Loading...
|
Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item:
https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/151972
|
| Title: | 未婚者之防禦型悲觀對親密關係滿意度的影響：以婚姻態度作為調節變項
The influence of defensive pessimism on romantic relationship satisfaction among never-married individuals: Using marital attitudes as a moderating variable |
| Authors: | 謝采玲
Hsieh, Tsai-Ling |
| Contributors: | 陳婉真
謝采玲
Hsieh, Tsai-Ling |
| Keywords: | 未婚者
防禦型悲觀
婚姻態度
親密關係滿意度
defensive pessimism
marital attitudes
never-married individuals
relationship satisfaction |
| Date: | 2024 |
| Issue Date: | 2024-07-01 12:14:00 (UTC+8) |
| Abstract: | 本研究旨在探討未婚者之防禦型悲觀對親密關係滿意度的影響，並觀察婚姻態度是否在兩者間具有調節效果。研究者採問卷調查法，蒐集台灣地區年齡介於20-35歲、曾經或目前正在一段親密關係的未婚者，共取得368筆有效樣本。透過研究工具含「防禦型悲觀量表」、「關係評估量表」、「婚姻態度量表」，以SPSS進行描述性統計、獨立樣本t檢定、單因子變異數分析、皮爾森積差相關、多元迴歸和階層迴歸分析進行研究樣本的統計檢驗。主要研究結果如下：
一、防禦型悲觀程度、親密關係滿意度與婚姻態度之現況
(一) 未婚者具有偏高的整體防禦型悲觀程度，且在防禦型悲觀的兩個向度中，「負向反思」向度得分高於「悲觀期望」。
(二) 未婚者具有偏滿意的親密關係滿意度。
(三) 未婚者具有偏正向的整體婚姻態度，且在婚姻態度的三個向度中，「行為傾向」得分最高，次之為「情感傾向」和「認知傾向」。
二、防禦型悲觀程度、親密關係滿意度與婚姻態度之相關情形
(一) 未婚者之整體防禦型悲觀程度與親密關係滿意度呈現顯著負相關。
(二) 未婚者之整體婚姻態度與親密關係滿意度呈現顯著正相關。
(三) 未婚者之整體防禦型悲觀程度與整體婚姻態度呈現顯著負相關。
三、婚姻態度在防禦型悲觀程度與親密關係滿意度之調節效果
當個體具有越正向的婚姻態度之認知傾向，越能削弱防禦型悲觀程度之悲觀期望對親密關係滿意度的負向效果。
四、不同背景變項在防禦型悲觀程度、親密關係滿意度與婚姻態度之差異情形
(一) 不同生理性別在整體婚姻態度、婚姻態度之認知、行為兩向度，有顯著差異。
(二) 不同感情狀態在整體防禦型悲觀及其中的「悲觀期望」向度、親密關係滿意度、婚姻態度中的認知、行為兩向度，有顯著差異。
(三) 不同性傾向之未婚者在整體婚姻態度和其中的「認知傾向」向度有顯著差異。
This study aimed to investigate the effect of defensive pessimism on relationship satisfaction among never-married individuals and examine whether marital attitudes moderated these two variables. The researcher adopted the questionnaire survey approach in this survey, and collect 368 valid samples from 20-35 year-old never-married individuals, who were currently or had previously been in an romantic relationship. The research instruments included the Revised Defensive Pessimism Questionnaire, the Relationship Assessment Scale, and the Marital Attitudes Scale. Statistical analyses, including descriptive statistics, independent sample t-tests, one-way ANOVA, Pearson product-moment correlation, multiple regression and hierarchical regression analyses, were conducted with SPSS. The main findings are as follows:
I. Status of defensive pessimism, relationship satisfaction, and marital attitudes:
(i) Never-married individuals reported relatively high levels of overall defensive pessimism, with higher score on the negative reflectivity dimension than the pessimistic expectations dimension.
(ii) Never-married individuals reported relatively high relationship satisfaction.
(iii) Never-married individuals relatively positive overall marital attitudes, with the highest scores on the behavioral dimension, followed by the affective dimension and cognitive dimension.
II. Correlations among defensive pessimism, relationship satisfaction, and marital attitudes:
(i) Overall defensive pessimism was significantly negatively correlated with relationship satisfaction among never-married individuals.
