Loading...
|
Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item:
https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/151507
|
| Title: | 利益、善意、倡議：社會企業實踐包容創新的經營模式研究
Inclusion Innovation in Social Enterprise Practice: Exploring Business Model Driven by Self-Interest, Benevolence, and Advocacy |
| Authors: | 沈菁菁
Shen, Jing-Jing |
| Contributors: | 吳思華
Wu, Se-Hwa
沈菁菁
Shen, Jing-Jing |
| Keywords: | 包容創新
社會企業
策略三構面
倡議
平安箱
Inclusive Innovation
Social Enterprise
Three Dimensions of Strategy
Advocacy
Safety box |
| Date: | 2023 |
| Issue Date: | 2024-06-03 11:43:58 (UTC+8) |
| Abstract: | 全球化的貿易金融活動在過去數十年內如火如荼地展開，帶來廣闊經濟發展的同時，也要求企業開始重新審視商業、社會、環境等多方關係的交織，並積極踐行企業社會責任。而在部分企業被動踐行社會責任而導致的市場失靈情況下，社會企業作為第三部門的出現，更需要通過更新策略經營的思維與策略活動的設計以滿足多重底線的要求，另外一邊，隨著企業經營目的從單一經濟指標變為多元指標後，包容創新這一議題的重要性漸漸被看見。學術角度來看，目前包容創新的討論是一個成長中的小眾領域,多見於研究綜述與理論框架等面向，而台灣本地在包容創新的相關研究上存在極大滯後。案例研究的類型上，多見於公部門推動下的區域性增長案例研究，以及公司進入金字塔底端人群 (Bottom of Pyramid, BOP)新市場的市場開發戰略兩大類型，以經營模式視角看待社會企業在動態演變中實踐包容創新，則是目前個案研究少見的類型。
本研究結合社會企業核心價值、策略三構面與包容創新三個理論概念，探討社會企業實踐包容創新的經營模式，並通過Afford、Involved、Sustained為標準選擇中小微型社會企業—全球社會創新有限公司為對象進行單一個案研究。最終,本研究發展出一個策略框架，解釋營運範疇、核心資源與事業網絡跟隨社會企業核心價值變動時的演變邏輯，以及三者如何在相互關聯中影響包容創新的實踐。
The development of globalization in the past few decades has brought extensive wealth to the world, also requiring companies to re-examine the interrelating among business, society, environment and other stakeholders to be actively dedicated to corporate social responsibility. In the case of market failures caused by some enterprises passively fulfilling their social responsibilities, social enterprises emerging as the third sector need to update the mindset of strategic management and the design of strategic activities to meet the requirements of multiple bottom lines. Besides, as the purpose of business operations has shifted from a single economic indicator to a multi-dimensional, the importance of the issue of inclusive innovation has gradually been proposed, while studies shed little light on how social enterprises practice inclusive innovation through the dynamic evolution of business models.
This study combines the three theoretical concepts: social enterprise core value, three dimensions of strategy, and inclusive innovation in the hope of exploring the business model of how a social enterprise practices inclusive innovation. Based on this purpose, this study selects a small, medium and micro social enterprise— Global ESG Co., Ltd. through the criteria of “Afford,” “Involved,” and “Sustained” to conduct a single case study. Finally, this study develops a strategic framework to explain the evolution logic of business scope, core resources, and business network following changes in the core values of social enterprises, and how the three affect the practice of inclusive innovation in an interrelated manner. |
