政大機構典藏-National Chengchi University Institutional Repository(NCCUR):Item 140.119/152041
English  |  正體中文  |  简体中文  |  Post-Print筆數 : 27 |  Items with full text/Total items : 113451/144438 (79%)
Visitors : 51282592      Online Users : 842
RC Version 6.0 © Powered By DSPACE, MIT. Enhanced by NTU Library IR team.
Scope Tips:
  • please add "double quotation mark" for query phrases to get precise results
  • please goto advance search for comprehansive author search
  • Adv. Search
    HomeLoginUploadHelpAboutAdminister Goto mobile version
    Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/152041


    Title: 腦震盪後症狀趨勢、認知休息策略與復學品質之相關研究:以輕度頭部外傷之學生為例
    The association between trajectory of post-concussion symptoms, strategies of cognitive resting, and quality of return to school in students with mild traumatic brain injury
    Authors: 馬天祐
    Ma, Tien-You
    Contributors: 楊啟正
    Yang, Chi-Cheng
    馬天祐
    Ma, Tien-You
    Keywords: 青少年輕度頭部外傷
    腦震盪後症狀
    症狀恢復軌跡
    認知休息
    復學品質
    Adolescence mild traumatic brain injury
    Post-concussion symptoms
    PCS Trajectory
    Cognitive rest
    Quality of return to school
    Date: 2024
    Issue Date: 2024-07-01 12:31:42 (UTC+8)
    Abstract: 背景:根據衛福部統計,臺灣每年約有17至18萬名青少年輕度頭部外傷(mild traumatic brain injury, mTBI)患者,且其中多數具學生身分。腦震盪後症狀(post concussion symptoms, PCS)與認知功能缺損是mTBI後的常見症狀,並在課堂與復學歷程中嚴重干擾學生患者,對復學品質造成不良影響。有鑑於此,本研究欲探討學生患者受傷後三十天內,PCS的表現軌跡與其對課堂學習的影響;復學歷程中採用的認知休息策略以及復學品質之表現,並檢驗症狀嚴重程度、神經心理功能與因應復學之認知休息策略,對復學品質以及症狀軌跡之相關性。
    方法:本研究共納入11名高中與大學之mTBI患者,並且以聽覺序列加法測驗—修改版,以及臺灣版字詞序列學習測驗評估受傷當下與受傷後一個月的認知功能表現。以症狀日記紀錄患者受傷後三十天內,與受傷後半年的PCS表現、認知休息策略與效果,以及患者於課堂中受症狀影響的天數、因症狀而缺席的天數,以及症狀影響學習之擔心程度三項復學品質指標。本研究以描述性統計分析症狀表現、神經心理功能、採用的認知休息策略和復學品質指標;以無母數−Wilcoxon符號等級檢定分析受傷後神經心理功能變化。再者,利用群組化軌跡模式將症狀恢復軌跡分組;最後則以皮爾森相關和簡單線性迴歸探討神經心理功能、年級、PCS表現對復學品質和症狀恢復軌跡之預測力。
    結果:本研究發現,大多數mTBI患者在受傷後第一週到第二週,症狀皆會有顯著的改善,並可區分出嚴重且緩慢恢復(SSR)、輕微且快速恢復(MFR)和極輕微症狀(MS)三種的症狀恢復軌跡。在症狀方面,疲倦是在受傷後受最多緩者報告、嚴重程度最高、持續時間也最久的症狀。在神經心理功能方面,有25%患者在受傷後出現語文記憶缺損,有兩成患者缺損持續至受傷後一個月,但處理速度並無明顯缺損。在認知休息策略方面,僅一位患者因應復學時使用完整的認知休息策略;當課堂中出現症狀,多數學生也不會使用認知休息幫助症狀減緩。在復學品質方面,患者容易在課堂學習時出現頭痛、頭暈、疲倦以及情緒和認知症狀,對於未來症狀影響學習的擔心程度會隨時間緩解。最後,急性期的症狀嚴重程度以及年級對復學品質有預測力,症狀緩解的速度、對學習的影響程度和認知活動的都可能和復學品質有關。
    結論:mTBI青少年患者症狀的症狀恢復軌跡與復學品質可能受到症狀嚴重程度、認知休息測略的使用與神經心理功能影響,也可能也和學生族群的認知活動型態、國內學習文化以及mTBI後復學相關制度有關。
    Background: According to Taiwan Ministry of Health and Welfare, there are 170,000 to 180,000 adolescents experiencing mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) annually, most of whom are students. Cognitive impairments and post-concussion symptoms (PCS) are commonly observed after mTBI, negatively influencing patients’ classroom participation and quality of return to school. This study aims to explore the trajectory of PCS and its impact on return to school within one-month post-injury and to further analyze the associations between neuropsychological performance, symptomatology, cognitive rest, PCS trajectory and the quality of return to school.
    Methods: This study recruited 11 high school and university mTBI patients. The Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test-Revised and the Taiwanese version of the Word Sequence Learning Test were used to assess information processing and verbal memory ability at acute phase and one-month post-injury. A symptom diary was used to record the PCS profile, cognitive rest strategy, school missed days, symptom-affected days and levels of subjective concern within 30 days and six-months post injury. Descriptive statistics were used to examine symptomatology, neuropsychological function, cognitive rest strategies, and return-to-school quality. The Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used to analyze improvements in neuropsychological function. Group-based trajectory modeling was used to categorize symptom recovery trajectories. Pearson correlation and simple linear regression were used to investigate the relation between neuropsychological function, symptomatology, PCS trajectories, cognitive rest and return-to-school quality.
    Results: The results showed that most mTBI patients experienced significant symptom improvement within the first two weeks post-injury. Symptom recovery trajectories could be categorized into three groups: Fast Symptom recovery Group(FSRG), Slow Symptom recovery Group(SSRG) and Persist Symptom Group(PSG). Fatigue was the most commonly reported symptom post-injury, with the highest severity and longest duration. Regarding neuropsychological function, 25% of patients experienced verbal memory deficits after the injury, with 20% still exhibiting deficits one-month post-injury. No clinical deficits were observed in processing speed. In terms of cognitive rest, only one patient utilized a standard cognitive rest strategy during retur-to-school. Most students did not employ cognitive rest to alleviate symptoms that arose during learning. Concerning the quality of returning to school, patients frequently experienced headaches, dizziness, fatigue, and emotional and cognitive symptoms during. The level of concern about symptoms affecting learning decreased over time. The severity of acute symptoms and grade were predictive of the quality of returning to school. Symptom trajectory, impact on learning, and cognitive activity might all be related to the quality of returning to school.
    Conclusions: Symptom trajectories and return-to-school quality of adolescent mTBI patients may be influenced by the severity of symptoms at acute stage, the use of cognitive rest strategies, and neuropsychological function, also could be related to the cognitive-activity characteristic of students, learning culture, and return-to-school policies.
    Reference: 衛生福利部。衛福部108年度全民健康保險醫療統計年報 (2021)。取自https://dep.mohw.gov.tw/dos/lp-5103-113.html
    衛生福利部。衛生福利部中央健康保險署(2022)。取自https://www.nhi.gov.tw/Content_List.aspx?n=375003E91D8BCA66&topn=5FE8C9FEAE863B46
    教育部。教育資料(2021)。取自https://www.k12ea.gov.tw/files/92_sid17/e14806.pdf
    教育部。教育部主管高級中等學校學生在校作息時間規劃注意事項(2022)。取自https://edu.law.moe.gov.tw/LawContent.aspx?id=GL001687
    花茂棽(1986)。中文字詞序列學習測驗。台北市:臺灣大學心理學研究所。
    吳德敏,邱文達,洪慶章(1991)。青少年頭部外傷之調查研究。Journal of Medical Sciences, 12(2), 104 -115.
    紀煥庭、邱文達、楊大羽、蔡行瀚(2007)。台北市輕度頭部外傷之流行病學及醫療資源使用情形。J Emerg Crit Care Med, 18(2), 61-69.
    柳孟瑩(2013)。臺灣正常人修訂版時限聽覺序列加法測驗之常模研究[未出版之碩士論文]。國立臺灣大學。
    楊琇雅(2011)。協助創傷性腦傷兒童重返校園。國小特殊教育,(52),50-58。
    The American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine(ACRM); Mild Traumatic Brain Injury Committee. Definition of mild traumatic brain injury. J Head Trauma Rehabil 1993;8:86-7.
    Arbogast, K. B., McGinley, A. D., Master, C. L., Grady, M. F., Robinson, R. L., & Zonfrillo, M. R. (2013). Cognitive rest and school-based recommendations following pediatric concussion: the need for primary care support tools. Clinical pediatrics, 52(5), 397–402. https://doi.org/10.1177/0009922813478160
    Alexander M. P. (1995). Mild traumatic brain injury: pathophysiology, natural history, and clinical management. Neurology, 45(7), 1253–1260. https://doi.org/10.1212/wnl.45.7.1253
    Anderson P, Anderson V, Northam E, Taylor HG. (2000). Standardization of the Contigency Naming Test (CNT) for school-aged children: A measure of reactive flexibility. Clinical Neuropsychological Assessment; 1:247–73.
    Babcock, L., Byczkowski, T., Wade, S. L., Ho, M., Mookerjee, S., & Bazarian, J. J. (2013). Predicting postconcussion syndrome after mild traumatic brain injury in children and adolescents who present to the emergency department. JAMA pediatrics, 167(2), 156–161. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2013.434
    Baddeley A. (1992). Working memory. Science (New York, N.Y.), 255(5044), 556–559. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1736359
    Baddeley, A. D., & Hitch, G. J. (1994). Developments in the concept of working memory. Neuropsychology, 8(4), 485–493. https://doi.org/10.1037/0894-4105.8.4.485
    Bai, L., Bai, G., Wang, S., Yang, X., Gan, S., Jia, X., Yin, B., & Yan, Z. (2020). Strategic white matter injury associated with long-term information processing speed deficits in mild traumatic brain injury. Human brain mapping, 41(15), 4431–4441. https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.25135
    Baillargeon, A., Lassonde, M., Leclerc, S., & Ellemberg, D. (2012). Neuropsychological and neurophysiological assessment of sport concussion in children, adolescents and adults. Brain injury, 26(3), 211–220. https://doi.org/10.3109/02699052.2012.654590
    Baird, B. J., Tombaugh, T. N., & Francis, M. (2007). The effects of practice on speed of information processing using the Adjusting-Paced Serial Addition Test (Adjusting-PSAT) and the Computerized Tests of Information Processing (CTIP). Applied neuropsychology, 14(2), 88–100.
