Loading...
|
Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item:
https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/151961
|
| Title: | 東亞的凍卵補助方案：政策目標與說辭
Government Subsidies for Elective Egg Freezing: Comparing Policy Objectives and Rhetoric in East Asia |
| Authors: | 安宜
Peterson, Annika |
| Contributors: | Simandjuntak, Deasy Rumondang Priscilla
安宜
Annika Peterson |
| Keywords: | 冷凍卵子
政策分析
輔助生殖技術
生育力
東亞
Oocyte Cryopreservation
Policy Analysis
Assisted Reproductive Technology
Fertility
East Asia |
| Date: | 2024 |
| Issue Date: | 2024-07-01 12:09:46 (UTC+8) |
| Abstract: | 東亞國家的一些生育率是過去 20 年來世界上最低的。由於生育率仍然較低，各國政府已開始利用輔助生殖技術來糾正生育率下降的趨勢。隨著許多輔助生殖技術程序變得更加容易取得，輔助生殖技術的普及和使用量激增。同時，醫學性不孕症病例不斷增加，使得更多的人訴諸輔助生殖技術來生育。不同國家獲得選擇性凍卵的機會仍然存在很大差異，一些國家公開資助該程序，而另一些國家則完全禁止該程序。除了韓國、日本和台灣之外，法國和塞浦路斯最近也實施了政府計劃，為選擇性冷凍卵提供補貼。當政策制定者採用輔助生殖技術時，政策目標通常分為以下三類：增加獲得該程序的平等機會、減少相關的健康風險以及增加獲得機會以提高出生率。各國政府根據每個國家認為最重要的目標和社會議題，利用這些框架來補貼和限制輔助生殖技術的可用性。 透過研究韓國、日本和台灣對選擇性凍卵的政府補貼，我認為，針對選擇性程序（例如凍卵）的輔助生殖技術的生育框架對婦女和兒童有害，而且在以下情況下也不具有成本效益：目標是提高活產率。 透過批判性分析韓國、日本和台灣擴大選擇性凍卵的政策，本研究解釋了以提高出生率為目標的選擇性凍卵政策的弱點。我還提出了政策建議，重點是政策目標的根本轉變和生育教育的大幅增加。各國政府應與醫療專業人員繼續合作，以推動未來婦女和生殖健康政策的改變。
Countries in East Asia have reported some of the lowest fertility rates in the world in the last 20 years. As fertility rates remain concerningly low, governments have begun to utilize assisted reproductive technology (ART) to rectify the decline. ART popularity and usage have skyrocketed as many ART procedures become more readily available. One form of ART that has increased in popularity in recent years is elective egg freezing (EEF). Access to EEF still varies dramatically by country with some publicly funding the procedure and others banning it altogether. In the cases of South Korea, Japan, and Taiwan, local governments have implemented subsidy programs for EEF with the explicit goal of increasing birth rates by removing some of the social and monetary burdens that make child-rearing increasingly difficult. When policymakers approach ART, the policy goals often fall into the following three categories: increasing equal access to the procedure, reducing the associated health risks, and expanding access to increase birth rates. Governments use these frameworks to subsidize and restrict ART availability depending on the goals and social issues deemed most important by each country. Through examining the government subsidies for EEF in South Korea, Japan, and Taiwan, I argue that a fertility framework towards ART for elective procedures, such as EEF, is harmful to women and children while also not being cost-effective when the goal is to increase live birth rates. By critically analyzing the policies for EEF expansion in South Korea, Japan, and Taiwan, this research explains the weaknesses in approaching EEF policy through the goal of increasing birth rates. I also propose policy recommendations focusing on a fundamental shift in policy goals and a dramatic increase in fertility education. Governments should use continued collaboration with medical professionals for any women and reproductive health policy changes in the future. |
| Reference: | Ando, S., et al(2013). Review of Mental‐health‐related stigma in Japan. Psychiatry and
Clinical Neurosciences, 67(7), 471–482. https://doi.org/10.1111/pcn.12086.
Argyle, C. E., Harper, J. C., & Davies, M. C. (2016). Oocyte cryopreservation: Where are
we now? Human Reproduction Update, 22(4), 440–449. https://doi.org/10.1093/humupd/dmw007.
