Loading...
|
Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item:
https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/150198
|
| Title: | 社群媒體災難新聞報導與閱聽人留言情緒之研究：以俄烏戰爭為例
Emotions of Audience Comments towards Disaster Reporting on Social Media: Case Study of Russia-Ukraine War |
| Authors: | 江曉琳
Kwong, Hiu-Lam |
| Contributors: | 許志堅
Sheu, Jyh-Jian
江曉琳
Kwong, Hiu-Lam |
| Keywords: | 俄烏戰爭
災難傳播
情緒反應
社群媒體新聞
厚數據分析
Russia-Ukraine War
disaster communication
emotional responses
social media news
thick data analysis |
| Date: | 2024 |
| Issue Date: | 2024-03-01 13:50:50 (UTC+8) |
| Abstract: | 2022年2月，俄羅斯正式宣布向烏克蘭展開軍事行動，俄烏戰爭隨即爆發，戰事至今造成多人死傷，烏克蘭當地飽受戰火摧殘，生靈塗炭、民不聊生。由於俄烏關係與台海兩岸的歷史脈絡具有相似點，俄烏戰爭受到台灣社會廣泛重視，部分支持者打著「今日烏克蘭，明日台灣」的旗號，呼籲民眾關注戰爭局勢並聲援烏克蘭。烏克蘭總統澤倫斯基亦憑著抵抗敵國的決心，獲美國《時代》雜誌選為2022年的風雲人物。
本研究以俄烏戰爭作為一個災難的例子，結合大數據和人工介入的厚數據方法，分析社群媒體上的戰亂新聞報導及閱聽人的情緒反應。本研究從六家台灣媒體的Facebook新聞粉專（包括《中國時報》、《聯合報》、《自由時報》、《東森電視》、《三立電視》及《TVBS》）蒐集俄烏戰爭相關報導貼文與留言，首先進行大數據的資料統計；接下來，本研究從資料出篩選出「俄烏戰爭局勢發展」與「澤倫斯基相關議題」等兩個議題的報導貼文，以厚數據方法進行新聞主題類目、情緒類型及情緒表達對象之分類，旨在以戰爭階段、新聞主題、個別媒體等三個維度，比較閱聽人的情緒反應差別。
本研究的分析結果指出，俄烏戰爭的新聞報導主要集中在戰爭初期，儘管過後有個別重要事件使報導數量一度急升，仍然無法達至戰爭初期的水平。不論在戰爭的哪個階段，「嘲諷」仍然是最主要的閱聽人情緒反應，當中在「俄烏戰爭局勢發展」的報導下，閱聽人普遍對烏克蘭感「熱情」、對俄羅斯感「憤怒」。在新聞主題方面，大部分主題依舊由「嘲諷」情緒主導，對象則根據主題而定。研究比較不同媒體的閱聽人情緒反應後發現，閱聽人可分為「順應政府立場」和「抗拒政府立場」兩類型，前者可見於「泛綠」或「中立」為主要受眾的媒體，在戰爭中支持烏克蘭一方；後者可見於「泛藍」受眾為主的媒體，傾向對烏克蘭冷嘲熱諷。
In February 2022, Russia officially announced the special military operation in Ukraine, which indicated the outbreak of Russia-Ukraine War. Since then, the warfare has caused thousands of people to get injured, lose their home, and even get killed. On the other side of the world, people in Taiwan are paying attention to the war because there are similarities in historical contexts between Russia-Ukraine and Taiwan Strait relationships. Some supporters aim at pursuing others to focus on the war, by pointing out “Today’s Ukraine, tomorrow’s Taiwan”. Volodymyr Zelenskyy, the President of Ukraine, has been elected as Person of the Year by Time magazine in 2022, muchly due to his determination to protect his country from invasion.
Taking Russia-Ukraine War as a disaster example, this research aims at analyzing war news reports and emotional responses of audience on social media, by a combination of big data and thick data methodologies. Such news reports and comments have been collected from six Taiwanese media, including ChinaTimes, United Daily News, Liberty Times, Eastern Television, Sanlih Television and TVBS. At first, big data analysis has been performed. Then, two issues, “Russia-Ukraine War development” and “Zelenskyy-related topic”, has been selected for further thick data analysis, which includes identifying news themes, types of emotion and targets of emotion expressed. At the end, differences of audience’s emotions can be compared by using stage-of-war, news theme and media dimensions.