    Baker, J. G., Leddy, J. J., Darling, S. R., Rieger, B. P., Mashtare, T. L., Sharma, T., & Willer, B. S. (2015). Factors Associated With Problems for Adolescents Returning to the Classroom After Sport-Related Concussion. Clinical pediatrics, 54(10), 961–968. https://doi.org/10.1177/0009922815588820
    Baker, J. G., Willer, B. S., Dwyer, M. G., & Leddy, J. J. (2020). A preliminary investigation of cognitive intolerance and neuroimaging among adolescents returning to school after concussion. Brain injury, 34(6), 818–827. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699052.2020.1749932
    Barry, N. C., & Tomes, J. L. (2015). Remembering your past: The effects of concussion on autobiographical memory recall. Journal of clinical and experimental neuropsychology, 37(9), 994–1003. https://doi.org/10.1080/13803395.2015.1038981
    Bazarian, J. J., Wong, T., Harris, M., Leahey, N., Mookerjee, S., & Dombovy, M. (1999). Epidemiology and predictors of post-concussive syndrome after minor head injury in an emergency population. Brain injury, 13(3), 173–189. https://doi.org/10.1080/026990599121692
    Belanger, H. G., Curtiss, G., Demery, J. A., Lebowitz, B. K., & Vanderploeg, R. D. (2005). Factors moderating neuropsychological outcomes following mild traumatic brain injury: a meta-analysis. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society : JINS, 11(3), 215–227. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1355617705050277
    Belanger, H. G., Barwick, F. H., Kip, K. E., Kretzmer, T., & Vanderploeg, R. D. (2013). Postconcussive symptom complaints and potentially malleable positive predictors. The Clinical neuropsychologist, 27(3), 343–355. https://doi.org/10.1080/13854046.2013.774438
    Belmont, A., Agar, N., & Azouvi, P. (2009). Subjective fatigue, mental effort, and attention deficits after severe traumatic brain injury. Neurorehabilitation and neural repair, 23(9), 939–944. https://doi.org/10.1177/1545968309340327
    Benton, A. L. (1968). Differential behavioural effects in frontal lobe disease. Neuropsychologia 6, 53–60. doi: 10.1016/0028-3932(68)90038-9
    Benton, A. L., Hamsher, d. S. K., & Sivan, A. B. (1983). Controlled Oral Word Association Test (COWAT) [Database record]. APA PsycTests.
    Bernstein, D.M. (1999). Recovery from mild head injury. Brain Injury, 13, 151–173.
    Blinman, T. A., Houseknecht, E., Snyder, C., Wiebe, D. J., & Nance, M. L. (2009). Postconcussive symptoms in hospitalized pediatric patients after mild traumatic brain injury. Journal of pediatric surgery, 44(6), 1223–1228. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2009.02.027
    Bohnen, N. I., Jolles, J., Twijnstra, A., Mellink, R., & Wijnen, G. (1995). Late neurobehavioural symptoms after mild head injury. Brain injury, 9(1), 27–33. https://doi.org/10.3109/02699059509004568
    Borland, M. L., Dalziel, S. R., Phillips, N., Dalton, S., Lyttle, M. D., Bressan, S., Oakley, E., Hearps, S. J. C., Kochar, A., Furyk, J., Cheek, J. A., Neutze, J., Babl, F. E., & Paediatric Research in Emergency Department International Collaborative group (2018). Vomiting With Head Trauma and Risk of Traumatic Brain Injury. Pediatrics, 141(4), e20173123.
    Brewer, T. L., Metzger, B. L., & Therrien, B. (2002). Trajectories of cognitive recovery following a minor brain injury. Research in nursing & health, 25(4), 269–281. https://doi.org/10.1002/nur.10045
    Broadway, J. M., Rieger, R. E., Campbell, R. A., Quinn, D. K., Mayer, A. R., Yeo, R. A., Wilson, J. K., Gill, D., Fratzke, V., & Cavanagh, J. F. (2019). Executive function predictors of delayed memory deficits after mild traumatic brain injury. Cortex; a journal devoted to the study of the nervous system and behavior, 120, 240–248. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2019.06.011
    Broggi, M., & Ready, R. E. (2022). Academic skills, self-perceptions, and grades in university students with a history of multiple concussions: The mediating roles of processing speed and psychological symptoms. The Clinical neuropsychologist, 36(8), 2188–2204. https://doi.org/10.1080/13854046.2021.1958924
    Brooks, B., Daya, H., Khan, S., Carlson, H., Mikrogianakis, A., & Barlow, K. (2016). Cognition in the Emergency Department as a Predictor of Recovery after Pediatric Mild Traumatic Brain Injury. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 22(4), 379-387. doi:10.1017/S1355617715001368
    Brooks, B. L., Sayers, P. Q., Virani, S., Rajaram, A. A., & Tomfohr-Madsen, L. (2019). Insomnia in Adolescents with Slow Recovery from Concussion. Journal of neurotrauma, 36(16), 2391–2399. https://doi.org/10.1089/neu.2018.6257
    Broshek, D. K., De Marco, A. P., & Freeman, J. R. (2015). A review of post-concussion syndrome and psychological factors associated with concussion. Brain injury, 29(2), 228–237. https://doi.org/10.3109/02699052.2014.974674
    Brown, F. D., Brown, J., & Beattie, T. F. (2000). Why do children vomit after minor head injury?. Journal of accident & emergency medicine, 17(4), 268–271.
    Brown, N. J., Mannix, R. C., O'Brien, M. J., Gostine, D., Collins, M. W., & Meehan, W. P., 3rd (2014). Effect of cognitive activity level on duration of post-concussion symptoms. Pediatrics, 133(2), e299–e304. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2013-2125
    Buysse, D. J., Reynolds, C. F., 3rd, Monk, T. H., Berman, S. R., & Kupfer, D. J. (1989). The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index: a new instrument for psychiatric practice and research. Psychiatry research, 28(2), 193–213. https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-1781(89)90047-4
    CanChild Centre for Childhood Disability Research. Canchild Concussion Management - Return to Activity and Return to School Protocols. Hamilton, ON: CanChild, McMaster University (2019). Available online at: https://canchild.ca/en/diagnoses/brain-injury-concussion/brain-injury-resources (accessed February 21, 2019).
    Carpenter D. O. (1990). Neural mechanisms of emesis. Canadian journal of physiology and pharmacology, 68(2), 230–236. https://doi.org/10.1139/y90-036.
    Carson, J. D., Lawrence, D. W., Kraft, S. A., Garel, A., Snow, C. L., Chatterjee, A., Libfeld, P., MacKenzie, H. M., Thornton, J. S., Moineddin, R., & Frémont, P. (2014). Premature return to play and return to learn after a sport-related concussion: physician's chart review. Canadian family physician Medecin de famille canadien, 60(6), e310–e315.
    Cassidy, J. D., Boyle, E., & Carroll, L. J. (2014). Population-based, inception cohort study of the incidence, course, and prognosis of mild traumatic brain injury after motor vehicle collisions. Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation, 95(3 Suppl), S278–S285. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmr.2013.08.295
    Cassidy, J. D., Cancelliere, C., Carroll, L. J., Côté, P., Hincapié, C. A., Holm, L. W., Hartvigsen, J., Donovan, J., Nygren-de Boussard, C., Kristman, V. L., & Borg, J. (2014). Systematic review of self-reported prognosis in adults after mild traumatic brain injury: results of the International Collaboration on Mild Traumatic Brain Injury Prognosis. Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation, 95 (3 Suppl), S132–S151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmr.2013.08.299
    Cassidy, J. D., Carroll, L. J., Peloso, P. M., Borg, J., von Holst, H., Holm, L., Kraus, J., Coronado, V. G., & WHO Collaborating Centre Task Force on Mild Traumatic Brain Injury (2004a). Incidence, risk factors and prevention of mild traumatic brain injury: results of the WHO Collaborating Centre Task Force on Mild Traumatic Brain Injury. Journal of rehabilitation medicine, (43 Suppl), 28–60. https://doi.org/10.1080/16501960410023732
    Cassidy, J. D., Carroll, L., Côté, P., Holm, L., & Nygren, A. (2004b). Mild traumatic brain injury after traffic collisions: a population-based inception cohort study. Journal of rehabilitation medicine, (43 Suppl), 15–21. https://doi.org/10.1080/16501960410023688
    Capizzi, A., Woo, J., & Verduzco-Gutierrez, M. (2020). Traumatic Brain Injury: An Overview of Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, and Medical Management. The Medical clinics of North America, 104(2), 213–238. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mcna.2019.11.001
    Cicerone, K. D., & Azulay, J. (2002). Diagnostic utility of attention measures in postconcussion syndrome. The Clinical neuropsychologist, 16(3), 280–289. https://doi.org/10.1076/clin.16.3.280.13849
    Chan R. C. (2001). Attentional deficits in patients with post-concussion symptoms: a componential perspective. Brain injury, 15(1), 71–94. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699050118215
    Chiu, W. T., Huang, S. J., Tsai, S. H., Lin, J. W., Tsai, M. D., Lin, T. J., & Huang, W. C. (2007). The impact of time, legislation, and geography on the epidemiology of traumatic brain injury. Journal of clinical neuroscience : official journal of the Neurosurgical Society of Australasia, 14(10), 930–935. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jocn.2006.08.004
    Chorney, S. R., Suryadevara, A. C., & Nicholas, B. D. (2017). Audiovestibular symptoms as predictors of prolonged sports-related concussion among NCAA athletes. The Laryngoscope, 127(12), 2850–2853.