| Reference: | 一、 中文文獻
王名、朱晓红 (2010)，社会企业论纲，中国非营利评论，第2期，頁1-31。
公民行動影音 (2024) ，【燦爛時光會客室】第457集|無所得卻被假設有所得 《社會救助法》為何救不了貧窮者?|專訪王今暐，取自：https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JLoZqhWSJkI
仝允桓、邢小强、周江华、徐礼德，(2017)，包容性创新，经济管理出版社。
邢小强、周平录、张竹、汤新慧 (2019)，数字技术、BOP商业模式创新与包容性市场构建，管理世界，第35卷第12期，頁116-136。
邢小强、周江华、仝允桓 (2013)，包容性创新：概念、特征与关键成功因素，科学学研究，第31卷第6期，頁23–931，取自：http://www.cqvip.com/qk/93202x/201306/46037590.html
邢小强、周江华、仝允桓 (2015a)，包容性创新：研究综述及政策建议，科研管理，第36卷第9期，頁11-18。
汤鹏主 (2013)，科技型小微企业包容性创新研究，科技进步与对策，第30卷第18期，頁29-32。
吴晓波、姜雁斌 (2012)，包容性创新理论框架的构建，系统管理学报，第21卷第6期，頁736-747，取自：http://www.cqvip.com/qk/97822a/20126/44931101.html
吳思華 (2000)，策略九說，臉譜出版社。
张楚 (2021)，包容性创新研究现状、热点、趋势分析—中国期刊全文数据库，现代商业，第16期，頁3-5，取自：http://61.181.120.82:8081/kcms/detail/detail.aspx?filename=XDBY202116001&dbcode=CJFD&dbname=CJFD2021
陈元志 (2015)，包容性创新的商业模式：肯尼亚 M-PESA 的案例研究，中国科技论坛，第1期，页156-160。
陈元志、吉超 (2019)，包容性创新的研究现状、热点和趋势—基於文献计量学的视角，中国科技论坛，第6期，页40-47。
范轶琳、吴东、黎日荣 (2021)，包容性创新模式演化—基於淘宝村的纵向案例研究，取自：http://www.wanxiangqikan.com/wenxian/71400.html
官有垣、王仕圖(2013)。臺灣社會企業的能力建構與社會影響初探。社區發展季刊，第143期，頁51-67。
封颖、徐峰、许端阳、杜红亮、张翼燕 (2014)，新兴经济体中长期科技创新政策研究–以印度为例，中国软科学，第9期，页182-192。
赵武、王姣玥 (2015)，新常态下「精准扶贫」的包容性创新机制研究，中国人口资源与环境，第S2期，頁170-173。
赵武、孙永康、朱明宣、高樱 (2014)，包容性创新：演进、机理及路径选择，科技进步与对策，第31卷第6期，頁6-10。
胡哲生、陳志遠、吳秉恩 (2009)，社會企業本質、任務與發展，創業管理研究，第4卷第4期，頁1-28，取自：https://doi.org/10.30132/JER.200912.0001
胡憲倫、黃慶耀、吳慶龍 (2013)，台商海外開創商機另一契機—結合企業社會責任之包容性商業模式及其策略，永續產業發展季刊，第64期，頁37-45。.
钟春泉、焦伟伟、马颖 (2018)，双重网络嵌入、关键资源获取与包容性商业模式构建，中国商论，第2期，頁9-11。
祝君红、朱立伟、黄新飞 (2017)，包容性创新视角下淘宝村形成因素及动力分析，武汉商学院学报，第31卷第2期，頁71-75，取自：http://www.cqvip.com/qk/85344x/201702/672367303.html
高太山、柳卸林、周江华 (2014)，中国区域包容性创新绩效测度—理论模型与实证检验，科学学研究，第32卷第4期，页613-621。
梅海文、蕭子誼、梅海寧（2015）。運用層級程序分析法探討社會企業組織能耐之研究。管理學報，第32卷第2期，頁135-161，取自：https://doi.org/10.6504/JOM.2015.32.02.02
張芬芬 (2010)，質性資料分析的五步驟：在抽象階梯上爬升，初等教育學刊，第4期，頁87-120，取自：https://tpl.ncl.edu.tw/NclService/JournalContentDetail?SysId=A10020461
魏炜、朱武祥、林桂平 (2012)，基於利益相关者交易结构的商业模式理论，管理世界，第12卷，頁125-131。
二、 外文文獻
Aaker, J., Vohs, K. D., & Mogilner, C. (2010). Nonprofits are seen as warm and for-profits as competent: Firm stereotypes matter. Journal of consumer research, 37(2), 224–237.
Alter, K. (2006). Social enterprise models and their mission and money relationships. Social entrepreneurship: New models of sustainable social change, 205–232.
Alter, K. (2007). Social enterprise typology. Virtue ventures LLC, 12(1), 1–124.
Alvord, S. H., Brown, L. D., & Letts, C. W. (2004). Social entrepreneurship and societal transformation: An exploratory study. The journal of applied behavioral science, 40(3), 260–282.