Atoh, N. (2020, December 31). Multivariate analysis of marital fertility in Japan. 日本公
衆衛生雑誌 [Japanese Public Health Journal]. https://doi.org/10.11236/jph.67.12_892.
Bae, J.-H. (2020). Determinants of the gap between desired and actual/expected number
of children in Japan and South Korea. Low Fertility in Japan, South Korea, and Singapore - Population Policies and Their Effectiveness, 15–38. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-2830-9_2.
Bae, G., & Kim, K.-S. (2012). A study on the influence of family values and birth policy
on the wanted fertility rate. Korean Journal of Social Welfare Studies, 43(3), 239–266. https://doi.org/10.16999/kasws.2012.43.3.239.
Balabanova, E., & Simonstein, F. (2010). Assisted reproduction: a comparative review of
IVF policies in two Pronatalist countries. Health care analysis: HCA: journal of health philosophy and policy, 18(2), 188–202. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10728-009-0123-2.
Barro, R. J., & Becker, G. S. (1989). Fertility Choice in a Model of Economic Growth.
Econometrica, 57(2), 481–501.
Birenbaum-Carmeli D. (2016). Thirty-five years of assisted reproductive technologies in
Israel. Reproductive biomedicine & society online, 2, 16–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rbms.2016.05.004.
Borovecki, A., Tozzo, P., Cerri, N., & Caenazzo, L. (2018). social egg freezing under
public health perspective: Just a medical reality or a women's right? An ethical case analysis. Journal of Public Health Research, 7(3), 1484. https://doi.org/10.4081/jphr.2018.1484.
Brinton, M. C., Mun, E., and Hertog, E. (2021). Singlehood in contemporary Japan:
Rating, dating, and waiting for a good match. Demographic Research, 44, 239–276. https://doi.org/10.4054/demres.2021.44.10.
Caldwell, J. C., et al (2006). Demographic transition theory. Springer.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-4498-4.
Cascante, S. D., et al. (2022). Fifteen years of autologous oocyte thaw outcomes from a
large university-based fertility center. Fertility and sterility, 118(1), 158–166. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2022.04.013.
Castro-Vázquez, G. (2015). Assisted Reproductive Technologies in contemporary Japan:
Experiences and perceptions of some Japanese mothers. Gender, Technology and Development, 19(3), 271–291. https://doi.org/10.1177/0971852415596862.
Census and Statistics Department. (2024, April 5). Table 115-01011 : Vital Events.
Center and Statistics Department. https://www.censtatd.gov.hk/en/web_table.html?id=115-01011.
Center for Disease Control and Prevention. (2024, January 8). Art success rates. Centers
for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/art/artdata/index.html.
Cha, W., Yun, I., Nam, C. M., Nam, J. Y., & Park, E. C. (2023). Evaluation of Assisted
Reproductive Technology Health Insurance Coverage for Multiple Pregnancies and Births in Korea. JAMA network open, 6(6), e2316696. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.16696.
Chambers, G. M., et al. (2021). International Committee for Monitoring Assisted
Reproductive Technologies world report: assisted reproductive technology, 2014†. Human reproduction (Oxford, England), 36(11), 2921–2934. https://doi.org/10.1093/humrep/deab198.
Chambers, G. M., et al. (2009). The economic impact of Assisted Reproductive
Technology: A review of selected developed countries. Fertility and Sterility, 91(6), 2281–2294. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2009.04.029.
Chen, C. (1986). Pregnancy After Human Oocyte Cryopreservation. Preliminary
Communication, 327(8486), 884–886. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(86)90989-X.
Cheng, Y. A., and Yang, C. W. (2021). Continuity and changes in attitudes toward
marriage in contemporary Taiwan. Journal of Population Research, 38(2),
139–167. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12546-021-09259-z.
Chronopoulou, E., et al. (2021). Elective oocyte cryopreservation for age-related fertility
decline. Journal of assisted reproduction and genetics, 38(5), 1177–1186. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10815-021-02072-w.
Chung, Y.-C. (2023, September 26). KMT presidential hopeful vows housing subsidy for
three-child families. Focus Taiwan - CNA English News. https://focustaiwan.tw/politics/202309250025#:~:text=At%20present%2C%20egg%20freezing%20cannot,as%20a%20result%20of%20chemotherapy.