    Choudhury, R., Kolstad, A., Prajapati, V., Samuel, G., & Yeates, K. O. (2020). Loss and recovery after concussion: Adolescent patients give voice to their concussion experience. Health expectations : an international journal of public participation in health care and health policy, 23(6), 1533–1542. https://doi.org/10.1111/hex.13138
    Chrisman, S. P., Rivara, F. P., Schiff, M. A., Zhou, C., & Comstock, R. D. (2013). Risk factors for concussive symptoms 1 week or longer in high school athletes. Brain injury, 27(1), 1–9.
    Chrisman, S. P. D., Lowry, S., Herring, S. A., Kroshus, E., Hoopes, T. R., Higgins, S. K., & Rivara, F. P. (2019). Concussion Incidence, Duration, and Return to School and Sport in 5- to 14-Year-Old American Football Athletes. The Journal of pediatrics, 207, 176–184.e1. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2018.11.003
    Collins, M. W., Field, M., Lovell, M. R., Iverson, G., Johnston, K. M., Maroon, J., & Fu, F. H. (2003). Relationship between postconcussion headache and neuropsychological test performance in high school athletes. The American journal of sports medicine, 31(2), 168–173. https://doi.org/10.1177/03635465030310020301
    Covassin, T., Elbin, R. J., 3rd, Stiller-Ostrowski, J. L., & Kontos, A. P. (2009). Immediate post-concussion assessment and cognitive testing (ImPACT) practices of sports medicine professionals. Journal of athletic training, 44(6), 639–644. https://doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-44.6.639
    Covassin, T., Elbin, R. J., & Nakayama, Y. (2010). Tracking neurocognitive performance following concussion in high school athletes. The Physician and sportsmedicine, 38(4), 87–93. https://doi.org/10.3810/psm.2010.12.1830
    Corwin, D. J., Zonfrillo, M. R., Master, C. L., Arbogast, K. B., Grady, M. F., Robinson, R. L., Goodman, A. M., & Wiebe, D. J. (2014). Characteristics of prolonged concussion recovery in a pediatric subspecialty referral population. The Journal of pediatrics, 165(6), 1207–1215. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2014.08.034
    Crowe, L., Collie, A., Hearps, S., Dooley, J., Clausen, H., Maddocks, D., McCrory, P., Davis, G., & Anderson, V. (2016). Cognitive and physical symptoms of concussive injury in children: a detailed longitudinal recovery study. British journal of sports medicine, 50(5), 311–316. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2015-094663
    Cuff, S., Maki, A., Feiss, R., Young, J., Shi, J., Hautmann, A., & Yang, J. (2022). Risk factors for prolonged recovery from concussion in young patients. British journal of sports medicine, 56(23), 1345–1352. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2022-105598
    Cummings J. L. (1993). Frontal-subcortical circuits and human behavior. Archives of neurology, 50(8), 873–880. https://doi.org/10.1001/archneur.1993.00540080076020
    Dawson, S. L., Hirsch, C. S., Lucas, F. V., & Sebek, B. A. (1980). The contrecoup phenomenon. Reappraisal of a classic problem. Human pathology, 11(2), 155–166. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0046-8177(80)80136-5
    Davis, G. A., Anderson, V., Babl, F. E., Gioia, G. A., Giza, C. C., Meehan, W., Moser, R. S., Purcell, L., Schatz, P., Schneider, K. J., Takagi, M., Yeates, K. O., & Zemek, R. (2017). What is the difference in concussion management in children as compared with adults? A systematic review. British journal of sports medicine, 51(12), 949–957. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2016-097415
    DeMatteo, C. A., Randall, S., Lin, C. A., & Claridge, E. A. (2019). What Comes First: Return to School or Return to Activity for Youth After Concussion? Maybe We Don't Have to Choose. Frontiers in neurology, 10, 792. https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2019.00792
    DeMatteo, C. A., Jakubowski, J., Randall, S., Stazyk, K., Lin, C. Y., & Yakubov, R. (2022). School performance in youth after a concussion. Frontiers in sports and active living, 4, 1008551. https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2022.1008551
    Dewan, M. C., Rattani, A., Gupta, S., Baticulon, R. E., Hung, Y. C., Punchak, M., Agrawal, A., Adeleye, A. O., Shrime, M. G., Rubiano, A. M., Rosenfeld, J. V., & Park, K. B. (2019). Estimating the global incidence of traumatic brain injury. Journal of neurosurgery, 1–18. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.3171/2017.10.JNS17352
    Dikmen, S. & Levin, H.S. (1993). Methodological issues in the study of mild head injury. Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation, 8, 30–37.
    Dikmen, S., McLean, A., Jr, Temkin, N. R., & Wyler, A. R. (1986). Neuropsychologic outcome at one-month postinjury. Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation, 67(8), 507–513.
    Dikmen, S., Machamer, J., & Temkin, N. (2001). Mild head injury: facts and artifacts. Journal of clinical and experimental neuropsychology, 23(6), 729–738. https://doi.org/10.1076/jcen.23.6.729.1019
    Diamond A. (2013). Executive functions. Annual review of psychology, 64, 135–168. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-113011-143750
    Dixon K. J. (2017). Pathophysiology of Traumatic Brain Injury. Physical medicine and rehabilitation clinics of North America, 28(2), 215–225. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmr.2016.12.001
    Doll, E., Gong, P., Sowell, M., & Evanczyk, L. (2021). Post-traumatic Headache in Children and Adolescents. Current pain and headache reports, 25(8), 51. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11916-021-00967-y
    Draper, K., & Ponsford, J. (2008). Cognitive functioning ten years following traumatic brain injury and rehabilitation. Neuropsychology, 22(5), 618–625. https://doi.org/10.1037/0894-4105.22.5.618
    Dreer, L. E., Crowley, M. T., Cash, A., O'Neill, J. A., & Cox, M. K. (2017). Examination of Teacher Knowledge, Dissemination Preferences, and Classroom Management of Student Concussions: Implications for Return-to-Learn Protocols. Health promotion practice, 18(3), 428–436.
    D'Souza, A., Mollayeva, S., Pacheco, N., Javed, F., Colantonio, A., & Mollayeva, T. (2019). Measuring Change Over Time: A Systematic Review of Evaluative Measures of Cognitive Functioning in Traumatic Brain Injury. Frontiers in neurology, 10, 353. https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2019.00353
    Eisenberg, M. A., Andrea, J., Meehan, W., & Mannix, R. (2013). Time interval between concussions and symptom duration. Pediatrics, 132(1), 8–17. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2013-0432
    Eisenberg, M. A., Meehan, W. P., & Mannix, R. (2014). Duration and course of post-concussive symptoms. Pediatrics, 133(6), 999–1006. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2014-0158
    Einstein, G. O., & McDaniel, M. A. (1990). Normal aging and prospective memory. Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition, 16(4), 717–726. https://doi.org/10.1037//0278-7393.16.4.717
    Ernst, N., Eagle, S., Trbovich, A., Kissinger-Knox, A., Bitzer, H., & Kontos, A. P. (2022). Lower post-injury psychological resilience is associated with increased recovery time and symptom burden following sport-related concussion. Applied neuropsychology. Child, 11(4), 781–788. https://doi.org/10.1080/21622965.2021.1964966
    Ewing-Cobbs, L., Cox, C. S., Jr, Clark, A. E., Holubkov, R., & Keenan, H. T. (2018). Persistent Postconcussion Symptoms After Injury. Pediatrics, 142(5), e20180939. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2018-0939
    Fabiano, F., Takagi, M., Anderson, N., Babl, F. E., Bressan, S., Clarke, C., Davies, K., Davis, G. A., Dunne, K., Hearps, S., Ignjatovic, V., Rausa, V. C., Seal, M., & Anderson, V. (2024). Fatigue recovery and connected factors following paediatric concussion. British journal of sports medicine, 58(2), 59–65.
    Fan, J., McCandliss, B. D., Sommer, T., Raz, A., & Posner, M. I. (2002). Testing the efficiency and independence of attentional networks. Journal of cognitive neuroscience, 14(3), 340–347. https://doi.org/10.1162/089892902317361886
    Fetta, J., Starkweather, A., Huggins, R., Van Hoof, T., Casa, D., & Gill, J. (2023). Implementation of Return to Learn Protocols for Student Athletes with Sport and Recreation Related Concussion: An Integrative Review of Perceptions, Challenges and Successes. The Journal of school nursing : the official publication of the National Association of School Nurses, 39(1), 18–36. https://doi.org/10.1177/10598405211056646
    Field, M., Collins, M. W., Lovell, M. R., & Maroon, J. (2003). Does age play a role in recovery from sports-related concussion? A comparison of high school and collegiate athletes. The Journal of pediatrics, 142(5), 546–553. https://doi.org/10.1067/mpd.2003.190
    Fish, A. M., Vanni, J., Mohammed, F. N., Fedonni, D., Metzger, K. B., Shoop, J., Master, C. L., Arbogast, K. B., & McDonald, C. C. (2023). Comparison of Anxiety and Depression Symptoms in Concussed and Nonconcussed Adolescents. Sports health, 15(2), 185–191.
    Frencham, K. A., Fox, A. M., & Maybery, M. T. (2005). Neuropsychological studies of mild traumatic brain injury: a meta-analytic review of research since 1995. Journal of clinical and experimental neuropsychology, 27(3), 334–351. https://doi.org/10.1080/13803390490520328
    Fundarò, C., Caldarelli, M., Monaco, S., Cota, F., Giorgio, V., Filoni, S., Di Rocco, C., & Onesimo, R. (2012). Brain CT scan for pediatric minor accidental head injury. An Italian experience and review of literature. Child's nervous system : ChNS : official journal of the International Society for Pediatric Neurosurgery, 28(7), 1063–1068. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00381-012-1717-9
    Gentry, L. R., Godersky, J. C., & Thompson, B. (1988). MR imaging of head trauma: review of the distribution and radiopathologic features of traumatic lesions. AJR. American journal of roentgenology, 150(3), 663–672. https://doi.org/10.2214/ajr.150.3.663
    Gibson, S., Nigrovic, L. E., O'Brien, M., & Meehan, W. P., 3rd (2013). The effect of recommending cognitive rest on recovery from sport-related concussion. Brain injury, 27(7-8), 839–842. https://doi.org/10.3109/02699052.2013.775494
    Gioia, G.A., Isquith, P.K., Guy, S.C., & Kenworthy, L. (2000). TEST REVIEW behavior rating inventory of executive function. Child Neuropsychology, 6(3), 235–238. http://doi.org/10.1076/ chin.6.3.235.3152
    Gioia GA, Vaughan CG, Reesman J, et al. Characterizing post-concussion exertional effects in the child and adoles- cent. J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2010;16(S1):178.