Results reveal that news reports of Russia-Ukraine War concentrate at the early stages of war. Although the number of reports surged up occasionally during the progress, it cannot reach the same level at the early stages. From the stage-of-war dimension, “satire” is the major emotional responses of audience in every stage of war. On the issue of “Russia-Ukraine War development”, audience feel “enthusiastic” towards Ukraine and “angry” towards Russia in general. Speaking of news theme, “satire” is still the dominating emotion, and the targets of emotion expressed depend on themes. By comparing emotional responses in different media, this research identifies two types of audience: “conformist” and “resistists”. Conformists join government’s stance to support Ukraine, and are probably the audience of pan-Green or neutral media. On the other hand, resistists tend to be readers of pan-Blue media, and they usually satirize the situation in Ukraine. |
| Reference: | Amy Qin與Amy Chang Chien（2022年3月2日）。〈「今日烏克蘭，明日台灣」？俄烏局勢帶給台灣人的啟示〉，《紐約時報中文網》。取自 https://cn.nytimes.com/asia-pacific/20220302/ukraine-taiwan-china-russia/zh-hant/
BBC News 中文（2022年2月25日）。〈俄羅斯烏克蘭危機：中港台三地民眾關注焦點有何不同〉。取自 https://www.bbc.com/zhongwen/trad/chinese-news-60522125
BBC News 中文（2022年7月16日）。〈北溪1號：一條牽動著世界能源格局和地緣政治的「神經」〉。取自 https://www.bbc.com/zhongwen/trad/world-62179458
BBC News 中文（2022年11月2日）。〈俄烏戰爭：烏克蘭出口了多少糧食？〉。取自 https://www.bbc.com/zhongwen/trad/world-63483091
BBC News中文（2023年3月21日）。〈習近平普京峰會：中俄元首同意「通過和談解決烏克蘭危機」〉。取自 https://www.bbc.com/zhongwen/trad/chinese-news-65032731
三立新聞網（2022年2月25日）。〈烏克蘭總統澤倫斯基：我會跟家人一起死守基輔〉。取自 https://www.setn.com/News.aspx?NewsID=1076553
中央社（2018年3月16日）。〈出身窮困的「低階特務」普京，為何能穩坐「現代沙皇」寶座？BBC紀錄片公開：完全是意外〉。取自https://www.storm.mg/lifestyle/411004?page=2
中國外交部（2023年2月24日）。〈關於政治解決烏克蘭危機的中國立場〉。取自 https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/zyxw/202302/t20230224_11030707.shtml
中國外交部（2023年3月22日）。〈中華人民共和國和俄羅斯聯邦關於深化新時代全面戰略協作伙伴關係的聯合聲明〉。取自https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/zyxw/202303/t20230322_11046188.shtml
中華民國外交部（2022年3月2日）。〈外交部透過財團法人賑災基金會成立賑濟烏克蘭專戶〉。取自 https://www.mofa.gov.tw/News_Content.aspx?n=96&s=97448
中華民國外交部（2022年4月1日）。〈我國賑濟烏克專戶善款突破新台幣9億3千萬元，外交部長吳釗燮宣布第三波捐贈援助烏克蘭行動〉。取自 https://www.mofa.gov.tw/News_Content.aspx?n=96&s=97639
中華民國總統府（2022年2月23日）。〈聽取「烏克蘭情勢因應小組」簡報 總統四項指示：呼籲和平理性、確保國家安全、確保民心安定、維持經濟穩定〉。取自 https://www.president.gov.tw/News/26560
中央社（2022年1月28日）。〈總統開國安會議 指示組烏克蘭情勢因應專案小組〉。取自 https://www.cna.com.tw/news/aipl/202201280144.aspx
自由時報（2022年4月6日）。〈台灣擴大制裁俄羅斯 公布7大類57品項禁輸俄清單〉。取自 https://ec.ltn.com.tw/article/breakingnews/3884397
江知萱與孫復威（2023）。〈善與「俄」：俄烏戰爭中澤倫斯基推文言說框架與戰爭傳播策略研究〉，《傳播研究與實踐》，13(2): 155-185。
伊娃．昂蒂維洛斯（2019年12月29日）。〈俄羅斯強人普京執政20年：從克格勃到克里姆林宮的關鍵幾步〉。取自 https://www.bbc.com/zhongwen/trad/world-49305117
何柳與王偉男（2022年10月22日）。〈美國介入俄烏戰爭策略及台海政策影響〉。《中時新聞網》。取自 https://www.chinatimes.com/opinion/20221022001930-262110?chdtv
杜長青（2022）。〈俄烏戰爭對中國的衝擊以及對臺灣的啟示〉，《戰略安全研析》，173: 19-27。doi: 10.30382/SSA.202204_(173).0002
吳苾瑜（2022）。烏克蘭頓巴斯衝突之研究（2014-2022）〔未出版之碩士論文〕。國立政治大學俄羅斯研究所。