Clay, A. S. (2023, September 11). South Korea’s Bioethics and Biosafety Act (2005).
Embryo Project Encyclopedia. https://embryo.asu.edu/pages/south-koreas-bioethics-and-biosafety-act-2005.
Committee for Assisted Reproductive Technology Statistics, et al. (2017). The status of
assisted reproductive technology in Korea in 2012. Clinical and experimental reproductive medicine, 44(1), 47–51. https://doi.org/10.5653/cerm.2017.44.1.47.
Connolly, M. P., Hoorens, S., & Chambers, G. M. (2010). The costs and consequences of
assisted reproductive technology: an economic perspective. Human Reproductive Update, 16(6), 603–613. https://doi.org/10.1093/humupd/dmq013.
Cross, C. (2023, September 26). Freezing eggs: Preserving fertility for the future. Johns
Hopkins Medicine. https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/wellness-and-prevention/freezing-eggs-preserving-fertility-for-the-future.
Croydon S. (2022). Reluctant Rulers: Policy, Politics, and Assisted Reproduction
Technology in Japan. Cambridge quarterly of healthcare ethics: CQ: the international journal of healthcare ethics committees, 1–11. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0963180122000603.
Cyprus Profile. (2022, May 2). Government subsidy on egg freezing garnering
popularity. Cyprus Profile - Cyprus’ Trade & Investment Business Portal. https://www.cyprusprofile.com/articles/government-subsidy-egg-freezing-garnering-popularity.
Department of Household Registration, Ministry of the Interior. Republic of China
(Taiwan). (2024). Population by Sex and 5 Year Age Group for Counties and
Cities. https://www.ris.gov.tw/app/en/3910.
Department of Information Services, Executive Yuan. (2023, October 6). National
Childcare Policy for ages 0-6. Executive Yuan. https://english.ey.gov.tw/News3/9E5540D592A5FECD/7b033800-d295-4a7a-8fba-dfbf617142d6.
Department of Public Health, Taoyuan. (2023, August 7). Taoyuan Egg Freezing
Nutrition Fund subsidy. https://dph.tycg.gov.tw/en/News_Content.aspx?n=5298&s=964432#:~:text=Program%20period%3A%20The%20application%20period,allocated%20funds%20have%20been%20expended.
Ethics Committee of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine. Electronic
address: asrm@asrm.org (2021). Disparities in access to effective treatment for infertility in the United States: an Ethics Committee opinion. Fertility and sterility, 116(1), 54–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2021.02.019.
The Federal Law Gazette. (2011, November 21). The Embryo Protection Act.
https://www.bundesgesundheitsministerium.de/fileadmin/Dateien/3_Downloads/Gesetze_und_Verordnungen/GuV/E/ESchG_EN_Fassung_Stand_10Dez2014_01.pdf.
Gauthier, A. H., & Shah, I. H. (2015). Social Norms, Institutions, and Policies in
Low-Fertility Countries. In N. Ogawa (Ed.), Low Fertility and Reproductive
Health in East Asia (Vol. 11, pp. 11–30). essay, Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9226-4_2.
Goldscheider, F., Bernhardt, E., & Brandén, M. (2013). Domestic gender equality and
childbearing in Sweden. Demographic Research, 29, 1097–1126. https://doi.org/10.4054/demres.2013.29.40.
Graham, M. E., et al. (2023). Assisted reproductive technology: Short- and long-term
outcomes. Developmental medicine and child neurology, 65(1), 38–49. https://doi.org/10.1111/dmcn.15332.
Ha, J.-O. (2014). Advanced Approach to Pregnancy and Childbirth: moving from a
Perspective of Population Control to One Focused on Women’s Health. Journal of
Korean Maternal and Child Health, 18(1), 24–34.
Hammond, K. (2023, September 6). The Problems with Employer-Funded Elective Egg
Freezing. Bill of Health.
https://blog.petrieflom.law.harvard.edu/2023/09/06/the-problems-with-employer-funded-elective-egg-freezing/.
Harada, S., et al. (2023). Fact‐finding survey on Assisted Reproductive Technology in
Japan. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research, 49(11), 2593–2601. https://doi.org/10.1111/jog.15780.
Harwood, K. (2008). Egg Freezing: A Breakthrough For Reproductive
Autonomy? Bioethics, 23(1), 39–46. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8519.2008.00680.x.