(ii) Overall marital attitudes were significantly positively correlated with relationship satisfaction among never-married individuals.
(iii) Overall defensive pessimism was significantly negatively correlated with overall marital attitudes among never-married individuals.
III. Moderating effect of marital attitudes between defensive pessimism and relationship satisfaction:
Individuals with more positive cognitive dimension of marital attitudes would weakened the negative impact of pessimistic expectations from defensive pessimism on relationship satisfaction.
IV. The impact of different background variables on defensive pessimism, relationship satisfaction and marital attitudes:
(i) Significant differences were found in overall marital attitudes, and its cognitive and behavioral dimensions based on biological sex.
(ii) Significant differences were found in overall defensive pessimism and its pessimistic expectation dimension, relationship satisfaction, cognitive and behavioral dimensions from marital attitudes based on relationship status.
(iii) Significant differences were found in overall marital attitudes and its cognitive dimension based on sexual orientation. |
| Reference: | 一、中文部分
丁鈺珊、戴嘉南、吳明隆（2014）。大學生家庭價值觀、人際關係依附風格與婚姻態度之相關研究－以高雄市為例。家庭教育與諮商學刊，17，1-31。
內政部戶政司（2023）。初婚者之年齡平均數。取自https://www.gender.ey.gov.tw/gecdb/Stat_Statistics_DetailData.aspx?sn=aeFG0R2tHwmrDtITC%24JSaA%40%40
宋鶴玲（2022）。經濟與愛情吸引力對情感投入與結婚意願的影響：婚姻不安全感的調節效果。﹝未出版之碩士論文﹞。銘傳大學。
李介至（2007）。自我保護策略之認知歸因取向及其與內外化行為之關係：高／低因果不確定組別之等同比較。中華輔導學報，22，33-70。http://dx.doi.org/10.7082/CARGC.200709.0033
李介至、陳泉源、梁滄郎（2010）。防禦悲觀者的動機分析及在成就評價後之情緒適應：以潛在成長模式分析為例。教育心理學報，41(4)，733-750。https://doi.org/10.6251/BEP.20090302
李介至、黃孟儒、梁滄郎（2009）。防禦悲觀者、樂觀者及悲觀者在焦慮及反思策略之差異：高／低任務難度及工具性之調節效果。中華輔導與諮商學報，26，239-270。https://doi.org/10.7082/CJGC.200909.0239
李閏華（1993）。父母婚姻關係對子女婚姻態度影響之研究：以臺中市未婚在學學生為對象。﹝未出版之碩士論文﹞。東海大學。
卓紋君（2004）。臺灣人愛情風格之分析研究。中華輔導學報，16，71-117。https://doi.org/10.7082/CARGC.200409.0071
林素秋（2017）。成年早期的家庭價值觀與婚姻態度對結婚之影響。〔未出版之碩士論文〕。國立臺灣師範大學。
林清文（2005）。自我價值保護策略。教育研究月刊，133，137-138。
林喬瑩（2006）。高中職學生異性相處、知覺父母婚姻關係與其婚姻態度之研究。﹝未出版之碩士論文﹞。國立嘉義大學。
林儒君（2005）。大學生異性交往之親子溝通與婚姻態度之相關研究。餐旅暨家政學刊，2(3)，451-472。
金家瑜（2016）。大學生的防禦性悲觀、完美主義與學業拖延之相關研究。﹝未出版之碩士論文﹞。中國文化大學。
徐光國（2003）。婚姻與家庭。揚智出版。
翁育翎（2016）。高雄市未婚成人愛情風格與婚姻態度之關係研究。〔未出版之博士論文〕。國立高雄師範大學。
張妤玥、陸洛（2007）。愛情關係中對方衝突管理方式與自身關係滿意度之關連。中華心理衛生學刊，20(2)，155-178。https://doi.org/10.30074/FJMH.200706_20(2).0003
張瑞真（2001） 。國小未婚教師性別角色、成就動機與婚姻態度之研究。〔未出版之碩士論文〕。國立嘉義大學。
陳乃綺（2012）。臺北地區未婚男女愛情風格與婚姻態度〔未出版之碩士論文。〕國立臺東大學。。
陳成宏（2017）。哀兵必勝：學校行政人員使用防禦性悲觀策略之探討。學校行政，111，83-106。https://doi.org/10.3966/160683002017090111005
陳盈帆（2022）。防禦性悲觀與實習壓力知覺對專業成長表現之影響—從諮商全職實習經驗探討。﹝未出版之碩士論文﹞。淡江大學。
陳湘柔（2015）。成人愛情態度與愛情關係滿意度之相關研究。﹝未出版之碩士論文﹞。國立臺中教育大學。
彭志文（2019）。高雄地區大學生愛情觀與婚姻態度之研究。〔未出版之碩士論文〕。國立屏東大學。
楊靜利（2004）。同居的生育意涵與台灣同居人口估計。台灣社會學刊，32，189-213。
蔡延翊（2020）。防衛性悲觀與心理適應之關聯：正負向情緒比值的調節效果。﹝未出版之碩士論文﹞。中原大學。
衛生福利部國民健康署（2018）。105年家庭與生育調查報告。取自https://www.hpa.gov.tw/Pages/Detail.aspx?nodeid=370&pid=1289
顏欣怡、卓紋君（2013）。大學生情侶之愛情風格、溝通姿態、關係滿意度及關係承諾度之探討－對偶分析研究。中華心理衛生學刊，26(3)，443-485。https://doi.org/10.30074/FJMH.201309_26(3).0005
二、外文部分
Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50(2), 179-211.