余美霞（2019年8月29日）。〈《Winter on fire》街頭放映會遍地開花，烏克蘭抗爭之路對香港有什麼啟示？〉，《端傳媒》。取自 https://theinitium.com/roundtable/20190829-roundtable-cinematheque-winter-on-fire/
周昱君（2022年10月13日）。〈聯合國通過決議譴責俄羅斯兼併烏克蘭四區 中國棄權、北韓等5國反對〉，《上報》。取自https://www.upmedia.mg/news_info.php?Type=3&SerialNo=156367
林威皓（2019）。〈台灣民主化過程中轉型正義的分析〉〔未出版之碩士論文〕。國立政治大學國家發展研究所。
孟建國、A. Krolik與K. Bradsher（2023年3月22日）。〈數據顯示中國一年來持續向俄羅斯輸送無人機〉，《紐約時報中文網》。取自 https://cn.nytimes.com/world/20230322/russia-china-drones-ukraine-war/zh-hant/
孟建國、S. L. Myers與J. Liu（2022年4月12日）。〈中國的烏克蘭戰爭宣傳：放大並強化俄方虛假信息〉，《紐約時報中文網》。取自https://cn.nytimes.com/china/20220412/china-russia-propaganda/
法國國際廣播電台（2014年11月22日）。〈烏克蘭在分裂危機中迎來獨立廣場革命一周年〉。取自 https://www.rfi.fr/tw/%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB/20141122-%E7%83%8F%E5%85%8B%E8%98%AD%E5%9C%A8%E5%88%86%E8%A3%82%E5%8D%B1%E6%A9%9F%E4%B8%AD%E8%BF%8E%E4%BE%86%E7%8D%A8%E7%AB%8B%E5%BB%A3%E5%A0%B4%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD%E4%B8%80%E5%91%A8%E5%B9%B4
法國廣播電台（2022年10月9日）。〈港府拒絕制裁普京富豪密友超級遊艇 華盛頓發出警告〉。取自 https://rfi.my/8nzw
明報（2022年2月22日）。〈聯合國安理會緊急開會 中方籲各方克制、和平解決爭端〉。取自https://news.mingpao.com/ins/%e5%85%a9%e5%b2%b8/article/20220222/s00004/1645509314485
明報（2022年2月23日）。〈中國外交部稱反對任何非法單邊制裁〉。取自https://news.mingpao.com/ins/%e5%85%a9%e5%b2%b8/article/20220223/s00004/1645619676319
明報（2022年3月11日）。〈李克強：對烏克蘭深感擔憂痛惜 支持俄烏談出和平結果〉。取自https://news.mingpao.com/ins/%e5%85%a9%e5%b2%b8/article/20220311/s00004/1646971252533
林照真（2009）。〈電視媒體與災難管理－災難新聞的倫理困境〉，《廣播與電視》，31: 55-79。doi: 10.30385/JRTS.200912_(31).0002
林照真（2013）。〈台灣電視新聞之災難報導：以「莫拉克」風災為例〉，《新聞學研究》，115: 141-185。doi: 10.30386/MCR.201304_(115).0004
林麗雲（2008）。〈變遷與挑戰：解禁後的台灣報業〉，《新聞學研究》，95: 183-212。doi: 10.30386/MCR.200804_(95).0005
郭兆翊（2023）。〈政治極化與台灣政治：媒體傳播對政治極化的影響〉〔未出版之碩士論文〕。國立臺灣大學社會科學院政治學系。
徐蕙萍與延英陸（2015）。〈當前媒體匯流環境下軍事新聞傳播對社群媒體應用之研究〉，《復興崗學報》，107: 1-30。
紐約時報（2022年2月24日）。〈俄羅斯入侵烏克蘭，普京宣布發起“特别軍事行動”〉。取自https://cn.nytimes.com/world/20220224/russia-ukraine/
國立政治大學選舉研究中心（2023）。〈臺灣民眾臺灣人/中國人認同趨勢分佈（1992年06月~2022年12月）〉。取自https://esc.nccu.edu.tw/PageDoc/Detail?fid=7804&id=6960
張玉法（1998）。《中華民國史稿》。台北：聯經出版事業股份有限公司。
陳百齡與鄭宇君（2014）。〈從流通到聚合：重大災難期間浮現的資訊頻道〉，《新聞學研究》，121: 89-125。doi: 10.30386/MCR.201410_(121).0003
臺灣傳播調查資料庫（2016）。〈台灣民眾媒體使用行為變遷初探-2012年至2016年〉。取自 https://crctaiwan.dcat.nycu.edu.tw/ResultsShow_detail.asp?RS_ID=67
臺灣傳播調查資料庫（2018）。〈你常看新聞嗎？─探討台灣民眾觀看新聞之習慣與問題〉。取自 https://crctaiwan.dcat.nycu.edu.tw/ResultsShow_detail.asp?RS_ID=105
德國之聲（2022年10月11日）。〈美警告香港勿庇護受制裁個人 港特首：只遵守聯合國制裁〉。取自 https://p.dw.com/p/4I1Ak
劉正山（2009）。〈2008 年總統大選競選期間政黨支持者選擇性接觸媒體傾向的分析〉，《選舉研究》，16(2): 51-70。doi: 10.6612/tjes.2009.16.02.51-70
劉正山（2019）。〈厚資料與意義探勘專刊導論〉，《問題與研究》，58(2): i-vi。doi: 10.30390/ISC.201906_58(2).ec
潘令妍（2020）。〈臉書都是“老人”在用？淺談社群媒體使用行為的世代差異〉，《臺灣傳播調查資料庫》。取自 https://crctaiwan.dcat.nycu.edu.tw/ResultsShow_detail.asp?RS_ID=117
劉昌德（2020）。〈小編新聞學：社群媒體與通訊軟體如何轉化新聞專業〉，《新聞學研究》，142: 1-58。doi: 10.30386/MCR.202001_(142).0001
蔡英文 Tsai Ing-wen（2022年2月25日）。〈嚴正譴責俄羅斯侵犯烏克蘭，萬全準備，確保國家安全〉〔Facebook貼文〕。取自 https://www.facebook.com/tsaiingwen/posts/pfbid02fNsF2MASfJQefqQCWUb1DJ5tSMoG49jfZQagco94nQtbSw81MQKGFufZZd7DjVANl