Hodgetts, K., et al. (2014). Disinvestment policy and the public funding
of assisted reproductive technologies: outcomes of deliberative engagements with three key stakeholder groups. BMC Health Serv Res 14, 204 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6963-14-204.
Hong, Y. H. et al. (2019). A survey on the awareness and knowledge about elective
oocyte cryopreservation among unmarried women of reproductive age visiting a
private fertility center. Obstetrics and Gynecology Science, 62, 438–444. https://doi.org/10.5468/ogs.2019.62.6.438.
Hsinchu City Government. (2023, May 24). Hsinchu City’s egg-freezing subsidy
program officially launched. 新竹市政府 [Hsinchu City Government].
https://www.hccg.gov.tw/en/home.jsp?id=10006&parentpath=0%2C5&mcustomize=municipalnews_view.jsp&dataserno=202305240007&aplistdn=ou&mserno=201601300240&toolsflag=Y.
Hsu, J. C. (2018). Use of assisted reproductive technologies before and after the Artificial
Reproduction Act in Taiwan. PLOS One. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0206208.g002.
Hu, L.-C., & Chiang, Y.-L. (2020). Having children in a time of lowest-low fertility:
Value of children, sex preference and fertility desire among Taiwanese young
adults. Child Indicators Research, 14(2), 537–554. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12187-020-09753-5.
Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority. (2024). New law comes into force
giving greater flexibility for fertility patients. https://www.hfea.gov.uk/about-us/news-and-press-releases/2022/new-law-comes-into-force-giving-greater-flexibility-for-fertility-patients/.
Inhorn, M. C. (2023). The Mating Gap - Educated Women and Missing Men. In
Motherhood On Ice: The Mating Gap and Why Women Freeze Their Eggs (pp.
43–55). essay, New York University Press.
Inoue, Y. (2024, March 11). Tokyo to continue offering subsidy to women seeking to
freeze eggs. The Japan Times.
https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2024/03/11/japan/science-health/egg-freeze-tmg/#:~:text=Tokyo%20will%20continue%20to%20offer,metropolitan%20government%20confirmed%20on%20Monday.
Jamwal, V. D. S., & Yadav, A. K. (2023). The Assisted Reproductive Technology
(Regulation) Act, 2021: A Step in the Right Direction. Indian journal of
community medicine: official publication of Indian Association of Preventive & Social Medicine, 48(1), 4–6. https://doi.org/10.4103/ijcm.ijcm_169_22.
Jeong, K., Yoon, J., Cho, H.J. et al. The relationship between changes in the Korean
fertility rate and policies to encourage fertility. BMC Public Health 22, 2298 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-022-14722-4.
Jhang, J. R. (2024, February 2). Assisted Reproductive Act amendment: The Testing
Ground for the new Taiwanese Parliament’s power dynamics. Taiwan Insight. https://taiwaninsight.org/2024/02/02/assisted-reproductive-act-amendment-the-testing-ground-for-the-new-taiwanese-parliaments-power-dynamics/.
Johnson L. (2014). Regulation of assisted reproductive treatment (ART) in Australia &
current ethical issues. The Indian journal of medical research, 140, S9–S12.
Jones, G. W. (2019). Ultra-low fertility in East Asia: Policy responses and challenges.
Asian Population Studies, 15(2), 131–149. https://doi.org/10.1080/17441730.2019.1594656.
Jung, H. (2023). Part 4: My Body: Chapter 12. In Flowers of Fire: The Inside Story of
South Korea’s Feminist Movement and What it Means for Women’s Rights
Worldwide (pp. 311–315). essay, BenBella Books, Inc.
Jung, H. (2023, January 27). Women in South Korea are on strike against being
“baby-making machines.” The New York Times.
https://www.nytimes.com/2023/01/27/opinion/south-korea-fertility-rate-feminism.html.
Jwa, S. C., et al. (2021). Social Capital and use of assisted reproductive technology in
young couples: Ecological Study using application information for government
subsidies in Japan. SSM - Population Health, 16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssmph.2021.100995.
Kamel R. M. (2013). Assisted reproductive technology after the birth of Louise Brown.
Journal of reproduction & infertility, 14(3), 96–109.