Anderson, J., & Markides, C. (2007). Strategic innovation at the base of the pyramid. MIT Sloan Management Review, 49, 83-88, 93.
Ansari, S., Munir, K., & Gregg, T. (2012). Impact at the ‘bottom of the pyramid’: The role of social capital in capability development and community empowerment. Journal of Management Studies, 49(4), 813–842.
Austin, J., Stevenson, H., & Wei–Skillern, J. (2006). Social and commercial entrepreneurship: Same, different, or both? Entrepreneurship theory and practice, 30(1), 1–22.
Barney, J. B. (1986). Strategic factor markets: Expectations, luck, and business strategy. Management science, 32(10), 1231–1241.
Bloom, P. N., & Chatterji, A. K. (2009). Scaling social entrepreneurial impact. California management review, 51(3), 114–133.
Boons, F., & Lüdeke-Freund, F. (2013). Business models for sustainable innovation: State-of-the-art and steps towards a research agenda. Journal of Cleaner Production, 45, 9–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2012.07.007
Bowen, H. R. (1953). Social Responsibilities of the Businessman. Harper.
Cameron, A. (2006). Geographies of welfare and exclusion: Social inclusion and exception. Progress in Human Geography, 30(3), 396–404.
Carney, T. F. (1990). Collaborative Inquiry Methodology. Division for Instructional Development, University of Windsor.
Chataway, J., Hanlin, R., & Kaplinsky, R. (2014). Inclusive innovation: An architecture for policy development. Innovation and Development, 4(1), 33–54. https://doi.org/10.1080/2157930X.2013.876800
Chesbrough, H., & Rosenbloom, R. S. (2002). The role of the business model in capturing value from innovation: Evidence from Xerox Corporation’s technology spin-off companies. Industrial and corporate change, 11(3), 529–555.
Chliova, M., & Ringov, D. (2017). Scaling impact: Template development and replication at the base of the pyramid. Academy of Management Perspectives, 31(1), 44–62.
Chou, H.-H., & Zolkiewski, J. (2012). Decoding network dynamics. Industrial Marketing Management, 41(2), 247–258.
Collis, D. J. (1991). A resource-based analysis of global competition: The case of the bearings industry. Strategic management journal, 12(S1), 49–68.
Costa, R., & Menichini, T. (2013). A multidimensional approach for CSR assessment: The importance of the stakeholder perception. Expert systems with applications, 40(1), 150–161.
Creswell, J. W. (2003). Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches. SAGE Publications.
Dacin, M. T., Dacin, P. A., & Tracey, P. (2011). Social entrepreneurship: A critique and future directions. Organization science, 22(5), 1203–1213.
Dacin, M. T., Oliver, C., & Roy, J.-P. (2007). The legitimacy of strategic alliances: An institutional perspective. Strategic management journal, 28(2), 169–187.
Dacin, P. A., Dacin, M. T., & Matear, M. (2010). Social entrepreneurship: Why we don’t need a new theory and how we move forward from here. Academy of management perspectives, 24(3), 37–57.
Darus, F., Hamzah, E. A. C. K., & Yusoff, H. (2013). CSR web reporting: The influence of ownership structure and mimetic isomorphism. Procedia Economics and Finance, 7, 236–242.
Davidson, K. (2009). Ethical concerns at the bottom of the pyramid: Where CSR meets BOP. Journal of International Business Ethics, 2(1).
Davies, A. R., Simon, J., & Rodin, J. (2013). How to grow social innovation: A review and critique of scaling and diffusion for understanding the growth of social innovation. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/How-to-grow-social-innovation%3A-A-review-and-of-and-Davies-Simon/5c762218e481717fb17c767ab8a86422c97be0b1
Davis, K. (1960). Can business afford to ignore social responsibilities? California management review, 2(3), 70–76.
Defourny, J., & Nyssens, M. (2017). Fundamentals for an international typology of Social Enterprise Models. Voluntas, 28(6), 2469–2497. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11266-017-9884-7
Doane, D., & Abasta-Vilaplana, N. (2005). The myth of CSR (Vol,3, No.3, pp22-29). Stanford social innovation review.