Amato, P. R., & Booth, A. (1995). Changes in gender role attitudes and perceived marital quality. American Sociological Review, 60(1), 58-66.
https://doi.org/10.2307/2096345
An, D., Lee, S. L., & Woo, H. (2022). Marriage intention among Korean young Adults: Trends and influencing factors. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(14), 8557. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19148557
Arriaga, X. B., & Agnew, C. R. (2001). Being committed: Affective, cognitive, and conative components of relationship commitment. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 27(9), 1190-1203. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167201279011
Bailey, A. (2005). Strategic optimism versus defensive pessimism: Religion as a factor. Retrieved from http://ablongman.com/media/objects
Bandura, A. (1977). Social learning theory. Prentice-Hall.
Barber, J. S., & Axinn, W. G. (1998). Gender role attitudes and marriage among young women. The Sociological Quarterly, 39(1), 11-32.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1533-8525.1998.tb02347.x
Balsam, K. F., Beauchaine, T. P., Rothblum, E. D., & Solomon, S. E. (2008). Three-year follow-up of same-sex couples who had civil unions in Vermont, same-sex couples not in civil unions, and heterosexual married couples. Developmental Psychology, 44(1), 102-116. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.44.1.102
Baumeister, R. F., Bratslavsky, E., Finkenauer, C., & Vohs, K. D. (2001). Bad is stronger than good. Review of General Psychology, 5(4), 323-370. https://doi.org/10.1037/1089-2680.5.4.323
Berscheid E. (1983). Emotion. In Kelley H. H., Berscheid E., Christensen A., Harvey J. H., Huston T. L., Levinger G., McClintock E., Peplau L. A., & Peterson D. R. (Eds.), Close relationships (pp. 110-168). Freeman.
Berscheid, E. (1994). Interpersonal relationships. Annual review of Psychology, 45(1), 79-129. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ps.45.020194.000455
Bradbury, T. N., & Fincham, F. D. (1990). Attributions in marriage: Review and critique. Psychological Bulletin, 107(1), 3-33.
https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.107.1.3
Bradbury, T. N., Fincham, F. D. & Beach, S. R. H. (2000). Research on the nature and determinants of marital satisfaction: A decade in review. Journal of Marriage and Family, 62(4), 964-980. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2000.00964.x
Buss, D. M. (2016). The evolution of desire: Strategies of human mating. Hachette UK.
Campbell, J. D., Trapnell, P. D., Heine, S. J., Katz, I. M., Lavallee, L. F., & Lehman, D. R. (1996). Self-concept clarity: Measurement, personality correlates, and cultural boundaries. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70(1), 141-156. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.70.1.141
Cantor, N., & Harlow, R. E. (1994). Personality, strategic behavior, and daily-life problem solving. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 3(6), 169-172. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8721.ep10770688
Cantor, N., & Norem, J. K. (1989). Defensive pessimism and stress and coping. Social Cognition, 7(2), 92-112. https://doi.org/10.1521/soco.1989.7.2.92
Carroll, J. S., Badger, S., Willoughby, B. J., Nelson, L. J., Madsen, S. D., & Barry, M. C. (2009). Ready or not: Criteria for marriage readiness among emerging adults. Journal of Adolescent Research, 24(3), 349-375. https://doi.org/10.1177/0743558409334253
Carver, C. S., & Scheier, M. F. (2001). Optimism, pessimism, and self-regulation. In E. C. Chang (Ed.), Optimism & pessimism: Implications for theory, research, and practice (pp. 31-51). American Psychological Association.