Kikuchi, I. et al. (2019). Early Outcomes of a municipally funded oocyte
cryopreservation programme in Japan. Human Fertility, 22(4), 266–272.
https://doi.org/10.1080/14647273.2018.1464215.
Kim, C. J. (2018). The Assisted Reproductive Technology Subsidy in Korea: Criticism
from a Perspective of Reproductive Responsibility. Acta Bioethica, 24(2), 245–252.
Kim, H.-S. (2015). Women’s Wages and Fertility Hazards in South Korea. Asian Women,
31(2).
Kim M. (2021). National policies for infertility support and nursing strategies for patients
affected by infertility in South Korea. Korean journal of women health nursing, 27(1), 1–5. https://doi.org/10.4069/kjwhn.2021.03.12.1.
Kim, S. (2019). Reproductive Technologies as population control: How pronatalist
policies harm reproductive health in South Korea. Sexual and Reproductive
Health Matters, 27(2), 6–12. https://doi.org/10.1080/26410397.2019.1610278.
Koch, L., & Morgall, J. (1987). Towards a Feminist Assessment of Reproductive
Technology. Acta Sociologica, 30(2), 173–191.
Kocourkova, J., Stastna, A., & Burcin, B. (2023). The influence of the increasing use of
assisted reproduction technologies on the recent growth in fertility in Czechia.
Scientific Reports, 13, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-37071-7.
Korean Statistical Information Service. (2024). Vital Statistics of Korea. KOSIS - Korean
Statistical Information Service. https://kosis.kr/statHtml/statHtml.do.
Korean Statistics Information Service. (2023, August 30). Attempted/total birth rate, birth
rate by maternal age. KOSIS - Korean Statistical Information Service.
https://kosis.kr/statHtml/statHtml.do?orgId=101&tblId=DT_1B81A21&vw_cd=MT_TM2_TITLE&list_id=101_B0501&scrId=&seqNo=&lang_mode=ko&obj_var_id=&itm_id=&conn_path=MT_TM2_TITLE&path=%252FeasyViewStatis%252FcustomStatisIndex.do.
Kuleshova, L., et al. (1999). Birth following vitrification of a small number of human
oocytes: Case Report. Human Reproduction, 14(12), 3077–3079. https://doi.org/10.1093/humrep/14.12.3077.
Kuwayama, M., et al. (2005). Highly efficient vitrification method for cryopreservation
of human oocytes. Reproductive BioMedicine Online, 11(3), 300–308.
Kyweluk, M. A., Reinecke, J., & Chen, D. (2019). Fertility Preservation Legislation in
the United States: Potential Implications for Transgender Individuals. LGBT
health, 6(7), 331–334. https://doi.org/10.1089/lgbt.2019.0017.
Lai, S., & Jiang, L. (2024, March 28). 人工生殖修法公聽會再度登場 正反意見場內外
持續交鋒 [Public hearing on Artificial Reproduction law revision was held again; Pros and Cons continued to compete on and off the court]. Taiwan Public Television Service Foundation.
https://news.pts.org.tw/article/687694.
Lem, W. G., et al. (2023). Public Stigma Related to People With Mental Health
Conditions Among Japanese Company Employees. Journal of Clinical Medicine Research, 15(3), 139–147. https://doi.org/10.14740/jocmr4868.
Lesthaeghe, R. (2010). The Unfolding Story of the Second Demographic Transition.
Population And Development Review, 36(2), 211–251.
Lida, A. (2022). How do traditional gender roles influence women’s lives in Taiwan? An
investigation of highly educated women’s willingness to create families. East Asia, 40, 81–100. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12140-022-09392-3.
Lin, C., et al. (2021). The Value of Anti-Müllerian Hormone in the Prediction of
Spontaneous Pregnancy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Frontiers in
endocrinology, 12, 695157. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2021.695157.
Master, F. (2023, August 1). Taiwan women freeze their eggs as “insurance” in hopes of
law change. The Wider Image.
https://www.reuters.com/investigates/special-report/taiwan-fertility/.
Ministry of Health. (2024, January 21). Find out about freezing eggs (oocytes). Gov.il.
https://www.gov.il/en/service/oocyte-cryopreservation.