Doherty, B., Haugh, H., & Lyon, F. (2014). Social Enterprises as Hybrid Organizations: A Review and Research Agenda: Social Enterprises as Hybrid Organizations. International Journal of Management Reviews, 16(4), 417–436. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijmr.12028
Echevarría, J. (2008). El Manual de Oslo y la innovación social. Arbor, 184(732), Article 732. https://doi.org/10.3989/arbor.2008.i732.210
European Commission, Directorate-General for Financial Stability, Financial Services and Capital Markets Union. (2017). Guidelines on non-financial reporting. Official Journal of the European Union. C215, 1-20.
European Parliament, Council of the European Union. (2014). DIRECTIVE 2014/95/EU. Official Journal of the European Union. L330, 1-8.
Fitch, H. G. (1976). Achieving Corporate Social Responsibility. The Academy of Management Review, 1(1), 38–46. https://doi.org/10.2307/257357
Fitz-Koch, S., Nordqvist, M., Carter, S., & Hunter, E. (2018). Entrepreneurship in the agricultural sector: A literature review and future research opportunities. Entrepreneurship theory and practice, 42(1), 129–166.
Foss, N. J., & Saebi, T. (2018). Business models and business model innovation: Between wicked and paradigmatic problems. Long range planning, 51(1), 9–21.
Fossey, E., Harvey, C., McDermott, F., & Davidson, L. (2002). Understanding and evaluating qualitative research. Australian & New Zealand journal of psychiatry, 36(6), 717–732.
Foster, C., & Heeks, R. (2013a). Analyzing policy for inclusive innovation: The mobile sector and base-of-the-pyramid markets in Kenya. Innovation and Development, 3(1), 103–119.
Foster, C., & Heeks, R. (2013b). Innovation and scaling of ICT for the bottom-of-the-pyramid. Journal of Information Technology, 28, 296–315.
Frederick, W. C. (1960). The growing concern over business responsibility. California management review, 2(4), 54–61.
Friedman, M. (2007). The Social Responsibility of Business Is To Increase Its Profits. New York Times Magazine (Vol. 32, pp.173–178). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-70818-6_14
Galema, R., Lensink, R., & Mersland, R. (2012). Do powerful CEOs determine microfinance performance? Journal of management studies, 49(4), 718–742.
Gardberg, N. A., & Fombrun, C. J. (2006). Corporate citizenship: Creating intangible assets across institutional environments. Academy of management Review, 31(2), 329–346.
George, G., McGahan, A. M., & Prabhu, J. (2012). Innovation for Inclusive Growth: Towards a Theoretical Framework and a Research Agenda. Journal of Management Studies, 49(4), 661–683. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6486.2012.01048.x
Greenwood, R., & Suddaby, R. (2006). Institutional entrepreneurship in mature fields: The big five accounting firms. Academy of Management journal, 49(1), 27–48.
Hall, J., Matos, S., Sheehan, L., & Silvestre, B. (2012). Entrepreneurship and innovation at the base of the pyramid: A recipe for inclusive growth or social exclusion? Journal of management studies, 49(4), 785–812.
Halme, M., Lindeman, S., & Linna, P. (2012). Innovation for inclusive business: Intrapreneurial bricolage in multinational corporations. Journal of Management Studies, 49(4), 743–784.
Hammann, E.-M., Habisch, A., & Pechlaner, H. (2009). Values that create value: Socially responsible business practices in SMEs–empirical evidence from German companies. Business Ethics: A European Review, 18(1), 37–51.
Heeks, R., Amalia, M., Kintu, R., & Shah, N. (2013). Inclusive Innovation: Definition, Conceptualisation and Future Research Priorities [SSRN Scholarly Paper]. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3438439
Heeks, R., Foster, C., & Nugroho, Y. (2014). New models of inclusive innovation for development. Innovation and Development, 4, 175–185. https://doi.org/10.1080/2157930X.2014.928982
Johnson, H. L. (1971). Business in contemporary society: Framework and issues. Wadsworth Pub. Co.
Kaplinsky, R. (2011). Schumacher meets Schumpeter: Appropriate technology below the radar. Research Policy, 40(2), 193–203.
Kornai, J. (1986). 短缺经济学 (张晓光译). 经济科学出版社（原著出版於1980年）.
Lee, T. W. (1999). Using qualitative methods in organizational research. Sage.