https://doi.org/10.1037/10385-002
Carver, C. S., & Scheier, M. F. (2014). Dispositional optimism. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 18(6), 293-299. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2014.02.003
Caughlin, J. P., Huston, T. L., & Houts, R. M. (2000). How does personality matter in marriage? An examination of trait anxiety, interpersonal negativity, and marital satisfaction. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78(2), 326-336. https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.78.2.326
Chen, W. L., & Kao, K. N. (2018). Pessimism, reflective planning, self-handicapping, health behaviors and depressed mood in Taiwanese young adults. Psychology, 9, 2752-2767. https://doi.org/10.4236/psych.2018.913158
Claxton, A., O’Rourke, N., Smith, J. Z., & DeLongis, A. (2012). Personality traits and marital satisfaction within enduring relationships: An intra-couple discrepancy approach. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 29(3), 375-396.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407511431183
Collins, N. L., & Read, S. J. (1990). Adult attachment, working models, and relationship quality in dating couples. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58(4), 644-663. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.58.4.644
Comrey, A. L., & Lee, H. B. (1992). A first course in factor analysis (2nd ed.). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
Covington, M. V. (1992). Making the grade: A self-worth perspective on motivation and school reform. Cambridge University Press.
https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139173582
Crano, W. D., & Prislin, R. (2006). Attitudes and persuasion. Annual Review of Psychology, 57, 345-374.
https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.57.102904.190034
Crowne, D. P., & Marlowe, D. (1960). A new scale of social desirability independent of psychopathology. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 24(4), 349-354.
https://doi.org/10.1037/h0047358
Cui, M., Fincham, F. D., & Pasley, B. K. (2008). Young adult romantic relationships: The role of parents' marital problems and relationship efficacy. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 34(9), 1226-1235. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167208319693
Cunningham, M., & Thornton, A. (2006). The influence of parents' marital quality on adult children's attitudes toward marriage and its alternatives: Main and moderating effects. Demography, 43(4), 659-672. https://doi.org/10.1353/dem.2006.0031
Dawson, J. F. (2014). Moderation in management research: What, why, when, and how. Journal of Business and Psychology, 29(1), 1-19.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10869-013-9308-7
Dicke, A. K. (1998). Optimism and its effect on romantic relationships. [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. Texas Tech University.
Diener, E., & Seligman, M. E. P. (2002). Very happy people. Psychological Science, 13(1), 81-84. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9280.00415
Diener, E., Gohm, C. L., Suh, E., & Oishi, S. (2000). Similarity of the relations between marital status and subjective well-being across cultures. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 31(4), 419-436.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022100031004001
Donnellan, M. B., Conger, R. D., & Bryant, C. M. (2004). The Big Five and enduring marriages. Journal of Research in Personality, 38(5), 481-504.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2004.01.001
Downey, G., Freitas, A. L., Michaelis, B., & Khouri, H. (1998). The self-fulfilling prophecy in close relationships: Rejection sensitivity and rejection by romantic partners. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75(2), 545-560. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.75.2.545
Dush, C. M. K., & Amato, P. R. (2005). Consequences of relationship status and quality for subjective well-being. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 22(5), 607-627. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0265407505056438
Engel, G., Olson, K. R., & Patrick, C. L. (2002). The personality of love: Fundamental motives and traits related to components of love. Personality and Individual Differences, 32, 839-853. http://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(01)00090-3
Fincham, F. D., & Beach, S. R. (2006). Relationship satisfaction. In Vangelisti, A. L. & Perlman, D. (Eds.), The Cambridge handbook of personal relationships (pp. 579-594). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.2277/0521826179
Fincham, F. D., Harold, G. T., & Gano-Phillips, S. (2000). The longitudinal association between attributions and marital satisfaction: Direction of effects and role of efficacy expectations. Journal of Family Psychology, 14(2), 267-285.
