頁263-286)
    廖明活:〈淨影寺慧遠的判教學說〉(《中華佛學學報》,第6期,1993年,頁219-235)
    廖明活:〈淨影寺慧遠的二諦觀〉(《諦觀》,73卷,1993年4月,頁1-17)
    廖明活:〈淨影寺慧遠的淨土思想〉(《中華佛學學報》,第8期,1995年,頁345-371)
    廖明活:〈淨影寺慧遠的涅槃觀〉(《正觀》,第2期,1997年9月,頁203-230)
    鄭阿財:〈單注到集注:從敦煌吐魯番寫本遺存看僧肇《注維摩詰經》的流傳〉(《佛光學報.新四卷》,第一期,2018 年 1 月,頁99-140)

    四、學位論文
    王瑜:《淨影寺慧遠的真識心思想與如來藏思想》(國立政治大學哲學系碩士論文,2021年)
    周長帥:《理性一味,一分始有——淨影慧遠佛性思想探析》(山東大學哲學與社會發展學院碩士論文,2012年)
    徐燕枝:《《維摩詰經》空觀與菩薩行之研究》(輔仁大學宗教學系碩士論文,2011年)
    曾興隆:《《維摩詰經》心凈即土凈思想與中道菩薩行之研究——以淨影慧遠《維摩義記》為主》(南華大學宗教研究所碩士論文,2014年)
    趙淑華:《《維摩詰經》諸本對勘及研究——以〈法供養品〉與〈囑累品〉為中心》(國立中央大學中國文學系博士論文,2019年)
    劉元琪:《淨影慧遠《大乘義章》佛學思想研究》(北京大學中國哲學博士論文,2000年)
    劉宏文:《《維摩詰經•入不二法門品》之研究》(華梵大學東方人文思想研究所碩士論文,2007年)
    蔡鳴:《淨影慧遠《大乘義章》淨土思想研究》(華僑大學宗教學碩士論文,2020年)

    五、外文著作
    岡本一平:〈浄影寺慧遠『大乗起信論義疏』の成立問題〉(《比較經學》,3期,2014年1月,頁25-66)
    肯尼斯.K.田中著,馮煥珍、宋婕:《中國淨土思想的黎明:淨影慧遠的《觀經義疏》》(上海:上海古籍出版社,2008年)
    拉蒙特著,郭忠生譯:《《維摩詰經》序論》(南投:諦觀,1990年)

    六、電子資源
    CEBTA中華電子佛典協會:https://www.cbeta.org/
    Description: 碩士
    國立政治大學
    中國文學系
    108151002
    Source URI: http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0108151002
    Data Type: thesis
    Appears in Collections:[Department of Chinese Literature] Theses

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