Ministry of Health, Labour, and Welfare. (2022, February 28). 人口動態統計速報（令
和4年(2022)12月分) [Population Statistics Report from December 2022 to 2024].
https://www.mhlw.go.jp/toukei/saikin/hw/jinkou/geppo/s2022/dl/202212_1.pdf.
Ministry of Health and Welfare. (2018, March 1). Assisted Reproduction Act. Laws &
Regulations Database of the Republic of China (Taiwan). https://law.moj.gov.tw/ENG/LawClass/LawAll.aspx?pcode=L0070024.
Morrison, P. S. (2020). The child deficit and the changing value of children in Asia.
Population Change and Impacts in Asia and the Pacific, 30, 313–339.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-0230-4_14.
Nargund G. (2009). Declining birth rate in Developed Countries: A radical policy
re-think is required. Facts, views & vision in ObGyn, 1(3), 191–193.
National Development Council. (2024). National Development Council. Low Birth Rate.
https://www.ndc.gov.tw/en/Content_List.aspx?n=6F69D4E5D624660A.
National Population and Talent Division. (2024). Marriage & Parenthood.
https://www.population.gov.sg/our-population/population-trends/marriage-&-pare
nthood.
Njagi, P., et al (2023). Financial costs of assisted reproductive technology for patients in
low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review. Human reproduction
open, 2023(2), hoad007. https://doi.org/10.1093/hropen/hoad007.
NSW Government. (2023, August 15). Assisted Reproductive Technology-assisted
reproductive technology. NSW Health. https://www.health.nsw.gov.au/art/Pages/default.aspx.
Nuffield Council on Bioethics. (2020). Egg Freezing in the UK. London, UK. Retrieved
May 5, 2024,
https://www.nuffieldbioethics.org/topics/beginning-of-life/egg-freezing#:~:text=Nuffield%20Council%20welcomes%20extension%20of,storage%20period%20of%2055%20years.
The Parliamentary Counsel Office. (2023, July 1). Human Assisted Reproductive
Technology Act 2004. New Zealand Legislation. https://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/2004/0092/latest/whole.html.
Petropanagos, A., Cattapan, A., Baylis, F., & Leader, A. (2015). Social OC: risk, benefits
and other considerations. CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association journal =
journal de l'Association medicale canadienne, 187(9), 666–669.
https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.141605.
Pinzon, J. L. (2023, October 2). Taipei to offer egg freezing subsidy for cancer patients.
TVBS.https://news.tvbs.com.tw/english/2260465#:~:text=Hsinchu%20and%20Ta
oyuan%20City%20stand,to%20apply%20for%20the%20subsidy.
Portal Site of Official Statistics of Japan. (2023, September 15). Trends in live births, live
birth rates (per 1,000 population), total fertility rates and sex ratio of live births:
Japan.
https://www.e-stat.go.jp/en/stat-search/files?page=1&query=fertility+rate+2005&
layout=dataset&bunya_l=02&stat_infid=000040101521&metadata=1&data=1.
Prime Minister’s Office of Japan. (2023, March 17). Press Conference by Prime Minister
Kishida. https://japan.kantei.go.jp/101_kishida/statement/202303/_00015.html.
Proost, M. de, & Johnson, M. (2021). The revision of the French bioethics law and the
questions it raises for the future of funding for egg freezing. Reproductive
BioMedicine Online, 44(4), 591–593. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rbmo.2021.12.002.
Pugh S. (2019). Politics, power, and sexual and reproductive health and rights: impacts
and opportunities. Sexual and reproductive health matters, 27(2), 1662616.
https://doi.org/10.1080/26410397.2019.1662616.
Ranji, U., Long, M., & Salganicoff, A. (2020, September 15). Coverage and use of
fertility services in the U.S. The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation.
https://www.kff.org/womens-health-policy/issue-brief/coverage-and-use-of-fertilit
y-services-in-the-u-s/.
Republic of Cyprus. (2020). Laws regarding Motherhood. Web portal of the Republic of
Cyprus.
https://www.cyprus.gov.cy/portal/portal.nsf/gwp.getGroup?OpenForm&access=0&SectionId=citizen&CategoryId=Family+and+Child&SelectionId=Laws+regarding+Motherhood&print=0&lang=en.
Republique Francaise. (2021, August 3). Loi n° 2021-1017 DU 2 août 2021 relative à la
bioéthique. Legifrance. https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/dossierlegislatif/JORFDOLE000038811571/#:~:text=Le%20projet%20de%20loi%20vise,femmes%20comme%20pour%20les%20hommes.