https://doi.org/10.1037/0893-3200.14.2.267
Fingerhut, A. W., & Maisel, N. C. (2010). Relationship formalization and individual and relationship well-being among same-sex couples. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 27(7), 956-969.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407510376253
Flora, J., & Segrin, C. (2000). Relationship development in dating couples: Implications for relational satisfaction and loneliness. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 17, 811-825. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407500176006
García T., & Pintrich P. R. (1994). Regulating motivation and cognition in the classroom: The role of self-schemas and self-regulatory strategies. In D. H. Schunk & B. J. Zimmerman (Eds.), Self-regulation of learning and performance: Issues and educational applications (pp. 127-154). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Gates, G. J. (2015). Marriage and family: LGBT individuals and same-sex couples. The Future of Children, 25(2), 67-87. http://www.jstor.org/stable/43581973
Glenn, N. D. (1990). Quantitative research on marital quality in the 1980s: A critical review. Journal of Marriage and Family, 52(4), 818-831. https://doi.org/10.2307/353304
Helweg-Larsen, M., Sadeghian, P., & Webb, M. S. (2002). The stigma of being pessimistically biased. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 21(1), 92-107. https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.21.1.92.22405
Hendrick, S. S. (1988). Generic measure of relationship satisfaction. Journal of Marriage and Family, 50(1), 93-98. https://doi.org/10.2307/352430
Hendrick, S. S., Dicke, A., & Hendrick, C. (1998). The relationship assessment scale. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 15(1), 137-142. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407598151009
Hiekel, N., & Keizer, R. (2015). Risk-avoidance or utmost commitment? Dutch focus group research on cohabitation and marriage. Demographic Research, 32(10), 311-340. https://doi.org/10.4054/DemRes.2015.32.10
Impett, E. A., Beals, K. P., & Peplau, L. A. (2001). Testing the investment model of relationship commitment and stability in a longitudinal study of married couples. Current Psychology, 20(4), 316-326. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-001-1014-3
Kamp Dush, C. M., & Amato, P. R. (2005). Consequences of relationship status and quality for subjective well-being. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 22(5), 607-627. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407505056438
Karney, B. R., & Bradbury, T. N. (1995). The longitudinal course of marital quality and stability: A review of theory, methods, and research. Psychological Bulletin, 118(1), 3-34. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.118.1.3
Karney, B. R., & Bradbury, T. N. (1997). Neuroticism, marital interaction, and the trajectory of marital satisfaction. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72(5), 1075-1092. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.72.5.1075
Kiecolt-Glaser, J. K., & Newton, T. L. (2001). Marriage and health: His and hers. Psychological Bulletin, 127(4), 472-503.
https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.127.4.472
Klapper, J. (1960). Effects of mass communication. Free Press.
Kline, G. H., Stanley, S. M., Markman, H. J., Olmos-Gallo, P. A., St. Peters, M., Whitton, S. W., & Prado, L. M. (2004). Timing is everything: Pre-engagement cohabitation and increased risk for poor marital outcomes. Journal of Family Psychology, 18(2), 311-318. https://doi.org/10.1037/0893-3200.18.2.311
Knee, C. R. (1998). Implicit theories of relationships: Assessment and prediction of romantic relationship initiation, coping, and longevity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74(2), 360-370.
https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.74.2.360
Kozloski, M. (2010). Homosexual moral acceptance and social tolerance: Are the effects of education changing? Journal of Homosexuality, 57(10), 1370-1383. https://doi.org/10.1080/00918369.2010.517083
Kurdek, L. A. (2002). Predicting the timing of separation and marital satisfaction: An eight-year prospective longitudinal study. Journal of Marriage and Family, 64(1), 163-179. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2002.00163.x
Lei, Y., & Duan, C. (2016). Relationships among Chinese college students’ defensive pessimism, cultural values, and psychological health. Counselling Psychology Quarterly, 29(4), 335-355. https://doi.org/10.1080/09515070.2015.1099516
Lye, D. N., & Biblarz, T. J. (1993). The effects of attitudes toward family life and gender roles on marital satisfaction. Journal of Family Issues, 14(2), 157-188. https://doi.org/10.1177/019251393014002002
Martin, A. J., Marsh, H. W., Williamson, A., & Debus, R. L. (2003). Self-handicapping, defensive pessimism, and goal orientation: A qualitative study of university students. Journal of Educational Psychology, 95(3), 617-628.
https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0663.95.3.617
Mehlman, R. C., & Snyder, C. R. (1985). Excuse theory: A test of the self-protective role of attributions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 49(4), 994-1001. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.49.4.994
Meichenbaum, D. (1977). Cognitive behavior modification: An integrated approach. Plenum.