    Giza, C. C., & Hovda, D. A. (2014). The new neurometabolic cascade of concussion. Neurosurgery, 75 Suppl 4(0 4), S24–S33. https://doi.org/10.1227/NEU.0000000000000505
    Glendon, K., Blenkinsop, G., Belli, A., & Pain, M. (2021). Does Vestibular-Ocular-Motor (VOM) Impairment Affect Time to Return to Play, Symptom Severity, Neurocognition and Academic Ability in Student-Athletes following acute Concussion?. Brain injury, 35(7), 788–797. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699052.2021.1911001
    Glendon, K., Blenkinsop, G., Belli, A., & Pain, M. (2021). Prospective study with specific Re-Assessment time points to determine time to recovery following a Sports-Related Concussion in university-aged student-athletes. Physical therapy in sport : official journal of the Association of Chartered Physiotherapists in Sports Medicine, 52, 287–296. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ptsp.2021.10.008
    Grady, M. F., & Master, C. L. (2017). Return to School and Learning After Concussion: Tips for Pediatricians. Pediatric annals, 46(3), e93–e98. https://doi.org/10.3928/19382359-20170220-04
    Green, S. L., Keightley, M. L., Lobaugh, N. J., Dawson, D. R., & Mihailidis, A. (2018). Changes in working memory performance in youth following concussion. Brain injury, 32(2), 182–190. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699052.2017.1358396
    Gronwall D. M. (1977). Paced auditory serial-addition task: a measure of recovery from concussion. Perceptual and motor skills, 44(2), 367–373. https://doi.org/10.2466/pms.1977.44.2.367
    Gronwall, D. & Wrightson, P. (1974). Delayed recovery of intellectual function after minor head injury. Lancet (London, England), 2(7881), 605–609. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(74)91939-4
    Grubenhoff, J. A., Deakyne, S. J., Comstock, R. D., Kirkwood, M. W., & Bajaj, L. (2015). Outpatient follow-up and return to school after emergency department evaluation among children with persistent post-concussion symptoms. Brain injury, 29(10), 1186–1191. https://doi.org/10.3109/02699052.2015.1035325
    Gustavson, D. E., Panizzon, M. S., Franz, C. E., Reynolds, C. A., Corley, R. P., Hewitt, J. K., Lyons, M. J., Kremen, W. S., & Friedman, N. P. (2019). Integrating verbal fluency with executive functions: Evidence from twin studies in adolescence and middle age. Journal of experimental psychology. General, 148(12), 2104–2119. https://doi.org/10.1037/xge0000589
    Halterman, C. I., Langan, J., Drew, A., Rodriguez, E., Osternig, L. R., Chou, L. S., & van Donkelaar, P. (2006). Tracking the recovery of visuospatial attention deficits in mild traumatic brain injury. Brain : a journal of neurology, 129(Pt 3), 747–753. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awh705
    Halstead, M. E., McAvoy, K., Devore, C. D., Carl, R., Lee, M., Logan, K., Council on Sports Medicine and Fitness, & Council on School Health (2013). Returning to learning following a concussion. Pediatrics, 132(5), 948–957. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2013-2867
    Hawley, C. A., Ward, A. B., Magnay, A. R., & Mychalkiw, W. (2004). Return to school after brain injury. Archives of disease in childhood, 89(2), 136–142. https://doi.org/10.1136/adc.2002.025577
    Henry, L. C., Elbin, R. J., Collins, M. W., Marchetti, G., & Kontos, A. P. (2016). Examining Recovery Trajectories After Sport-Related Concussion With a Multimodal Clinical Assessment Approach. Neurosurgery, 78(2), 232–241.
    Hiploylee, C., Dufort, P. A., Davis, H. S., Wennberg, R. A., Tartaglia, M. C., Mikulis, D., Hazrati, L. N., & Tator, C. H. (2017). Longitudinal Study of Postconcussion Syndrome: Not Everyone Recovers. Journal of neurotrauma, 34(8), 1511–1523. https://doi.org/10.1089/neu.2016.4677
    Holmes, A., Chen, Z., Yahng, L., Fletcher, D., & Kawata, K. (2020). Return to Learn: Academic Effects of Concussion in High School and College Student-Athletes. Frontiers in pediatrics, 8, 57. https://doi.org/10.3389/fped.2020.00057
    Howell, D., Osternig, L., Van Donkelaar, P., Mayr, U., & Chou, L. S. (2013). Effects of concussion on attention and executive function in adolescents. Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 45(6), 1030–1037. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0b013e3182814595
    Hsu, I. L., Li, C. Y., Chu, D. C., & Chien, L. C. (2018). An Epidemiological Analysis of Head Injuries in Taiwan. International journal of environmental research and public health, 15(11), 2457. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15112457
    Hugenholtz, H., Izukawa, D., Shear, P., Li, M., & Ventureyra, E. C. (1987). Vomiting in children following head injury. Child's nervous system : ChNS : official journal of the International Society for Pediatric Neurosurgery, 3(5), 266–270. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00271820
    Hypher, R., Andersson, S., Finnanger, T. G., Brandt, A. E., Hoorelbeke, K., Lie, H. C., Barder, H. E., Larsen, S. M., Risnes, K., Rø, T. B., & Stubberud, J. (2021). Fatigue following pediatric acquired brain injury: Interplay with associated factors in a clinical trial population compared to healthy controls. Neuropsychology, 35(6), 609–621.
    Iverson, G. L., Gardner, A. J., Terry, D. P., Ponsford, J. L., Sills, A. K., Broshek, D. K., & Solomon, G. S. (2017). Predictors of clinical recovery from concussion: a systematic review. British journal of sports medicine, 51(12), 941–948. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2017-097729
    Iverson, G. L., Brooks, B. L., Collins, M. W., & Lovell, M. R. (2006). Tracking neuropsychological recovery following concussion in sport. Brain injury, 20(3), 245–252. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699050500487910
    Iverson, G. L., Lovell, M. R., & Collins, M. W. (2005). Validity of ImPACT for measuring processing speed following sports-related concussion. Journal of clinical and experimental neuropsychology, 27(6), 683–689. https://doi.org/10.1081/13803390490918435
    Karr, J. E., Areshenkoff, C. N., & Garcia-Barrera, M. A. (2014). The neuropsychological outcomes of concussion: a systematic review of meta-analyses on the cognitive sequelae of mild traumatic brain injury. Neuropsychology, 28(3), 321–336. https://doi.org/10.1037/neu0000037
    Karr, J. E., & Iverson, G. L. (2022). The structure of post-concussion symptoms in adolescent student athletes: Confirmatory factor analysis and measurement invariance. The Clinical neuropsychologist, 36(6), 1533–1572.
    Keatley, E., Bechtold, K., Psoter, K., Peters, M. E., Everett, A., Rao, V., Van Meter, T. E., Falk, H., Korley, F. K., & Roy, D. (2023). Longitudinal Trajectories of Post-Concussive Symptoms Following Mild Traumatic Brain Injury. Brain injury, 37(8), 737–745. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699052.2023.2172612
    Kent, M., Brilliant, A., Erickson, K., Meehan, W., & Howell, D. (2020). Symptom Presentation After Concussion and Pre-existing Anxiety Among Youth Athletes. International journal of sports medicine, 41(10), 682–687. https://doi.org/10.1055/a-1107-3025
    Kemp, A. M., & O'Brien, K. H. (2022). Critical Elements of Return to Learn for Students With Concussion: A Scoping Review. The Journal of head trauma rehabilitation, 37(2), E113–E128. https://doi.org/10.1097/HTR.0000000000000695
    Kirchner, W. K. (1958). Age differences in short-term retention of rapidly changing information. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 55, 352-358.
    Korinthenberg, R., Schreck, J., Weser, J., & Lehmkuhl, G. (2004). Post-traumatic syndrome after minor head injury cannot be predicted by neurological investigations. Brain & development, 26(2), 113–117. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0387-7604(03)00110-4
    Kroenke, K., Spitzer, R. L., & Williams, J. B. (2001). The PHQ-9: validity of a brief depression severity measure. Journal of general internal medicine, 16(9), 606–613. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x
    Kwok, F. Y., Lee, T. M., Leung, C. H., & Poon, W. S. (2008). Changes of cognitive functioning following mild traumatic brain injury over a 3-month period. Brain injury, 22(10), 740–751. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699050802336989
    Lajeunesse, A., Potvin, M. J., Audy, J., Paradis, V., Giguère, J. F., & Rouleau, I. (2019). Prospective memory assessment in acute mild traumatic brain injury. The Clinical neuropsychologist, 33(7), 1175–1194. https://doi.org/10.1080/13854046.2019.1598500
    Langlois, J. A., Marr, A., Mitchko, J., & Johnson, R. L. (2005). Tracking the silent epidemic and educating the public: CDC's traumatic brain injury-associated activities under the TBI Act of 1996 and the Children's Health Act of 2000. The Journal of head trauma rehabilitation, 20(3), 196–204. https://doi.org/10.1097/00001199-200505000-00003
    Lau, B. C., Kontos, A. P., Collins, M. W., Mucha, A., & Lovell, M. R. (2011). Which on-field signs/symptoms predict protracted recovery from sport-related concussion among high school football players?. The American journal of sports medicine, 39(11), 2311–2318.
