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| Title: | 全球化時代美國數位公眾外交之發展
Development of The U.S. Digital Public Diplomacy in The Era of Globalization |
| Authors: | 黃佩瑄
Huang, Pei-Hsuan |
| Contributors: | 李明
黃佩瑄
Huang, Pei-Hsuan |
| Keywords: | 全球化
資通訊科技
數位公眾外交
小布希
歐巴馬
川普
拜登
Globalization
Information and Communication Technology (ICT)
Digital Public Diplomacy
George W. Bush
Barack Obama
Donald Trump
Joe Biden |
| Date: | 2024 |
| Issue Date: | 2024-03-01 13:46:58 (UTC+8) |
| Abstract: | 在公眾重要性提升、非國家行為者興起的全球化時代，除了國家之間的傳統外交，國家也需要透過公眾外交與公眾、非國家行為者交流互動、建立關係。而全球化伴隨的資通訊科技發展，使得網路與數位媒體日益普及、人工智慧等數位科技日新月異，促使各行各業開始朝向數位化轉型。因此，公眾外交朝向數位化轉型是必然的趨勢，「數位公眾外交」的概念因此油然而生。
本論文以數位公眾外交為核心，探究其概念與內涵，並以公眾外交概念發源地、資通訊科技發展位於領先地位的美國為研究對象，探討美國政府如何使用資通訊科技與公眾互動。首先梳理全球化時代公眾外交概念的演進，接著建構數位公眾外交的概念與跨領域內涵，最後分析小布希、歐巴馬、川普與拜登四位美國總統的數位公眾外交政策與作為。作者的研究結果顯示，美國的數位公眾外交歷經了萌芽、適應、動盪與發展的長遠歷程。
Globalization has propelled the rise of publics and non-state actors. Apart from the traditional diplomacy, governments also need to engage in public diplomacy to interact and build relationships with publics and non-state actors. The pervasive influence of information and communication technologies (ICT) in the era of globalization has popularized the use of the Internet and digital media, driving rapid advancements in technologies like artificial intelligence. The development of ICT has prompted various industries to embark on digitalization. Consequently, the inevitable trend is for public diplomacy to undergo digitalization, giving rise to the concept of “Digital Public Diplomacy.”
This thesis therefore delves into the concept and content of Digital Public Diplomacy. It focuses on the United States, a leading hub of ICT development and the birthplace of public diplomacy, exploring how the U.S. government utilizes ICT to interact with the public. It begins by tracing the evolution of public diplomacy concept in the era of globalization, followed by the establishment of the concept and interdisciplinary content of Digital Public Diplomacy. Finally, it analyzes the policies and actions of four U.S. presidents: George W. Bush, Barack Obama, Donald Trump, and Joe Biden. The research finding of this article indicates that the Digital Public Diplomacy of the U.S. has undergone a long process of germination, adaptation, turbulence, and development. |
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Colabrese, Ines, Julian Uzielli & Kristin Nelson. “Diplomacy in the Trump Era Poses Challenge to World Leaders.” CBC Radio, November 18, 2016, https://www.cbc.ca/radio/thecurrent/the-current-for-november-18-2016-1.3855509/diplomacy-in-the-trump-era-poses-challenge-to-world-leaders-1.3855645
Erdbrink, Thomas. “U.S. Opens a ‘Virtual Embassy’ in Iran.” The Washington Post, December 6, 2011, https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/checkpoint- washington/post/us-opens-a-virtual-embassy-in-iran/2011/12/06/gIQAEn0wZO_blog.html
Graham, David A. “Donald Trump’s Excellent Abrahamic Adventure.” The Atlantic, May 4, 2017, https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2017/05/donald- trumps-excellent-abrahamic-adventure/525429/
Mayer, Catherine. “On Eve of G-20, Obama Promises to Listen, Not Lecture.” Time Magazine, April 1, 2009, https://content.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1888800,00.html
“President Trump’s Proposed Budget Defunds Education, National Endowment of the Arts, State Department.” Language Magazine, February 11, 2020, https://www.languagemagazine.com/2020/02/11/president-trumps-proposed-budget-defunds-education-national-endowment-of-the-arts-state-department/
Robertson, Derek. “How @realDonaldTrump Changed Politics — and America.” Politico, January 9, 2021, https://www.politico.com/news/magazine/2021/01/09/trump-twitter-ban-suspended-analysis-456817
Romm, Tony. “Millions of Tweets Peddled Conspiracy Theories about Coronavirus in Other Countries, an Unpublished U.S. Report Says.” The Washington Post, February 29, 2020, https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2020/02/29/twitter-coronavirus-misinformation-state-department/