蔡英文 Tsai Ing-wen（2022年3月2日）。〈抵抗侵略，自助人助。烏克蘭人民的團結意志，讓全球民主夥伴更加緊密團結，也讓支持烏克蘭的力量，越來越強大〉〔Facebook貼文〕。取自 https://www.facebook.com/tsaiingwen/posts/pfbid0HBiakvkrL1QjEDk12WEyXxVrvvhzHYuQsNFPsfTRCVwDdzAzMgtou5MirYWvw8tXl
蕭怡靖（2006）。〈臺灣閱報民眾的人口結構及政治態度之變遷—1992 至2004 年〉，《臺灣民主季刊》，3(4): 37-70。doi: 10.6448/TDQ.200612.0037
謝國斌（2015）。〈烏克蘭的族群政治〉，《臺灣國際研究季刊》，11(3): 129-153。
鏡週刊（2022年12月12日）。〈LINE TODAY公布年度熱門新聞 國際新聞首度登榜首〉。取自 https://www.mirrormedia.mg/story/20221212insight003/
譚躍與蕭蘋（2019）。〈線上災難傳播的議題設定效果：高雄氣爆事件中媒體臉書粉絲專頁主文與回應文的互動影響〉，《新聞學研究》，138: 163-224。doi: 10.30386/MCR.201901_(138).0005
蘇蘅（2002）。〈電視新聞在台灣的發展〉，《傳播研究簡訊》，31: 9-12。doi: 10.6335/CRN.2002.31(4)
Aday, S. (2010). Chasing the bad news: An analysis of 2005 Iraq and Afghanistan war coverage on NBC and Fox News Channel. Journal of communication, 60(1), 144-164. doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.2009.01472.x
Aday, S., Livingston, S., & Hebert, M. (2005). Embedding the truth: A cross-cultural analysis of objectivity and television coverage of the Iraq war. Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics, 10(1), 3-21. doi: 10.1177/1081180X05275727
Al Jazeera. (24th Feb 2022). Russian forces launch full-scale invasion of Ukraine. Retrieved from https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/2/24/putin-orders-military-operations-in-eastern-ukraine-as-un-meets
Al Jazeera. (21st Dec 2022). Ukraine’s Zelenskyy travels to US to meet President Biden. Retrieved from https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/12/21/ukraines-zelenskyy-travels-to-us-to-meet-president-biden
Allan, S., & Zelizer, B. (2004). Reporting War: Journalism in Wartime. Routledge. doi: 10.4324/9780203497562
Askew, J. (1st August 2023). Ukraine war: A month-by-month timeline of the conflict so far. Retrieved from https://www.euronews.com/2023/01/30/ukraine-war-a-month-by-month-timeline-of-the-conflict-in-2022
Barsade, S. G. (2002). The ripple effect: Emotional contagion and its influence on group behavior. Administrative science quarterly, 47(4), 644-675. doi: 10.2307/3094912
BBC. (27th Dec 2022). Russia bans oil sales to countries using price cap. Retrieved from https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-64102180
BBC. (21st Feb 2023). Biden visits Zelensky in Kyiv and says Putin 'dead wrong' on Ukraine war. Retrieved from https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-64702548
Birch, S. (2000). Interpreting the regional effect in Ukrainian politics. Europe-Asia Studies, 52(6), 1017-1041. doi: 10.1080/09668130050143815
Bornakke, T., & Due, B. L. (2018). Big–Thick Blending: A method for mixing analytical insights from big and thick data sources. Big Data & Society, 5(1), 1-16. doi: 10.1177/2053951718765026
boyd, D., & Crawford, K. (2012). Critical questions for big data: Provocations for a cultural, technological, and scholarly phenomenon. Information, communication & society, 15(5), 662-679. doi: 10.1080/1369118X.2012.678878
Bruns, A. (2018). Gatewatching and news curation: Journalism, social media, and the public sphere. Bristol: Peter Lang. doi: 10.3726/b13293