Rosenwaks, Z., & Pereira, N. (2017). The pioneering of intracytoplasmic sperm injection:
historical perspectives. Reproduction, 154(6), F71–F77. https://doi.org/10.1530/REP-17-0308.
Russell, J., Greenhalgh, T., Byrne, E., & McDonnell, J. (2008). Recognizing rhetoric in
health care policy analysis. Journal of health services research & policy, 13(1),
40–46. https://doi.org/10.1258/jhsrp.2007.006029.
Ryu, Y. (2005). A comparative study on the effect of welfare states’ childcare support
systems on total fertility rates. Korean Social Security Studies, 21(3), 233-261.
Schirmer, D. A. et al. (2020, September). Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome after
assisted reproductive technologies: trends, predictors, and pregnancy outcomes. National Center for Biotechnology Information. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc.
Seoul Metropolitan Government. (2023, August 24). Project to support for the egg
freezing cost to kick off.
https://english.seoul.go.kr/project-to-support-for-the-egg-freezing-cost-to-kick-off/#:~:text=The%20project%20to%20support%20the%20egg%20freezing%20cost%20supports%20women,and%20egg%20retrieval%20is%20excluded.
Seoul Metropolitan Government. (2024a, February 19). Seoul Metropolitan Government
to increase subsidies for citizens in their 20’s seeking egg freezing and double the
number of beneficiaries across all age groups.
https://english.seoul.go.kr/seoul-metropolitan-government-to-increase-subsidies-for-citizens-in-their-20s-seeking-egg-freezing-and-double-the-number-of-beneficiaries-across-all-age-groups/.
Seoul Metropolitan Government. (2024b, March 15). Seoul launches all-out attack on
falling fertility rate by abolishing residency and age requirements for fertility
subsidies and increasing the number of subsidy payments. https://english.seoul.go.kr/seoul-launches-all-out-attack-on-falling-fertility-rate-by-abolishing-residency-and-age-requirements-for-fertility-subsidies-and-increasing-the-number-of-subsidy-payments/.
Shirasawa, H., et al. (2023). The first nationwide website survey of the availability and
costs of medical and non-medical oocyte cryopreservation in Japan. Heliyon,
9(8). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e19074.
Statistics Korea. (2020, November 18). 2020 Social Survey Results.
https://kostat.go.kr/board.es?mid=a20111050000&bid=11761&act=view&list_no=386681&tag=&nPage=1&ref_bid.
St. Peter, C. (1989). Feminist Discourse, Infertility, and Reproductive Technologies.
NWSA Journal, 1(3), 353–367. https://www.jstor.org/stable/4315920.
Stromboni, C. (2024, February 6). France’s delicate approach to preventing infertility. Le
Monde.
https://www.lemonde.fr/en/france/article/2024/02/06/france-s-controversial-approach-to-preventing-infertility_6496867_7.html.
Suzuki M. (2014). In vitro fertilization in Japan - early days of in vitro fertilization and
embryo transfer and future prospects for assisted reproductive technology.
Proceedings of the Japan Academy. Series B, Physical and biological sciences, 90(5), 184–201. https://doi.org/10.2183/pjab.90.184.
Tan, J. (2024). Beyond fertility figures: towards reproductive rights and choices.
Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, 11, 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-024-02608-2.
Tan, J. (2023). South Korea’s fertility puzzle: A Mismatch Between Sustained
Childbearing Desires and Declining Fertility. Journal of Comparative Family Studies, 54(2), 131–155. https://doi.org/10.3138/jcfs.54.2.030.
Thomas, J., Rowe, F., & Lin, E. S. (2022, February 8). Declining fertility in Taiwan: The
deterring impact of housework imbalance. Asian Population Studies, 19(3), 270–288. https://doi.org/10.1080/17441730.2022.2035555.
Tokyo Metropolitan Government Bureau of Welfare. (2024a). 【お知らせ】令和6年度
の卵子凍結に係る費用助成について [Notice: Subsidies for egg freezing costs in fiscal year 2024]. Bureau of Social Welfare, Tokyo Metropolitan Government. https://www.fukushi.metro.tokyo.lg.jp/kodomo/shussan/ranshitouketsu/touketsu/index.html.