    Lawes I. N. (1990). The origin of the vomiting response: a neuroanatomical hypothesis. Canadian journal of physiology and pharmacology, 68(2), 254–259. https://doi.org/10.1139/y90-039
    Lee, H., Wintermark, M., Gean, A. D., Ghajar, J., Manley, G. T., & Mukherjee, P. (2008). Focal lesions in acute mild traumatic brain injury and neurocognitive outcome: CT versus 3T MRI. Journal of neurotrauma, 25(9), 1049–1056. https://doi.org/10.1089/neu.2008.0566
    Levin, H.S. (1983). Paced Auditory Serial Addition Task – Revised. Unpublished manuscript. Galveston, TX: University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Neurosurgery Division.
    Levin H. S. (1995). Prediction of recovery from traumatic brain injury. Journal of neurotrauma, 12(5), 913–922. https://doi.org/10.1089/neu.1995.12.913
    Levin, H. S., Amparo, E., Eisenberg, H. M., Williams, D. H., High, W. M., Jr, McArdle, C. B., & Weiner, R. L. (1987). Magnetic resonance imaging and computerized tomography in relation to the neurobehavioral sequelae of mild and moderate head injuries. Journal of neurosurgery, 66(5), 706–713. https://doi.org/10.3171/jns.1987.66.5.0706
    Levin, H. S., & Hanten, G. (2005). Executive functions after traumatic brain injury in children. Pediatric neurology, 33(2), 79–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2005.02.002
    Levin, H. S., Mattis, S., Ruff, R. M., Eisenberg, H. M., Marshall, L. F., Tabaddor, K., High, W. M., Jr, & Frankowski, R. F. (1987). Neurobehavioral outcome following minor head injury: a three-center study. Journal of neurosurgery, 66(2), 234–243. https://doi.org/10.3171/jns.1987.66.2.0234
    Lewine, J. D., Davis, J. T., Bigler, E. D., Thoma, R., Hill, D., Funke, M., Sloan, J. H., Hall, S., & Orrison, W. W. (2007). Objective documentation of traumatic brain injury subsequent to mild head trauma: multimodal brain imaging with MEG, SPECT, and MRI. The Journal of head trauma rehabilitation, 22(3), 141–155. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.HTR.0000271115.29954.27
    Lezak, M., Howieson, D., Bigler, E., and Tranel, D. (2012). Neuropsychological Assessment. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
    Light, R., Asarnow, R., Satz, P., Zaucha, K., McCleary, C., & Lewis, R. (1998). Mild closed-head injury in children and adolescents: behavior problems and academic outcomes. Journal of consulting and clinical psychology, 66(6), 1023–1029. https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-006x.66.6.1023
    Liu, R., & Hicks, S. D. (2021). Discrepancies in child and parent reporting of concussion symptoms. Brain injury, 35(6), 675–681. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699052.2021.1894483
    Lloyd, J., Wilson, M. L., Tenovuo, O., & Saarijärvi, S. (2015). Outcomes from mild and moderate traumatic brain injuries among children and adolescents: A systematic review of studies from 2008-2013. Brain injury, 29(5), 539–549. https://doi.org/10.3109/02699052.2014.1002003
    Long, C. J., & Novack, T. A. (1986). Postconcussion symptoms after head trauma: interpretation and treatment. Southern medical journal, 79(6), 728–732. https://doi.org/10.1097/00007611-198606000-00020
    Lovell, M. R., Iverson, G. L., Collins, M. W., Podell, K., Johnston, K. M., Pardini, D., Pardini, J., Norwig, J., & Maroon, J. C. (2006). Measurement of symptoms following sports-related concussion: reliability and normative data for the post-concussion scale. Applied neuropsychology, 13(3), 166–174.
    Lowry, R., Haarbauer-Krupa, J. K., Breiding, M. J., Thigpen, S., Rasberry, C. N., & Lee, S. M. (2019). Concussion and Academic Impairment Among U.S. High School Students. American journal of preventive medicine, 57(6), 733–740. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2019.08.016
    Lumba-Brown, A., Teramoto, M., Zhang, R., Aukerman, D. F., Bohr, A. D., Harmon, K., Petron, D. J., Romano, R., Poddar, S. K., & Ghajar, J. (2023). Multicentre evaluation of anxiety and mood among collegiate student athletes with concussion. BMJ open sport & exercise medicine, 9(1), e001446.
    Macnow, T., Curran, T., Tolliday, C., Martin, K., McCarthy, M., Ayturk, D., Babu, K. M., & Mannix, R. (2021). Effect of Screen Time on Recovery From Concussion: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA pediatrics, 175(11), 1124–1131. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2021.2782
    Maillard-Wermelinger, A., Yeates, K. O., Gerry Taylor, H., Rusin, J., Bangert, B., Dietrich, A., Nuss, K., & Wright, M. (2009). Mild traumatic brain injury and executive functions in school-aged children. Developmental neurorehabilitation, 12(5), 330–341. https://doi.org/10.3109/17518420903087251
    Majerske, C. W., Mihalik, J. P., Ren, D., Collins, M. W., Reddy, C. C., Lovell, M. R., & Wagner, A. K. (2008). Concussion in sports: postconcussive activity levels, symptoms, and neurocognitive performance. Journal of athletic training, 43(3), 265–274. https://doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-43.3.265
    Makki, A. Y., Leddy, J., Hinds, A., Baker, J., Paluch, R., Shucard, J., & Willer, B. (2016). School Attendance and Symptoms in Adolescents After Sport-Related Concussion. Global pediatric health, 3, 2333794X16630493. https://doi.org/10.1177/2333794X16630493
    Manzanero S, Elkington LJ, Praet SF, Lovell G, Waddington G, Hughes DC. (2017). Post-concussion recovery in children and adolescents: A narrative review. Journal of Concussion. 2017;1.
    Master, C. L., Gioia, G. A., Leddy, J. J., & Grady, M. F. (2012). Importance of 'return-to-learn' in pediatric and adolescent concussion. Pediatric annals, 41(9), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.3928/00904481-20120827-09
    Mathias, J. L., Beall, J. A., & Bigler, E. D. (2004). Neuropsychological and information processing deficits following mild traumatic brain injury. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society : JINS, 10(2), 286–297. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1355617704102117
    Mayr U. (2006). What matters in the cued task-switching paradigm: tasks or cues?. Psychonomic bulletin & review, 13(5), 794–799. https://doi.org/10.3758/bf03193999
    McAvoy K. Return to learning: going back to school following a concussion. Communique. 2012;40(6):23–25
    McCabe, D. P., Roediger, H. L., McDaniel, M. A., Balota, D. A., & Hambrick, D. Z. (2010). The relationship between working memory capacity and executive functioning: evidence for a common executive attention construct. Neuropsychology, 24(2), 222–243. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0017619
    McCauley, S. R., & Levin, H. S. (2004). Prospective memory in pediatric traumatic brain injury: a preliminary study. Developmental neuropsychology, 25(1-2), 5–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/87565641.2004.9651919
    McCauley, S. R., Wilde, E. A., Barnes, A., Hanten, G., Hunter, J. V., Levin, H. S., & Smith, D. H. (2014). Patterns of early emotional and neuropsychological sequelae after mild traumatic brain injury. Journal of neurotrauma, 31(10), 914–925. https://doi.org/10.1089/neu.2012.2826
    McClincy, M. P., Lovell, M. R., Pardini, J., Collins, M. W., & Spore, M. K. (2006). Recovery from sports concussion in high school and collegiate athletes. Brain injury, 20(1), 33–39. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699050500309817
    McCrea, M., Guskiewicz, K., Randolph, C., Barr, W. B., Hammeke, T. A., Marshall, S. W., Powell, M. R., Woo Ahn, K., Wang, Y., & Kelly, J. P. (2012). Incidence, clinical course, and predictors of prolonged recovery time following sport-related concussion in high school and college athletes. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society : JINS, 19(1), 22–33. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1355617712000872
    McCrory, P., Meeuwisse, W., Johnston, K., Dvorak, J., Aubry, M., Molloy, M., & Cantu, R. (2009). Consensus statement on concussion in sport - the Third International Conference on Concussion in Sport held in Zurich, November 2008. The Physician and sportsmedicine, 37(2), 141–159. https://doi.org/10.3810/psm.2009.06.1721
    McGrath N. (2010). Supporting the student-athlete's return to the classroom after a sport-related concussion. Journal of athletic training, 45(5), 492–498. https://doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-45.5.492
    McInnes, K., Friesen, C. L., MacKenzie, D. E., Westwood, D. A., & Boe, S. G. (2017). Mild Traumatic Brain Injury (mTBI) and chronic cognitive impairment: A scoping review. PloS one, 12(4), e0174847. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0174847
    McKinlay A. (2010). Controversies and outcomes associated with mild traumatic brain injury in childhood and adolescences. Child: care, health and development, 36(1), 3–21.
    McLeod, T. C. V., & Gioia, G. A. (2010). Cognitive rest: The often neglected aspect of concussion management. Athletic Therapy Today, 15, 1–3.
    McNeal, L., & Selekmen, J. (2017). Guidance for Return to Learn After a Concussion. NASN school nurse (Print), 32(5), 310–316. https://doi.org/10.1177/1942602X17698487
    Meehan, W. P., 3rd, d'Hemecourt, P., & Comstock, R. D. (2010). High school concussions in the 2008-2009 academic year: mechanism, symptoms, and management. The American journal of sports medicine, 38(12), 2405–2409. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546510376737
    Meehan, W. P., 3rd, Mannix, R., Monuteaux, M. C., Stein, C. J., & Bachur, R. G. (2014). Early symptom burden predicts recovery after sport-related concussion. Neurology, 83(24), 2204–2210. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000001073
    Menon, D. K., Schwab, K., Wright, D. W., Maas, A. I., & Demographics and Clinical Assessment Working Group of the International and Interagency Initiative toward Common Data Elements for Research on Traumatic Brain Injury and Psychological Health (2010). Position statement: definition of traumatic brain injury. Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation, 91(11), 1637–1640. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmr.2010.05.017
    Mild Traumatic Brain Injury Committee, American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine, Head Injury Interdisciplinary Special Interest Group. (1993). Definition of mild traumatic brain injury. The Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation, 8(3), 86–87. https://doi.org/10.1097/00001199-199309000-00010
    Mollayeva, T., Kendzerska, T., Mollayeva, S., Shapiro, C. M., Colantonio, A., & Cassidy, J. D. (2014). A systematic review of fatigue in patients with traumatic brain injury: the course, predictors and consequences. Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews, 47, 684–716.