Council on Foreign Relations. (2022). China and Russia: Exploring Ties Between Two Authoritarian Powers. Retrieved from https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/china-russia-relationship-xi-putin-taiwan-ukraine
Council on Foreign Relations. (2023). How Much Aid Has the U.S. Sent Ukraine? Here Are Six Charts. Retrieved from https://www.cfr.org/article/how-much-aid-has-us-sent-ukraine-here-are-six-charts
CRED. (2009). Classification. Retrieved from https://www.emdat.be/classification
Crittenden, V. L., Hopkins, L. M., & Simmons, J. M. (2011). Satirists as opinion leaders: is social media redefining roles?. Journal of Public Affairs, 11(3), 174-180. doi: 10.1002/pa.400
Drabczuk, M. (2021). The “Dreamland” of President Zelenskyy: implementation or imitation of economic changes. In M. Drabczuk & T. Stępniewski (Ed.), Ukraine under Zelenskyy: Domestic, Foreign and Security Policy in Flux (pp. 33-50). Lublin, Poland: Institute of Central Europe.
Drabek, T. E. (2012). Human system responses to disaster: An inventory of sociological findings. New York: Springer Verlag. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4612-4960-3
Dimitrova, D. V., Kaid, L. L., Williams, A. P., & Trammell, K. D. (2005). War on the Web: The immediate news framing of Gulf War II. Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics, 10(1), 22-44. doi: 10.1177/1081180X05275595
Entman, R. M. (1993). Framing: Toward clarification of a fractured paradigm. Journal of communication, 43(4), 51-58. doi: 10.1111/j.1460-2466.1993.tb01304.x
Ferrara, E., & Yang, Z. (2015). Measuring emotional contagion in social media. PloS one, 10(11), e0142390. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0142390
Fischer, S. (2019). The Donbas conflict: opposing interests and narratives, difficult peace process. (SWP Research Paper, 5/2019). Berlin: Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik -SWP- Deutsches Institut für Internationale Politik und Sicherheit. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.18449/2019RP05
Galtung, J. (1986). On the role of the media in worldwide security and peace. In T. Varis (Ed.), Peace and communication (pp. 249-66). Costa Rica: Universidad para La Paz.
Galtung, J., & Ruge, M. H. (1965). The structure of foreign news: The presentation of the Congo, Cuba and Cyprus crises in four Norwegian newspapers. Journal of peace research, 2(1), 64-90. doi: 10.1177/002234336500200104
Geertz, C. (1973). Thick Description: Toward an interpretive theory of culture. In C. Geertz (Ed.), The interpretation of cultures: Selected essays (pp. 3-30). NY: Basic Books. doi: 10.4324/9781315022086-50
Ghani, N. A., Hamid, S., Hashem, I. A. T., & Ahmed, E. (2019). Social media big data analytics: A survey. Computers in Human Behavior, 101, 417-428. doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2018.08.039
Glasser, S. B. (2019). Putin the Great: Russia's imperial impostor. Foreign Affairs, 98(5), 10-17.