Meyer, I. H. (2003). Prejudice, social stress, and mental health in lesbian, gay, and bisexual populations: Conceptual issues and research evidence. Psychological Bulletin, 129(5), 674-697. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.129.5.674
Murray, S. L., Pinkus, R. T., Holmes, J. G., Harris, B., Gomillion, S., Aloni, M., Derrick, J. L., & Leder, S. (2011). Signaling when (and when not) to be cautious and self-protective: Impulsive and reflective trust in close relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 101(3), 485-502.
https://doi.org/10.1037/a0023233
Neff, L. A., & Geers, A. L. (2013). Optimistic expectations in early marriage: A resource or vulnerability for adaptive relationship functioning? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 105(1), 38-60.
https://doi.org/10.1037/a0032600
Ngo-Thi, T., Huynh, V. S., Dang-Thi, N., Nguyen-Duong, B., Vu-Nguyen, T., Nantachai, G., Nguyen, T. N., & Tran-Chi, V. (2022). Mediation effects of premarital sexual permissiveness on the relationship between expectations for marriage and marital intention of Vietnamese undergraduate students. Psychology Research and Behavior Management, 15, 3513-3530. https://doi.org/10.2147/PRBM.S387789
Nolen-Hoeksema, S., Wisco, B. E., & Lyubomirsky, S. (2008). Rethinking rumination. Perspectives on Psychological Science : A Journal of the Association for Psychological Science, 3(5), 400-424.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6924.2008.00088.x
Norem, J. K. (1996, August). Cognitive strategies and the rest of personality. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Psychological Association, Toronto, Canada.
Norem, J. K. (2001). The positive power of negative thinking: Using defensive pessimism to manage anxiety and perform at your peak. Basic Books.
Norem, J.K. (2001). Defensive pessimism, optimism, and pessimism. In E.C. Chang (Ed.), Optimism and pessimism: Implications for theory, research, and practice (pp. 77-100). American Psychological Association.
Norem, J. K. & Cantor, N. (1986). Defensive pessimism: Harnessing anxiety as motivation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(6), 1208-1217. https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.51.6.1208
Norem, J. K. & Chang, E. C. (2002). The positive psychology of negative thinking. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 58(9), 993-1001. http://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.10094
Norem, J. K., & Illingworth, K. S. S. (1993). Strategy-dependent effects of reflecting on self and tasks: Some implications of optimism and defensive pessimism. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65(4), 822-835.
https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.65.4.822
Norem, J. K., & Illingworth, K. S. S. (2004). Mood and performance among defensive pessimists and strategic optimists. Journal of Research in Personality, 38(4), 351-366. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2003.07.002
Norem, J. K., & Smith, S. (2006). Defensive pessimism: Positive past, anxious present, and pessimistic future. In L. J. Sanna & E. C. Chang (Eds.), Judgments over time: The interplay of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors (pp. 34-46). Oxford University Press.
https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195177664.003.0003
Peters, A., Rowat, W. C., & Johnson, M. K. (2011). Associations between dispositional humility and social relationship quality. Psychology, 2(3), 155-161. https://doi.org/10.4236/psych.2011.23025
Proulx, C. M., Helms, H. M., & Buehler, C. (2007). Marital quality and personal well-being: A meta-analysis. Journal of Marriage and Family, 69(3), 576-593.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2007.00393.x
Regan, P. C., Levin, L., Sprecher, S., Christopher, F. S., & Gate, R. (2000). Partner preferences: What characteristics do men and women desire in their short-term sexual and long-term romantic partners? Journal of Psychology and Human Sexuality, 12(3), 1-21. https://doi.org/10.1300/J056v12n03_01
Reynolds, W. M. (1982). Development of reliable and valid short forms of the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 38(1), 119-125. https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-4679(198201)38:1<119::AID-JCLP2270380118>3.0.CO;2-I
Rhoades, G. K., Kamp Dush, C. M., Atkins, D. C., Stanley, S. M., & Markman, H. J. (2011). Breaking up is hard to do: The impact of unmarried relationship dissolution on mental health and life satisfaction. Journal of Family Psychology, 25(3), 366-374. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0023627
Riveiro. (2014). Optimistic and defensive-pessimist students: Differences in their academic motivation and learning strategies. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 17, E26. https://doi.org/10.1017/sjp.2014.27
Roberts, B. W., Walton, K. E., & Viechtbauer, W. (2006). Patterns of mean-level change in personality traits across the life course: A meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. Psychological Bulletin, 132(1), 1-25.