Lindberg, M. (2018). Relating inclusiveness and innovativeness in inclusive innovation. International Journal of Innovation and Regional Development, 8(2), 103–119. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJIRD.2018.092083
London, T., & Hart, S. L. (2011). Next generation business strategies for the base of the pyramid: New approaches for building mutual value. FT Press. https://openlibrary.org/books/OL25966986M
London, T., Anupindi, R., & Sheth, S. (2010). Creating Mutual Value: Lessons Learned from Ventures Serving Base of the Pyramid Producers. Journal of Business Research, 63, 582–594. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2009.04.025
Lüdeke-Freund, F., Massa, L., Bocken, N., Brent, A., & Musango, J. (2016). Business models for shared value. Network for Business Sustainability: South Africa.
Mair, J., & Marti, I. (2006). Social entrepreneurship research: A source of explanation, prediction, and delight. Journal of world business, 41(1), 36–44.
Manfredi, F. (2005). Social Responsibility in the Concept of the Social Enterprise as a Cognitive System. International Journal of Public Administration, 28(9–10), 835–848. https://doi.org/10.1081/PAD-200067371
Margolis, J. D., & Walsh, J. P. (2001). People and profits?: The search for a link between a company’s social and financial performance. Psychology Press.
Matten, D., & Moon, J. (2008). “Implicit” and “explicit” CSR: A conceptual framework for a comparative understanding of corporate social responsibility. Academy of management Review, 33(2), 404–424.
Merriam, S. B. (1988). Case study research in education: A qualitative approach (頁 xx, 226). Jossey-Bass.
Merriam, S. B. (2002). Introduction to qualitative research. Qualitative research in practice: Examples for discussion and analysis, 1(1), 1–17.
Michelini, L., & Fiorentino, D. (2012). New business models for creating shared value. Social Responsibility Journal, 8(4), 561–577. https://doi.org/10.1108/17471111211272129
Miller, W. L., & Crabtree, B. F. (1992). Primary care research: A multimethod typology and qualitative road map.
Moizer, J., & Tracey, P. (2010). Strategy making in social enterprise: The role of resource allocation and its effects on organizational sustainability. Systems research and behavioral science, 27(3), 252–266.
Mortazavi, S., Eslami, M. H., Hajikhani, A., & Väätänen, J. (2021). Mapping inclusive innovation: A bibliometric study and literature review. Journal of Business Research, 122, 736–750.
Nijhof, A., Fisscher, O., & Looise, J. K. (2002). Inclusive innovation: A research project on the inclusion of social responsibility. Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, 9(2), 83–90.
Niño, A. C. S. (2015). Social Entrepreneurship and Corporate Social Responsibility: Differences and Points in Common. Journal of Business, 2(2).
OECD. (1999). Social Enterprises. OECD.
Osterwalder, A., & Pigneur, Y. (2010). Business Model Generation : a handbook for visionaries, game changers, and challengers.
Pansera, M., & Owen, R. (2018). Framing inclusive innovation within the discourse of development: Insights from case studies in India. Research Policy, 47(1), 23–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2017.09.007
Patiño-Valencia, B., Villalba-Morales, M. L., Acosta-Amaya, M., Villegas-Arboleda, C., & Calderón-Sanín, E. (2022). Towards the conceptual understanding of social innovation and inclusive innovation: A literature review. Innovation and Development, 12(3), 437–458. https://doi.org/10.1080/2157930X.2020.1859215
Paunov, C. (2013). Innovation and Inclusive Development. https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/content/paper/5k4dd1rvsnjj-en
Peerally, J. A., De Fuentes, C., & Figueiredo, P. N. (2019). Inclusive innovation and the role of technological capability-building: The social business Grameen Danone Foods Limited in Bangladesh. Long Range Planning, 52(6), 101843.
Prahalad, C. K. (2004). The fortune at the bottom of the pyramid: Eradicating poverty through profits (Revised and updated 5th anniversary ed). Wharton School Pub.
Prahalad, C. K., & Hart, S. L. (2002). The fortune at the bottom of the pyramid. Strategy+business, 26, 54–67. https://www.strategy-business.com/article/11518
Ranjatoelina, J. (2017). What is an inclusive business model? An ‘extended resource-based theory’ definition built on the investigation of three inclusive enterprises in France.