Goldenberg, A. & Gross, J. (2020). Digital Emotion Contagion. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 24(4), 316-328. doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2020.01.009
Google Trends. (2022). See what was trending in 2022 – Taiwan. Retrieved from https://trends.google.com.tw/trends/yis/2022/TW/
Granatt, M. (1999). Civil emergencies and the media: A central government perspective. In Shirley Harrison (Ed.), Disasters and the media: Managing crisis communications (pp. 101-117). London, UK: Macmillan Business. doi: 10.1007/978-1-349-14640-6_8
Gurr, G., & Metag, J. (2021). Examining avoidance of ongoing political issues in the news: A longitudinal study of the impact of audience issue fatigue. International Journal of Communication, 15(2021), 1789-1809.
Gurr, G., Schumann, C., & Metag, J. (2022). Negative effects of long-lasting media attention to public issues on recipients: Conceptualizing issue fatigue. Studies in Communication Sciences, 22(2), 385-401. doi: 10.24434/j.scoms.2022.02.007
Harris, S., & Sonne, P. (3rd Dec 2021). Russia planning massive military offensive against Ukraine involving 175,000 troops, U.S. intelligence warns. The Washington Post. Retrieved from https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/russia-ukraine-invasion/2021/12/03/98a3760e-546b-11ec-8769-2f4ecdf7a2ad_story.html
Hasell, A. (2021). Shared emotion: The social amplification of partisan news on Twitter. Digital Journalism, 9(8), 1085-1102. doi: 10.1080/21670811.2020.1831937
Hatfield, E., Cacioppo, J. T., & Rapson, R. L. (1993). Emotional contagion. Current directions in psychological science, 2(3), 96-100. doi: 10.1111/1467-8721.ep10770953
IFRC. (2023). What is a disaster? Retrieved from https://www.ifrc.org/our-work/disasters-climate-and-crises/what-disaster
Herrando, C. & Constantinides, E. (2021). Emotional Contagion: A Brief Overview and Future Directions. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 712606. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.712606
Huang, E. (2003). Taiwan's Status in Changing World: United Nations Representation and Membership for Taiwan. Annual Survey of International & Comparative Law, 9, 55-100.
Hughes, C. R. (2011). Negotiating National Identity in Taiwan: Between nativization and de-sinicization. In R. Ash, J. W. Garver, & P. B. Prime (Ed.), Taiwan’s Democracy: Economic and political challenges. London & NY: Routledge.
International Republican Institute. (2023). National Survey of Ukraine September 2023. Retrieved from https://www.iri.org/resources/national-survey-of-ukraine-september-2023/
Kaid, L. L., Harville, B., Ballotti, J., & Wawrzyniak, M. (1993). Telling the Gulf War story: Coverage in five papers. In B. Greenberg & W. Gantz (Ed.), Desert Storm and the mass media (pp. 86-98). NJ: Hampton.
Kaplan, R. L. (2008). Yellow journalism. In W. Donsbach (Ed.), The international encyclopedia of communication (pp. 5369-5370). NJ: Wiley-Blackwell. doi: 10.1002/9781405186407.wbiecy001
Katchanovski, I. (2015). Crimea: People and Territory Before and After Annexation. In A. Pikulicka, & R. Sakwa (Ed.), Ukraine and Russia: People, Politics, Propaganda and Perspectives (pp. 80-89). UK: E-International Relations.