https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.132.1.1
Roelofs, J., Huibers, M., Peeters, F., Arntz, A., & van Os, J. (2008). Rumination and worrying as possible mediators in the relation between neuroticism and symptoms of depression and anxiety in clinically depressed individuals. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 46(12), 1283-1289. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2008.10.002
Roisman, G. I., Clausell, E., Holland, A., Fortuna, K., & Elieff, C. (2008). Adult romantic relationships as contexts of human development: A multimethod comparison of same-sex couples with opposite-sex dating, engaged, and married dyads. Developmental Psychology, 44(1), 91-101.
https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.44.1.91
Rusbult, C. E. (1983). A longitudinal test of the investment model: The development (and deterioration) of satisfaction and commitment in heterosexual involvements. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 45(1), 101-117.
https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.45.1.101
Rusbult, C. E., & Buunk, B. P. (1993). Commitment processes in close relationships: An interdependence analysis. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 10(2), 175-204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026540759301000202
Rusbult, C. E., Martz, J. M., & Agnew, C. R. (1998). The investment model scale: Measuring commitment level, satisfaction level, quality of alternatives, and investment size. Personal Relationships, 5(4), 357-391.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6811.1998.tb00177.x
Sabatelli, R. M. (1988). Exploring relationship satisfaction: A social exchange perspective on the interdependence between theory, research, and practice. Family Relations, 37(2), 217-222. https://doi.org/10.2307/584323
Sayehmiri, K., Kareem, K. I., Abdi, K., Dalvand, S., & Gheshlagh, R. G. (2020). The relationship between personality traits and marital satisfaction: A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Psychology, 8(1), 15. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-020-0383-z
Schecter, E., Tracy, A. J., Page, K. V., & Luong, G. (2008). Shall we marry? Legal marriage as a commitment event in same-sex relationships. Journal of Homosexuality, 54(4), 400-422. https://doi.org/10.1080/00918360801991422
Shackelford, T. K., & Buss, D. M. (1997). Marital satisfaction in evolutionary psychological perspective. In R. J. Sternberg & M. Hojjat (Eds.), Satisfaction in close relationships (pp. 7-25). The Guilford Press.
Sherman, S. J., Skov, R. B., Hervitz, E. F., & Stock, C. B. (1981). The effects of explaining hypothetical future events: From possibility to probability to actuality and beyond. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 17(2), 142-158.
https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1031(81)90011-1
Shimizu, H., & Nakashima, K. (2017). Interpersonal benefits of defensive pessimism: Defensive pessimism and negative focus interact to predict positive evaluation. Psychologia, 60(2), 97-109. https://doi.org/10.2117/psysoc.2017.97
Shimizu, H., Nakashima, K., & Morinaga, Y. (2016). The role of defensive pessimism in interpersonal communication involving behavioral intention with others. Japanese Journal of Personality, 24(3), 202-214. (In Japanese with English abstract.) https://doi.org/10.2132/personality.24.202
Showers, C. J., & Kevlyn, S. B. (1999). Organization of knowledge about a relationship partner: Implications for liking and loving. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76(6), 958-971.
https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.76.6.958
Simpson, J. A., Campbell, B., & Berscheid, E. (1986). The association between romantic love and marriage: Kephart (1967) twice revisited. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 12(3), 363-372.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167286123011
Smith, T. W., Snyder, C. R., & Handelsman, M. M. (1982). On the self-serving function of an academic wooden leg: Test anxiety as a self-handicapping strategy. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 42(2), 314-321.
https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.42.2.314
Snyder, C. R., Higgins, R. L., & Stucky, R. J. (1983). Excuses: Masquerades in search of grace. Wiley.