Tokyo Metropolitan Government Bureau of Welfare. (2024b). 事業の概要 [Project
Overview].
https://www.fukushi.metro.tokyo.lg.jp/kodomo/shussan/ranshitouketsu/shiyou/gaiyou.html.
Tozzo, P., Fassina, A., Nespeca, P., Spigarolo, G., & Caenazzo, L. (2019). Understanding
social oocyte freezing in Italy: a scoping survey on university female students’
awareness and attitudes. Life Science, Society and Policy, 15(3). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40504-019-0092-7.
Vander Borght, M., & Wyns, C. (2018). Fertility and infertility: Definition and
epidemiology. Clinical biochemistry, 62, 2–10.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2018.03.012.
Volgsten, H., & Schmidt, L. (2023). Exploring Swedish single women’s decision to
choose motherhood through medically assisted reproduction–a qualitative study.
Human Fertility, 26(2), 237–248. https://doi.org/10.1080/14647273.2021.2017026.
Wang H. (2023). Single women's access to egg freezing in mainland China: an
ethicolegal analysis. Journal of Medical Ethics, 50(1), 50–56. https://doi.org/10.1136/jme-2023-108915.
Wennberg A.-L. (2020). Social freezing of oocytes: a means to take control of your
fertility. Upsala Journal of Medical Sciences, 125(2), 95-98.
https://doi.org/10.1080/03009734.2019.1707332.
Wu, C.-L. (2023). Making Multiple Babies - Anticipating Regimes of Assisted
Reproduction (Vol. 52, Ser. Fertility, Reproduction and Sexuality). Berghahn Books.
Wu, C. L., Ha, J. O., & Tsuge, A. (2020). Data Reporting as Care Infrastructure:
Assembling ART Registries in Japan, Taiwan, and South Korea. East Asian
Science, Technology and Society: An International Journal, 14(1), 35–59. https://doi.org/10.1215/18752160-8233676.
Wu, C. L., et al. (2020). 公平近用、預防風險或增長人口? —助孕科技公費補助的日
韓台比較 [Equal Access, Risk Prevention, or Pronatalism? Public Financing of In Vitro Fertilization in Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan]. 臺灣民主季刊 [Taiwan Democracy Quarterly], 17(4), 49–104.
Yamada, M., et al. (2022). Guidelines for Reproductive Medicine in Japan. Reproductive
Medicine and Biology, 21(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1002/rmb2.12483.
Yang, E. (2024, March 28). Child rights highlighted at 2nd Reproductive Law
Amendment hearing - Focus Taiwan. Focus Taiwan - CNA English News. https://focustaiwan.tw/society/202403280015.
Yang, I. J. et al. (2022). Usage and cost-effectiveness of elective
oocyte freezing: a retrospective observational study. Reproductive biology and
endocrinology: RB&E, 20(1), 123. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12958-022-00996-1.
Yip, P. S., & Chen, M. (2016). An elasticity analysis of the effectiveness of pronatalist
measures in Taiwan. Asian Population Studies, 12(3), 273–293.
https://doi.org/10.1080/17441730.2016.1221207.
Yoshinaga, K., et al. (2023). Non-medical oocyte cryopreservation at a single center in
Japan: 8 years of experience. Reproductive medicine and biology, 22(1), e12549.
https://doi.org/10.1002/rmb2.12549.
Zhang, T.-T., et al. (2023). The effect of family fertility support policies on fertility, their
contribution, and Policy Pathways to fertility improvement in OECD countries. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(6), 1–25. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20064790.
Ziadeh, S., & Yahaya, A. (2001). Pregnancy outcome at age 40 and older. Archives of
gynecology and obstetrics, 265(1), 30–33.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s004040000122. |
| Description: | 碩士
國立政治大學
亞太研究英語碩士學位學程(IMAS)
111926044 |
| Source URI: | http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0111926044 |
| Data Type: | thesis |
| Appears in Collections: | [亞太研究英語博/碩士學位學程(IDAS/IMAS)] 學位論文
|
Files in This Item:
| File |
Description |
Size | Format | |
|---|
| 604401.pdf | | 6801Kb | Adobe PDF | 0 | View/Open |
|
All items in 政大典藏 are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved.
|