Kramer, A. D., Guillory, J. E., & Hancock, J. T. (2014). Experimental evidence of massive-scale emotional contagion through social networks. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 111(24), 8788-8790. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1320040111
Kuzio, T. (2015). Ukraine: Democratization, Corruption, and the New Russian Imperialism. Santa Barbara, CA: Praeger. doi: 10.5040/9798216028833
Latzko-Toth, G., Bonneau, C., & Millette, M. (2017). Small data, thick data: Thickening strategies for trace-based social media research. In L. Sloan & A. Quan-Haase (Ed.), The SAGE handbook of social media research methods (pp. 199-214). SAGE Publications Ltd. doi: 10.4135/9781473983847.n13
Maloy, A. L. (2022). What Zelensky’s TV show ‘Servant of the People’ reveals about him, and Ukraine. Retrieved from https://www.washingtonpost.com/arts-entertainment/2022/03/22/servant-of-the-people-zelensky-netflix-show/
Marcus, G. E., MacKuen, M., & Neuman, W. R. (2011). Parsimony and complexity: Developing and testing theories of affective intelligence. Political Psychology, 32(2), 323-336. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9221.2010.00806.x
McGoldrick, A., & Lynch, J. (2006). Peace journalism: What is it? How to do it? Retrieved from https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/64978096/McGoldrick_Lynch_Peace_Journalism-libre.pdf?1605781537=&response-content-disposition=inline%3B+filename%3DPEACE_JOURNALISM_WHAT_IS_IT_HOW_TO_DO_IT.pdf&Expires=1680722601&Signature=ez8MKuI48J23stGSPiZoOcZhXf6ZZoypeRBYQ6vULyosNd9vb8FYJY9NkcMSY40R8MIxTzZ6tsUpRCNp5HCA9nmilSt0D30geGEHouRj1zgl1rImFmR2nV5MKL5W~ckgA9qHF6nKjnrOSy-ZB-hOflA8E9e7H2Z1jrt2xjKhX-J~MZUbBcTNg8IEuTm96Z4SNwVX8-lOxCa-lVy4BE9n~4O6574uzAcUrePQnonKmlBSAx0mPKRQNjEEkQmssJiWhWUbenIBiZHL01R7orsBCDhuVGmuboNzRMBs9MINz9nbl6tCJl9DhJgpE9Hq-1SIDz7yjEGDZO-pb-zQJwGW2A__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA
Mueller, J. E. (1973). War, presidents and public opinion. New York: Wiley.
NapoleonCat. (2023). Facebook users in Taiwan 2023. Retrieved from https://napoleoncat.com/stats/social-media-users-in-taiwan/2023/#section-facebook
Neumann, R., & Strack, F. (2000). Mood contagion: The automatic transfer of mood between persons. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79, 211–223. doi: 10.1037//0022-3514.79.2.211
Newman, N., Fletcher, R., Schulz, A., Robertson, C. T., Eddy, K., & Nielsen, R. K. (2021). Reuters Institute digital news report 2021. Reuters Institute for the study of Journalism.
OHCHR. (2022). Conflict-related civilian casualties in Ukraine. Retrieved from https://ukraine.un.org/sites/default/files/2022-02/Conflict-related%20civilian%20casualties%20as%20of%2031%20December%202021%20%28rev%2027%20January%202022%29%20corr%20EN_0.pdf
OSCE. (2015). Package of measures for the Implementation of the Minsk agreements. Retrieved from https://peacemaker.un.org/sites/peacemaker.un.org/files/UA_150212_MinskAgreement_en.pdf
Parkinson, B. (2011). Interpersonal emotion transfer: Contagion and social appraisal. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 5(7), 428-439. doi: 10.1111/j.1751-9004.2011.00365.x
Pekar, V. (2020). One year of President Zelenskyy: a summary of policies. Retrieved from https://neweasterneurope.eu/2020/07/03/one-year-of-president-zelenskyy-a-summary-of-policies/
Perez‐Lugo, M. (2004). Media uses in disaster situations: A new focus on the impact phase. Sociological inquiry, 74(2), 210-225. doi: 10.1111/j.1475-682x.2004.00087.x
Pisano, J. (2022). How Zelensky Has Changed Ukraine. Journal of Democracy, 33(3), 5-13. doi: 10.1353/jod.2022.0034
Platt, R. H. (1999). Disasters and democracy: The politics of extreme natural events. Washington, DC: Island Press. doi: 10.5070/g311310409
Plokhy, S. (2006). The origins of the Slavic nations: Premodern identities in Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus. Cambridge University Press. doi: 10.1017/cbo9780511496837
Plutchik, R. (1980). A psychoevolutionary theory of emotions. Social Science Information, 21(4-5), 529-553. doi: 10.1177/053901882021004003
President of Russia. (2021). Article by Vladimir Putin “On the Historical Unity of Russians and Ukrainians”. Retrieved from http://en.kremlin.ru/events/president/news/66181
Qiblawi, T., Hodge, N., Lister, T., & Kottasová, I. (21st February 2022). Why Donbas is at the heart of the Ukraine crisis. CNN. Retrieved from https://edition.cnn.com/2022/02/19/europe/donbas-ukraine-russia-intl-cmd/index.html
Reuters. (22nd February 2022). Extracts from Putin's speech on Ukraine. Retrieved from https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/extracts-putins-speech-ukraine-2022-02-21/
Robinson, P., Goddard, P., Parry, K., & Murray, C. (2009). Testing models of media performance in wartime: UK TV news and the 2003 invasion of Iraq. Journal of Communication, 59(3), 534-563. doi: 10.1111/j.1460-2466.2009.01435.x
Roshchina, O. (16th February 2022). Zelensky and Poroshenko narrowed the gap in the presidential rating. Retrieved from https://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2022/02/16/7324188/
RSF. (2022). Index. Retrieved from https://rsf.org/en/index?year=2022
Sagiroglu, S., & Sinanc, D. (2013, May). Big data: A review. In 2013 international conference on collaboration technologies and systems (CTS) (pp. 42-47). IEEE. doi: 10.1109/cts.2013.6567202
Saluschev, S. (2014). Annexation of Crimea: Causes, Analysis & Global Implications. Global Societies Journal, 2, 37-46.