Soons, J. P., Liefbroer, A. C., & Kalmijn, M. (2009). The long-term consequences of relationship formation for subjective well-being. Journal of Marriage and Family, 71(5), 1254-1270. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2009.00664.x
Soulsby, L. K., & Bennett, K. M. (2015). Marriage and psychological wellbeing: The role of social support. Psychology, 6(11), 1349-1359. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/psych.2015.611132
Sprecher S. (2002). Sexual satisfaction in premarital relationships: Associations with satisfaction, love, commitment, and stability. Journal of Sex Research, 39(3), 190-196. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224490209552141
Sprecher, S., & Felmlee, D. (1992). The influence of parents and friends on the quality and stability of romantic relationships: A three-wave longitudinal investigation. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 54(4), 888-900.
https://doi.org/10.2307/353170
Sprecher, S., & Hendrick, S. S. (2004). Self-disclosure in intimate relationships: Associations with individual and relationship characteristics over time. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 23(6), 857-877.
https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.23.6.857.54803
Stack, S. (1998). Marriage, family and loneliness: A cross-national study. Sociological Perspectives, 41(2), 415-432.
https://doi.org/10.2307/1389484
Suárez J. M., & Fernández A. P. (2011a). A model of how motivational strategies related to the expectative component affect cognitive and metacognitive strategies. Electronic Journal of Research in Educational Psychology, 9(2), 641-658. http://dx.doi.org/10.25115/ejrep.v9i24.1460
Tai, T., Baxter, J., & Hewitt, B. (2014). Do co-residence and intentions make a difference? Relationship satisfaction in married, cohabiting, and living apart together couples in four countries. Demographic Research, 31(3), 71-103. https://doi.org/10.4054/DemRes.2014.31.3
Umberson, D., & Williams, K. (2005). Marital quality, health, and aging: Gender equity? The Journals of Gerontology: Series B, Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 60(Spec No 2), 109-113. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/60.special_issue_2.s109
Waite, L. J. (2005). Marriage and family. In: Poston, D. L., & Micklin, M. (Eds.), Handbook of population. (pp. 87-108). Springer.
https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-23106-4_4
Williams, K. (2003). Has the future of marriage arrived? A contemporary examination of gender, marriage, and psychological well-being. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 44(4), 470-487. https://doi.org/10.2307/1519794
Willoughby, B. J. (2010). Marital attitude trajectories across adolescence. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 39(11), 1305-1317.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-009-9477-x
Willoughby, B. J., & Carroll, J. S. (2012). Correlates of attitudes toward cohabitation: Looking at the associations with demographics, relational attitudes, and dating behavior. Journal of Family Issues, 33(11), 1450-1476.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X11429666
Willoughby, B. J., & Carroll, J. S. (2016). On the horizon: Marriage timing, beliefs, and consequences in emerging adulthood. In J. J. Arnett (Ed.), The Oxford handbook of emerging adulthood (pp. 280-295). Oxford University Press.
Wood, W., & Eagly, A. H. (2002). A cross-cultural analysis of the behavior of women and men: Implications for the origins of sex differences. Psychological Bulletin, 128(5), 699-727. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.128.5.699
Yamawaki, Tschanz, B., & Feick, D. (2004). Defensive pessimism, self-esteem instability, and goal strivings. Cognition and Emotion, 18(2), 233-249.
https://doi.org/10.1080/02699930341000004
Zalta, A. K., & Chambless, D. L. (2012). Understanding gender differences in anxiety: The mediating effects of instrumentality and mastery. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 36(4), 488-499. https://doi.org/10.1177/0361684312450004
Zhan, S., Shrestha, S., & Zhong, N. (2022). Romantic relationship satisfaction and phubbing: The role of loneliness and empathy. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.967339
Zinn, M. B., Eitzen, D. S., & Wells, B. (1990). Diversity in families. Harper & Row.
Žužul, T. (2008). Preparing for the worst: Defensive pessimism in romantic relationships. Suvremena Psihologija, 11(2), 177-209. |
| Description: | 碩士
國立政治大學
輔導與諮商碩士學位學程
110172002 |
| Source URI: | http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0110172002 |
| Data Type: | thesis |
| Appears in Collections: | [輔導與諮商碩士學位學程] 學位論文
|
Files in This Item:
| File |
Description |
Size | Format | |
|---|
| 200201.pdf | | 2297Kb | Adobe PDF | 0 | View/Open |
|
All items in 政大典藏 are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved.
|