Rao, H., Morrill, C., & Zald, M. N. (2000). Power plays: How social movements and collective action create new organizational forms. Research in organizational behavior, 22, 237–281.
Richardson, J. (2008). The business model: An integrative framework for strategy execution. Strategic Change, 17(5–6), 133–144. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsc.821
Riom, A. (2015). BoP 2.0 for large corporations: co-creating wealth at the base of the pyramid. conducted at the Forum Convergences, Workshop of Social business and BoP, Henri de Reboul, Paris.
Robinson, J. A., & Acemoglu, D. (2012). Why nations fail: The origins of power, prosperity and poverty. Profile London.
Rosca, E., & Bendul, J. C. (2019). Value chain integration of base of the pyramid consumers: An empirical study of drivers and performance outcomes. International Business Review, 28(1), 162–176.
Russo, A., & Perrini, F. (2010). Investigating stakeholder theory and social capital: CSR in large firms and SMEs. Journal of Business ethics, 91, 207–221.
Schoneveld, G. C. (2020). Sustainable business models for inclusive growth: Towards a conceptual foundation of inclusive business. Journal of Cleaner Production, 277, 124062.
Silver, H. (1994). Social Exclusion and Social Solidarity: Three Paradigms. International Labour Review, 133.
Simanis, E., & Hart, S. (2008). The Base of the Pyramid Protocol: Toward Next Generation BoP Strategy. Innovations: Technology, Governance, Globalization, 3(1).
Sinn, H.-W. (1997). The selection principle and market failure in systems competition. Journal of Public Economics, 66(2), 247–274.
Smith, A., Fressoli, M., & Thomas, H. (2014). Grassroots innovation movements: Challenges and contributions. Journal of Cleaner Production, 63, 114–124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2012.12.025
Smith, N. (2014). Social enterprise or social innovation? Keep it simple, stupid. The Social Enterprise Magazine - Pioneers Post. https://www.pioneerspost.com/news-views/20140209/social-enterprise-or-social-innovation-keep-it-simple-stupid
Tracey, P., Phillips, N., & Jarvis, O. (2011). Bridging institutional entrepreneurship and the creation of new organizational forms: A multilevel model. Organization science, 22(1), 60–80.
UNIDO. (2002). Industrial Development Report 2002/2003. https://www.unido.org/resources/publications/publications-type/sales-publications/industrial-development-report-2002-2003
Venugopal, S., & Viswanathan, M. (2019). Implementation of Social Innovations in Subsistence Marketplaces: A Facilitated Institutional Change Process Model. Journal of Product Innovation Management, 36(6), 800–823. https://doi.org/10.1111/jpim.12508
Wang, X., Zheng, L. J., Li, P. P., & Dong, J. (2022). International Inclusive Innovation of Entrepreneurial Firms: Toward a Process Model. Journal of Global Information Management (JGIM), 30(1), 1–19.
Webb, J. W., Kistruck, G. M., Ireland, R. D., & Ketchen Jr, D. J. (2010). The entrepreneurship process in base of the pyramid markets: The case of multinational enterprise/nongovernment organization alliances. Entrepreneurship theory and practice, 34(3), 555–581.
Whittington, R. (2006). Completing the Practice Turn in Strategy Research. Organization Studies - ORGAN STUD, 27. https://doi.org/10.1177/0170840606064101
Wilson, F., & Post, J. E. (2013). Business models for people, planet (& profits): Exploring the phenomena of social business, a market-based approach to social value creation. Small Business Economics, 40, 715–737.
Yunus, M., Moingeon, B., & Lehmann-Ortega, L. (2010). Building social business models: Lessons from the Grameen experience. Long range planning, 43(2–3), 308–325. |
| Description: | 碩士
國立政治大學
科技管理與智慧財產研究所
110364138 |
| Source URI: | http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0110364138 |
| Data Type: | thesis |
| Appears in Collections: | [科技管理與智慧財產研究所] 學位論文
|
Files in This Item:
| File |
Description |
Size | Format | |
|---|
| 413801.pdf | | 3346Kb | Adobe PDF | 0 | View/Open |
|
All items in 政大典藏 are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved.
|