    Möller, M. C., Nygren de Boussard, C., Oldenburg, C., & Bartfai, A. (2014). An investigation of attention, executive, and psychomotor aspects of cognitive fatigability. Journal of clinical and experimental neuropsychology, 36(7), 716–729.
    Moser, R. S., Glatts, C., & Schatz, P. (2012). Efficacy of immediate and delayed cognitive and physical rest for treatment of sports-related concussion. The Journal of pediatrics, 161(5), 922–926. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2012.04.012
    Nance, M. L., Polk-Williams, A., Collins, M. W., & Wiebe, D. J. (2009). Neurocognitive evaluation of mild traumatic brain injury in the hospitalized pediatric population. Annals of surgery, 249(5), 859–863. https://doi.org/10.1097/SLA.0b013e3181a41ae5
    Nelson, L. D., Guskiewicz, K. M., Barr, W. B., Hammeke, T. A., Randolph, C., Ahn, K. W., Wang, Y., & McCrea, M. A. (2016). Age Differences in Recovery After Sport-Related Concussion: A Comparison of High School and Collegiate Athletes. Journal of athletic training, 51(2), 142–152. https://doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-51.4.04
    Newcombe, F. (1969). Missle Wounds of the Brain. A Study of Psychological Deficits. London: Oxford University Press.
    Niogi, S. N., Mukherjee, P., Ghajar, J., Johnson, C. E., Kolster, R., Lee, H., Suh, M., Zimmerman, R. D., Manley, G. T., & McCandliss, B. D. (2008). Structural dissociation of attentional control and memory in adults with and without mild traumatic brain injury. Brain : a journal of neurology, 131(Pt 12), 3209–3221. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awn247
    Pei & O'Brien. (2024). Return to Learn after Mild Traumatic Brain Injury(mTBI): A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 105(4), 110-127.
    Petersen, S. E., & Posner, M. I. (2012). The attention system of the human brain: 20 years after. Annual review of neuroscience, 35, 73–89. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-neuro-062111-150525
    Phillips, L. H., & Della Sala, S. (1998). Aging, intelligence, and anatomical segregation in the frontal lobes. Learning and Individual Differences, 10(3), 217–243. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1041-6080(99)80131-9
    Ponsford, J., Nguyen, S., Downing, M., Bosch, M., McKenzie, J. E., Turner, S., Chau, M., Mortimer, D., Gruen, R. L., Knott, J., & Green, S. (2019). Factors associated with persistent post-concussion symptoms following mild traumatic brain injury in adults. Journal of rehabilitation medicine, 51(1), 32–39. https://doi.org/10.2340/16501977-2492
    Ponsford, J., Willmott, C., Rothwell, A., Cameron, P., Ayton, G., Nelms, R., Curran, C., & Ng, K. T. (1999). Cognitive and behavioral outcome following mild traumatic head injury in children. The Journal of head trauma rehabilitation, 14(4), 360–372. https://doi.org/10.1097/00001199-199908000-00005
    Posner, M. I., & Petersen, S. E. (1990). The attention system of the human brain. Annual review of neuroscience, 13, 25–42. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ne.13.030190.000325
    Prichep, L. S., McCrea, M., Barr, W., Powell, M., & Chabot, R. J. (2013). Time course of clinical and electrophysiological recovery after sport-related concussion. The Journal of head trauma rehabilitation, 28(4), 266–273.
    Purcell, L. K., Davis, G. A., & Gioia, G. A. (2019). What factors must be considered in 'return to school' following concussion and what strategies or accommodations should be followed? A systematic review. British journal of sports medicine, 53(4), 250. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2017-097853
    Purcell, L., Harvey, J., & Seabrook, J. A. (2016). Patterns of Recovery Following Sport-Related Concussion in Children and Adolescents. Clinical pediatrics, 55(5), 452–458. https://doi.org/10.1177/0009922815589915
    Quinn de Launay, K., Martino, A., Riggs, L., Reed, N., & Beal, D. S. (2021). Pediatric concussion working memory outcomes: a scoping review. Brain injury, 35(10), 1121–1133. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699052.2021.1972148
    Rabinowitz, A. R., & Levin, H. S. (2014). Cognitive sequelae of traumatic brain injury. The Psychiatric clinics of North America, 37(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psc.2013.11.004
    Rabinowitz, A. R., Li, X., McCauley, S. R., Wilde, E. A., Barnes, A., Hanten, G., Mendez, D., McCarthy, J. J., & Levin, H. S. (2015). Prevalence and Predictors of Poor Recovery from Mild Traumatic Brain Injury. Journal of neurotrauma, 32(19), 1488–1496. https://doi.org/10.1089/neu.2014.3555
    Reitan, R. M. (1979). Manual for administration of neuropsychological test batteries for adults and children. Tucson, Arizona: Reitan Neuropsychological Laboratory.
    Reitan, R., & Wolfson, D. (1993). The Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Test Battery: Theory and clinical interpretation. Tucson, AZ: Neuropsychology Press.
    Ransom, D. M., Burns, A. R., Youngstrom, E. A., Vaughan, C. G., Sady, M. D., & Gioia, G. A. (2016). Applying an Evidence-Based Assessment Model to Identify Students at Risk for Perceived Academic Problems following Concussion. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society : JINS, 22(10), 1038–1049. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1355617716000916
    Ransom, D. M., Vaughan, C. G., Pratson, L., Sady, M. D., McGill, C. A., & Gioia, G. A. (2015). Academic effects of concussion in children and adolescents. Pediatrics, 135 (6), 1043-1050. doi:10.1542/peds.2014-3434
    Reddy, C. C., Collins, M. W., & Gioia, G. A. (2008). Adolescent sports concussion. Physical medicine and rehabilitation clinics of North America, 19(2), 247–viii. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmr.2007.12.002
    Reeves,D., Thorne, R., Winter, S., Hegge, F. (1989). The United Tri-Service Cognitive Performance Assessment Battery (UTC-PAB) Report 89-1. San Diego: US Naval Aerospace Medical Research Laboratory and Walter Reed Army Institute of Research.
    2, B., Lewandowski, L., Potts, H., & Shea, N. (2019). Effects of Concussion in Adolescent Students: Perceptions and Performance. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society : JINS, 25(8), 777–786. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1355617719000468
    Robinson, E. M., Sivakanthan, S., Durfy, S., Rivara, F. P., Chrisman, S., & Mac Donald, C. L. (2022). A Comparative Analysis of Depressive Symptoms Following Sports-Related Concussion in Youth Athletes Versus Their Age-Matched Non-concussed Counterparts. Cureus, 14(8), e28549. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.28549
    Rogers, J. M., & Fox, A. M. (2012). Event-related potential practice effects on the Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test (PASAT). Advances in cognitive psychology, 8(4), 281–291. https://doi.org/10.2478/v10053-008-0123-z
    Roiger, T., Weidauer, L., & Kern, B. (2015). A longitudinal pilot study of depressive symptoms in concussed and injured/nonconcussed National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I student-athletes. Journal of athletic training, 50(3), 256–261.
    Romm, K. E., Ambegaonkar, J. P., Caswell, A. M., Parham, C., Cortes, N. E., Kerr, Z., Broshek, D. K., & Caswell, S. V. (2018). Schoolteachers' and Administrators' Perceptions of Concussion Management and Implementation of Return-to-Learn Guideline. The Journal of school health, 88(11), 813–820. https://doi.org/10.1111/josh.12687
    Roozenbeek, B., Maas, A. I., & Menon, D. K. (2013). Changing patterns in the epidemiology of traumatic brain injury. Nature reviews. Neurology, 9(4), 231–236. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrneurol.2013.22
    Rose, S. C., Weber, K. D., Collen, J. B., & Heyer, G. L. (2015). The Diagnosis and Management of Concussion in Children and Adolescents. Pediatric neurology, 53(2), 108–118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2015.04.003
    Rozbacher, A., Selci, E., Leiter, J., Ellis, M., & Russell, K. (2017). The Effect of Concussion or Mild Traumatic Brain Injury on School Grades, National Examination Scores, and School Attendance: A Systematic Review. Journal of neurotrauma, 34(14), 2195–2203. https://doi.org/10.1089/neu.2016.4765
    Russell, K., Hutchison, M. G., Selci, E., Leiter, J., Chateau, D., & Ellis, M. J. (2016). Academic Outcomes in High-School Students after a Concussion: A Retrospective Population-Based Analysis. PloS one, 11(10), e0165116. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0165116
    Russell, K., Selci, E., Black, B., Cochrane, K., & Ellis, M. (2019). Academic outcomes following adolescent sport-related concussion or fracture injury: A prospective cohort study. PloS one, 14(4), e0215900. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0215900
    Rutherford W. H. (1977). Sequelae of concussion caused by minor head injuries. Lancet (London, England), 1(8001), 1–4. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(77)91649-x
    Rutherford, W. H. (1989). Postconcussion symptoms: Relationship to acute neurological indices, individual differences, and circumstances of injury. Mild head injury (pp. 217–228). Oxford University Press.