Schoenewolf, G. (1990). Emotional contagion: Behavioral induction in individuals and groups. Modern Psychoanalysis, 15(1), 49-61.
Schultz, I. (2007). The journalistic gut feeling: Journalistic doxa, news habitus and orthodox news values. Journalism practice, 1(2), 190-207. doi: 10.1080/17512780701275507
Shaluf, I. M. (2007). Disaster Type. Disaster Prevention and Management, 16(5), 704-717. doi: 10.1108/09653560710837019
Shevsky, D. (2022). Euromaidan Revolution in Ukraine. In J. A. Goldstone, L. Grinin, & A. Korotayev (Ed.), Handbook of Revolutions in the 21st Century: The New Waves of Revolutions, and the Causes and Effects of Disruptive Political Change (pp. 851-863). Springer. doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-86468-2_32
Singer, E., & Endreny, P. M. (1993). Reporting on risk: How the mass media portray accidents, diseases, disaster, and other hazards. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
Statista. (2021). Volume of data/information created, captured, copied, and consumed worldwide from 2010 to 2020, with forecasts from 2021 to 2025. Retrieved from https://www.statista.com/statistics/871513/worldwide-data-created/
Statista. (2022). Number of civilian casualties in Ukraine during Russia's invasion verified by OHCHR from February 24, 2022 to March 26, 2023. Retrieved from https://www.statista.com/statistics/1293492/ukraine-war-casualties/
Stieglitz, S. & Linh, D. (2013). Emotions and Information Diffusion in Social Media - Sentiment of Microblogs and Sharing Behavior. Journal of Management Information Systems, 29(4), 217-248. doi: 10.2753/mis0742-1222290408
Szporluk, R. (2000). Russia, Ukraine, and the breakup of the Soviet Union. Hoover Institution Press.
Turner, B.A. & Pedgeon, N.F. (1997). Man-Made Disasters. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann.
UNHRC. (2022). Ukraine Refugee Situation. Retrieved from https://data.unhcr.org/en/situations/ukraine
Vasterman, P., Yzermans, C. J., & Dirkzwager, A. J. (2005). The role of the media and media hypes in the aftermath of disasters. Epidemiologic reviews, 27(1), 107-114. doi: 10.1093/epirev/mxi002
Wang, T. (2016). Why Big Data Needs Thick Data. Retrieved from https://medium.com/ethnography-matters/why-big-data-needs-thick-data-b4b3e75e3d7
Westfall, S. (9th June 2023). Russia-Ukraine war timeline: From attack on Kyiv to counteroffensive. Retrieved from https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/06/09/russia-ukraine-war-timeline-counteroffensive/
WHO/EHA. (2002). Disasters & Emergencies Definitions Training Package. Retrieved from https://apps.who.int/disasters/repo/7656.pdf
Wikipedia. (2023). Timeline of the Russian invasion of Ukraine. Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine
Zachara-Szyma´nska, M. (2023). The return of the hero-leader? Volodymyr Zelensky’s international image and the global response to Russia’s invasion of Ukraine. Leadership, 19(3), 196-209. doi: 10.1177/17427150231159824
Zhang, T. (25th Jul 2022). China Is Not Russia; Taiwan Is Not Ukraine. Retrieved from https://thediplomat.com/2022/07/china-is-not-russia-taiwan-is-not-ukraine/ |
| Description: | 碩士
國立政治大學
傳播學院傳播碩士學位學程
110464058 |
| Source URI: | http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0110464058 |
| Data Type: | thesis |
| Appears in Collections: | [傳播學院傳播碩士學位學程] 學位論文
|
Files in This Item:
| File |
Description |
Size | Format | |
|---|
| 405801.pdf | | 9680Kb | Adobe PDF | 0 | View/Open |
|
All items in 政大典藏 are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved.
|