    Ryan, L. M., & Warden, D. L. (2003). Post concussion syndrome. International review of psychiatry (Abingdon, England), 15(4), 310–316. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540260310001606692
    Sady, M. D., Vaughan, C. G., & Gioia, G. A. (2011). School and the concussed youth: recommendations for concussion education and management. Physical medicine and rehabilitation clinics of North America, 22(4), 701–ix. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmr.2011.08.008
    Saksvik, S. B., Karaliute, M., Kallestad, H., Follestad, T., Asarnow, R., Vik, A., Håberg, A. K., Skandsen, T., & Olsen, A. (2020). The Prevalence and Stability of Sleep-Wake Disturbance and Fatigue throughout the First Year after Mild Traumatic Brain Injury. Journal of neurotrauma, 37(23), 2528–2541. https://doi.org/10.1089/neu.2019.6898
    Salthouse, T. A., Atkinson, T. M., & Berish, D. E. (2003). Executive functioning as a potential mediator of age-related cognitive decline in normal adults. Journal of experimental psychology. General, 132(4), 566–594. https://doi.org/10.1037/0096-3445.132.4.566
    Schmidt, A. T., Li, X., Hanten, G. R., McCauley, S. R., Faber, J., & Levin, H. S. (2015). A Longitudinal Investigation of Sleep Quality in Adolescents and Young Adults After Mild Traumatic Brain Injury. Cognitive and behavioral neurology : official journal of the Society for Behavioral and Cognitive Neurology, 28(2), 53–62. https://doi.org/10.1097/WNN.0000000000000056
    Schneider, K. J., Meeuwisse, W. H., Nettel-Aguirre, A., Barlow, K., Boyd, L., Kang, J., & Emery, C. A. (2014). Cervicovestibular rehabilitation in sport-related concussion: a randomised controlled trial. British journal of sports medicine, 48(17), 1294–1298.
    Servadei, F., Teasdale, G., Merry, G., & Neurotraumatology Committee of the World Federation of Neurosurgical Societies (2001). Defining acute mild head injury in adults: a proposal based on prognostic factors, diagnosis, and management. Journal of neurotrauma, 18(7), 657–664. https://doi.org/10.1089/089771501750357609
    Shenton, M. E., Hamoda, H. M., Schneiderman, J. S., Bouix, S., Pasternak, O., Rathi, Y., Vu, M. A., Purohit, M. P., Helmer, K., Koerte, I., Lin, A. P., Westin, C. F., Kikinis, R., Kubicki, M., Stern, R. A., & Zafonte, R. (2012). A review of magnetic resonance imaging and diffusion tensor imaging findings in mild traumatic brain injury. Brain imaging and behavior, 6(2), 137–192. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11682-012-9156-5
    Shuttleworth-Rdwards, A. B., & Radloff, S. E. (2008). Compromised visuomotor processing speed in players of Rugby Union from school through to the national adult level. Archives of clinical neuropsychology : the official journal of the National Academy of Neuropsychologists, 23(5), 511–520. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acn.2008.05.002
    Silverberg, N. D., Duhaime, A. C., & Iaccarino, M. A. (2020). Mild Traumatic Brain Injury in 2019-2020. JAMA, 323(2), 177–178. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2019.18134
    Sim, A., Terryberry-Spohr, L., & Wilson, K. R. (2008). Prolonged recovery of memory functioning after mild traumatic brain injury in adolescent athletes. Journal of neurosurgery, 108(3), 511–516. https://doi.org/10.3171/JNS/2008/108/3/0511
    Smith, A. (1982). Symbol Digit Modalities Test manual. Los Angeles, CA: Western Psychological Services.
    Smith, B. W., Dalen, J., Wiggins, K., Tooley, E., Christopher, P., & Bernard, J. (2008). The brief resilience scale: assessing the ability to bounce back. International journal of behavioral medicine, 15(3), 194–200. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705500802222972
    Snedaker, K. P., Lundine, J. P., Ciccia, A. H., Haider, M. N., & O'Brien, K. H. (2022). Gaps in concussion management across school-aged children. Brain injury, 36(6), 714–721. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699052.2022.2034954
    Snedden, T., Post, E., Schmidt, C., & Brooks, A. (2020). Academic concerns, requested and received support among adolescents in the four weeks following a concussion injury: A pilot study. Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine, 8(4 suppl3), 2325967120S00279.
    Sohlberg, M. M., & Mateer, C. A. (1987). Effectiveness of an attention-training program. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 9(2), 117–130. https://doi.org/10.1080/01688638708405352
    Starkey, N. J., Jones, K., Case, R., Theadom, A., Barker-Collo, S., & Feigin, V. (2018). Post-concussive symptoms after a mild traumatic brain injury during childhood and adolescence. Brain injury, 32(5), 617–626. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699052.2018.1439533
    S Terheyden van, R Richie, C Vaughan, G Gioia, A-65 Early Academic Stress and Problems are Associated with Concussion Symptom Burden Across Recovery, Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, Volume 38, Issue 5, August 2023, Page 867
    Stenberg, J., Håberg, A. K., Follestad, T., Olsen, A., Iverson, G. L., Terry, D. P., Karlsen, R. H., Saksvik, S. B., Karaliute, M., Ek, J., Skandsen, T., & Vik, A. (2020). Cognitive Reserve Moderates Cognitive Outcome After Mild Traumatic Brain Injury. Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation, 101(1), 72–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmr.2019.08.477
    Stuss, D. T., & Alexander, M. P. (2000). Executive functions and the frontal lobes: a conceptual view. Psychological research, 63(3-4), 289–298. https://doi.org/10.1007/s004269900007
    Styrke, J., Stålnacke, B. M., Sojka, P., & Björnstig, U. (2007). Traumatic brain injuries in a well-defined population: epidemiological aspects and severity. Journal of neurotrauma, 24(9), 1425–1436. https://doi.org/10.1089/neu.2007.0266
    Sullivan, K. A., Edmed, S. L., Allan, A. C., Smith, S. S., & Karlsson, L. J. E. (2015). The role of psychological resilience and mTBI as predictors of postconcussional syndrome symptomatology. Rehabilitation Psychology, 60(2), 147–154. https://doi.org/10.1037/rep0000037
    Tang, A. R., Davis, P. J., Williams, K. L., Grusky, A. Z., Hajdu, K. S., Hou, B. Q., Yengo-Kahn, A. M., Zuckerman, S. L., & Terry, D. P. (2022). Use of acute cognitive symptom cluster to predict return-to-learn duration following a sport-related concussion. Journal of neurosurgery. Pediatrics, 1–8. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.3171/2022.6.PEDS22182
    Tapper, A., Gonzalez, D., Roy, E., & Niechwiej-Szwedo, E. (2017). Executive function deficits in team sport athletes with a history of concussion revealed by a visual-auditory dual task paradigm. Journal of sports sciences, 35(3), 231–240. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2016.1161214
    Taubman, B., Rosen, F., McHugh, J., Grady, M. F., & Elci, O. U. (2016). The Timing of Cognitive and Physical Rest and Recovery in Concussion. Journal of child neurology, 31(14), 1555–1560. https://doi.org/10.1177/0883073816664835
    Tayim, F. M., Flashman, L. A., Wright, M. J., Roth, R. M., & McAllister, T. W. (2016). Recovery of episodic memory subprocesses in mild and complicated mild traumatic brain injury at 1 and 12 months post injury. Journal of clinical and experimental neuropsychology, 38(9), 1005–1014. https://doi.org/10.1080/13803395.2016.1182968
    Taylor, C. A., Bell, J. M., Breiding, M. J., & Xu, L. (2017). Traumatic Brain Injury-Related Emergency Department Visits, Hospitalizations, and Deaths - United States, 2007 and 2013. Morbidity and mortality weekly report. Surveillance summaries (Washington, D.C. : 2002), 66(9), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.ss6609a1
    Taylor, H. G., Dietrich, A., Nuss, K., Wright, M., Rusin, J., Bangert, B., Minich, N., & Yeates, K. O. (2010). Post-concussive symptoms in children with mild traumatic brain injury. Neuropsychology, 24(2), 148–159. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0018112
    Teasdale, G., & Jennett, B. (1974). Assessment of coma and impaired consciousness. A practical scale. Lancet (London, England), 2(7872), 81–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(74)91639-0
    Tham, S. W., Fales, J., & Palermo, T. M. (2015). Subjective and objective assessment of sleep in adolescents with mild traumatic brain injury. Journal of neurotrauma, 32(11), 847–852. https://doi.org/10.1089/neu.2014.3559
    Tham, S. W., Aaron, R. V., & Palermo, T. M. (2019). The role of sleep deficiency in the trajectory of postconcussive symptoms in adolescents. Brain injury, 33(11), 1413–1419. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699052.2019.1643921
    Theadom, A., Starkey, N., Jones, K., Cropley, M., Parmar, P., Barker-Collo, S., & Feigin, V. L. (2016). Sleep difficulties and their impact on recovery following mild traumatic brain injury in children. Brain injury, 30(10), 1243–1248. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699052.2016.1183171
    Thomas, D. G., Collins, M. W., Saladino, R. A., Frank, V., Raab, J., & Zuckerbraun, N. S. (2011). Identifying neurocognitive deficits in adolescents following concussion. Academic emergency medicine : official journal of the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine, 18(3), 246–254. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1553-2712.2011.01015.x
    Thomas, D. G., Apps, J. N., Hoffmann, R. G., McCrea, M., & Hammeke, T. (2015). Benefits of strict rest after acute concussion: a randomized controlled trial. Pediatrics, 135 (2), 213-223. doi:10.1542/peds.2014-0966
    Tsushima, W. T., Jordan, A., Tsushima, V. G., & Murata, N. M. (2020). Effects of a Single Concussion During the School Year on the Academic Performance and Neuropsychological Functioning of High School Athletes. Hawai'i journal of health & social welfare, 79(7), 212–216.
    Umile, E. M., Sandel, M. E., Alavi, A., Terry, C. M., & Plotkin, R. C. (2002). Dynamic imaging in mild traumatic brain injury: support for the theory of medial temporal vulnerability. Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation, 83(11), 1506–1513. https://doi.org/10.1053/apmr.2002.35092
    Upchurch, C., Morgan, C. D., Umfress, A., Yang, G., & Riederer, M. F. (2015). Discharge instructions for youth sports-related concussions in the emergency department, 2004 to 2012. Clinical journal of sport medicine : official journal of the Canadian Academy of Sport Medicine, 25(3), 297–299. https://doi.org/10.1097/JSM.0000000000000123
    Urban, K., Schudlo, L., Keightley, M., Alain, S., Reed, N., & Chau, T. (2021). Altered Brain Activation in Youth following Concussion: Using a Dual-task Paradigm. Developmental neurorehabilitation, 24(3), 187–198. https://doi.org/10.1080/17518423.2020.1825539
    Vagnozzi, R., Signoretti, S., Cristofori, L., Alessandrini, F., Floris, R., Isgrò, E., Ria, A., Marziali, S., Zoccatelli, G., Tavazzi, B., Del Bolgia, F., Sorge, R., Broglio, S. P., McIntosh, T. K., & Lazzarino, G. (2010). Assessment of metabolic brain damage and recovery following mild traumatic brain injury: a multicentre, proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic study in concussed patients. Brain : a journal of neurology, 133(11), 3232–3242.
    Vagnozzi, R., Signoretti, S., Tavazzi, B., Floris, R., Ludovici, A., Marziali, S., Tarascio, G., Amorini, A. M., Di Pietro, V., Delfini, R., & Lazzarino, G. (2008). Temporal window of metabolic brain vulnerability to concussion: a pilot 1H-magnetic resonance spectroscopic study in concussed athletes--part III. Neurosurgery, 62(6), 1286–1296. https://doi.org/10.1227/01.neu.0000333300.34189.74
    van der Vlegel, M., Polinder, S., Toet, H., Panneman, M. J. M., & Haagsma, J. A. (2021). Prevalence of Post-Concussion-Like Symptoms in the General Injury Population and the Association with Health-Related Quality of Life, Health Care Use, and Return to Work. Journal of clinical medicine, 10(4), 806.
    van Heugten, C., Renaud, I., & Resch, C. (2017). The role of early intervention in improving the level of activities and participation in youths after mild traumatic brain injury: a scoping review. Concussion (London, England), 2(3), CNC38. https://doi.org/10.2217/cnc-2016-0030
    VanNostrand, M., Rieger, B., Baracks, J., & Neville, C. (2019). Development and initial validation of a digital divided-attention neurocognitive test for use in concussion assessment. Brain injury, 33(7), 941–951. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699052.2019.1619094
    Van Zomeren AH, Brouwer WH, Deelman BG. Attentional deficits: the riddles of selectivity, speed and alertness. In: Closed head injury: Psychological, Social And Family Consequences. Brooks N (Ed.). Oxford Medical Publications, Oxford, UK, 74–107 (1984).
    Varni, J. W., & Limbers, C. A. (2008). The PedsQL Multidimensional Fatigue Scale in young adults: feasibility, reliability and validity in a University student population. Quality of life research : an international journal of quality of life aspects of treatment, care and rehabilitation, 17(1), 105–114.
    Varriano, B., Tomlinson, G., Tarazi, A., Wennberg, R., Tator, C., & Tartaglia, M. C. (2018). Age, Gender and Mechanism of Injury Interactions in Post-Concussion Syndrome. The Canadian journal of neurological sciences. Le journal canadien des sciences neurologiques, 45(6), 636–642.
    Voller, B., Benke, T., Benedetto, K., Schnider, P., Auff, E., & Aichner, F. (1999). Neuropsychological, MRI and EEG findings after very mild traumatic brain injury. Brain injury, 13(10), 821–827. https://doi.org/10.1080/026990599121214
    Veeramuthu, V., Narayanan, V., Kuo, T. L., Delano-Wood, L., Chinna, K., Bondi, M. W., Waran, V., Ganesan, D., & Ramli, N. (2015). Diffusion Tensor Imaging Parameters in Mild Traumatic Brain Injury and Its Correlation with Early Neuropsychological Impairment: A Longitudinal Study. Journal of neurotrauma, 32(19), 1497–1509. https://doi.org/10.1089/neu.2014.3750
    Wallesch, C. W., Curio, N., Kutz, S., Jost, S., Bartels, C., & Synowitz, H. (2001). Outcome after mild-to-moderate blunt head injury: effects of focal lesions and diffuse axonal injury. Brain injury, 15(5), 401–412. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699050010005959
    Wammes, J. D., Good, T. J., & Fernandes, M. A. (2017). Autobiographical and episodic memory deficits in mild traumatic brain injury. Brain and cognition, 111, 112–126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bandc.2016.11.004
    Wan, A. N., & Nasr, A. S. (2021). Return to learn: An ethnographic study of adolescent young adults returning to school post-concussion. Journal of clinical nursing, 30(5-6), 793–802. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.15617
    Wasserman, E. B., Bazarian, J. J., Mapstone, M., Block, R., & van Wijngaarden, E. (2016). Academic Dysfunction After a Concussion Among US High School and College Students. American journal of public health, 106(7), 1247–1253. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303154
    Wechsler, D. (2003). Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children- Fourth Edition: American manual. San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation.
    Wechsler, D. (2008). Wechsler adult intelligence scale (4th ed.). San Antonio, TX. Pearson Clinical.
    Williams, D. H., Levin, H. S., & Eisenberg, H. M. (1990). Mild head injury classification. Neurosurgery, 27(3), 422–428. https://doi.org/10.1097/00006123-199009000-00014
    Williams, W. H., Potter, S., & Ryland, H. (2010). Mild traumatic brain injury and Postconcussion Syndrome: a neuropsychological perspective. Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry, 81(10), 1116–1122. https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.2008.171298
    Williams, R. M., Puetz, T. W., Giza, C. C., & Broglio, S. P. (2015). Concussion recovery time among high school and collegiate athletes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.), 45(6), 893–903. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-015-0325-8
    World Health Organization. (1993). The ICD-10 classification of mental and behavioural disorders: diagnostic criteria for research (Vol 2). World Health Organization.
    Wright, M. J., Woo, E., Schmitter-Edgecombe, M., Hinkin, C. H., Miller, E. N., & Gooding, A. L. (2009). The Item-Specific Deficit Approach to evaluating verbal memory dysfunction: rationale, psychometrics, and application. Journal of clinical and experimental neuropsychology, 31(7), 790–802. https://doi.org/10.1080/13803390802508918
    Yamamoto, S., Levin, H. S., & Prough, D. S. (2018). Mild, moderate and severe: terminology implications for clinical and experimental traumatic brain injury. Current opinion in neurology, 31(6), 672–680. https://doi.org/10.1097/WCO.0000000000000624
    Yang, J., Peek-Asa, C., Covassin, T., & Torner, J. C. (2015). Post-concussion symptoms of depression and anxiety in division I collegiate athletes. Developmental neuropsychology, 40(1), 18–23. https://doi.org/10.1080/87565641.2014.973499
    Yang, C. C., Tu, Y. K., Hua, M. S., & Huang, S. J. (2007). The association between the postconcussion symptoms and clinical outcomes for patients with mild traumatic brain injury. The Journal of trauma, 62(3), 657–663. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.ta.0000203577.68764.b8
    Yang, J., Yeates, K., Sullivan, L., Singichetti, B., Newton, A., Xun, P., Taylor, H. G., MacDonald, J., Pommering, T., Tiso, M., Cohen, D., Huang, Y., Patterson, J., & Lu, Z. L. (2019). Rest Evaluation for Active Concussion Treatment (ReAct) Protocol: a prospective cohort study of levels of physical and cognitive rest after youth sports-related concussion. BMJ open, 9(4), e028386. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-028386
    Yeates, K. O., Taylor, H. G., Rusin, J., Bangert, B., Dietrich, A., Nuss, K., Wright, M., Nagin, D. S., & Jones, B. L. (2009). Longitudinal trajectories of postconcussive symptoms in children with mild traumatic brain injuries and their relationship to acute clinical status. Pediatrics, 123(3), 735–743. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2008-10
    Zhou, Y., & Greenwald, B. D. (2018). Update on Insomnia after Mild Traumatic Brain Injury. Brain sciences, 8(12), 223.
    Ziino, C., & Ponsford, J. (2006). Selective attention deficits and subjective fatigue following traumatic brain injury. Neuropsychology, 20(3), 383–390. https://doi.org/10.1037/0894-4105.20.3.383
    Zuckerman, S. L., Lee, Y. M., Odom, M. J., Solomon, G. S., Forbes, J. A., & Sills, A. K. (2012). Recovery from sports-related concussion: Days to return to neurocognitive baseline in adolescents versus young adults. Surgical neurology international, 3, 130. https://doi.org/10.4103/2152-7806.102945
    Description: 碩士
    國立政治大學
    心理學系
    110752009
    Source URI: http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0110752009
    Data Type: thesis
    Appears in Collections:[Department of Psychology] Theses

    Files in This Item:

    File SizeFormat
    200901.pdf5515KbAdobe PDF0View/Open


    All items in 政大典藏 are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved.


    社群 sharing

    著作權政策宣告 Copyright Announcement
    1.本網站之數位內容為國立政治大學所收錄之機構典藏,無償提供學術研究與公眾教育等公益性使用,惟仍請適度,合理使用本網站之內容,以尊重著作權人之權益。商業上之利用,則請先取得著作權人之授權。
    The digital content of this website is part of National Chengchi University Institutional Repository. It provides free access to academic research and public education for non-commercial use. Please utilize it in a proper and reasonable manner and respect the rights of copyright owners. For commercial use, please obtain authorization from the copyright owner in advance.

    2.本網站之製作,已盡力防止侵害著作權人之權益,如仍發現本網站之數位內容有侵害著作權人權益情事者,請權利人通知本網站維護人員(nccur@nccu.edu.tw),維護人員將立即採取移除該數位著作等補救措施。
    NCCU Institutional Repository is made to protect the interests of copyright owners. If you believe that any material on the website infringes copyright, please contact our staff(nccur@nccu.edu.tw). We will remove the work from the repository and investigate your claim.
    DSpace Software Copyright © 2002-2004  MIT &  Hewlett-Packard  /   Enhanced by   NTU Library IR team Copyright ©   - Feedback