Sabatini, Christopher. “The Flawed Logic of the Trump Administration’s Cuts to Exchange Programs.” Global Americans, February 21, 2018, https://theglobalamericans.org/2018/02/flawed-logic-trump-administrations-cuts-exchange-programs/#_ftn1
Winters, Tristan. “Web 3.0 – A Chat with Ethereum’s Gavin Wood.” Bitcoin Magazine, April 25, 2014, https://bitcoinmagazine.com/business/web-3-0-chat-ethereums- gavin-wood-1398455401
Zherka, Ilir. “International Exchange Programs Receive Unprecedented Support.” HuffPost, July 20, 2017, https://www.huffpost.com/entry/international-exchange- programs-receive-unprecedented_b_5970ccb1e4b0f68541cd62fc
（六） 其他網路資源
“American Public Diplomacy: Obama.” TUIC Academi, February 20, 2022, https://www.tuicakademi.org/american-public-diplomacy-obama-era/
Berger, J.M. & Jonathon Morgan. “The ISIS Twitter Census. Defining and Describing the Population of ISIS Supporters on Twitter.” The Brookings Project on U.S. Relations with the Islamic World, March 5, 2015, https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/isis_twitter_census_berger_morgan.pdf
Burroughs, Franklin T. “Diplomatic Eruptions and Reduced U.S. Influence.” USC Center on Public Diplomacy, August 23, 2022, https://uscpublicdiplomacy.org/blog/diplomatic-eruptions-and-reduced-us-influence
Carlson, Brian. “What is The CDP Bureau?” Customer Data Platform, https://cdp.com/articles/what-is-the-cdp-bureau/
Copeland, Daryl. “Connectivity and Networks Rule: Virtuality, Public Diplomacy and The Foreign Ministry.” USC Center on Public Diplomacy, November 26, 2008, https://uscpublicdiplomacy.org/blog/connectivity-and-networks-rule-virtuality-public-diplomacy-and-foreign-ministry
Cull, Nicholas J. “‘Public Diplomacy’ Before Gullion: The Evolution of A Phrase.” USC Center on Public Diplomacy, April 18, 2006,
https://uscpublicdiplomacy.org/blog/public-diplomacy-gullion-evolution-phrase
“Digital Diplomacy.” Diplo, 2023, https://www.diplomacy.edu/topics/digital-diplomacy/
Hanson, Fergus. “Baked in and Wired: eDiplomacy@State.” Foreign Policy at Brookings, 2012, https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/baked- in-hansonf-5.pdf
Hare, Paul. “Public Diplomacy and Soft Power? No Thanks, It’s America First.” USC Center on Public Diplomacy, February 18, 2020, https://uscpublicdiplomacy.org/blog/public-diplomacy-and-soft-power-no-thanks-its-america-first
Hayden, Craig. “The State Department’s Digital Outreach Program: A New Critical Perspective.” USC Center on Public Diplomacy, March 29, 2007, https://uscpublicdiplomacy.org/blog/state-department%E2%80%99s-digital-outreach-program-new-critical-perspective
Lips, Dan. “A New Strategy for U.S. Public Diplomacy: Using Virtual Education and Incentives to Promote Understanding of American Values.” Lincoln Policy, June, 2021, https://lincolnpolicy.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/Lincoln-Policy-A-New-Strategy-for-U.S.-Public-Diplomacy.pdf
Manor, Ilan. “AI’s Impact on Public Diplomacy.” Exploring Digital Diplomacy, June 15, 2023, https://digdipblog.com/2023/06/15/ais-impact-on-public-diplomacy/
Manor, Ilan. “America’s Selfie in the Age of Trump.” Exploring Digital Diplomacy, September 3, 2017, https://digdipblog.com/2017/09/03/americas-selfie-in-the- age-of-trump/
Manor, Ilan. “How External Shocks Alter Digital Diplomacy’s Trajectory.” USC Center on Public Diplomacy, November 16, 2020, https://uscpublicdiplomacy.org/blog/how-external-shocks-alter-digital-diplomacys-trajectory
Manor, Ilan. “The AI Moves In: ChatGPT’s Impact on Digital Diplomacy.” Exploring Digital Diplomacy, February 21, 2023, https://digdipblog.com/2023/02/21/the-ai-moves-in-chatgpts-impact-on-digital-diplomacy/
McCarthy, Deborah. “US Foreign Policy Tools in The Era of Disinformation.” FIIA Briefing Paper, 2019, pp. 1-8.
McClory, Jonathan. “A Red, White & Blue Reset: Challenges & Opportunities for American Public Diplomacy.” USC Center on Public Diplomacy, July 8, 2021, https://uscpublicdiplomacy.org/blog/red-white-blue-reset-challenges-opportunities-american-public-diplomacy
Nye, Joseph S. “American Soft Power in The Age of Trump.” USC Center on Public Diplomacy, March 20, 2019, https://uscpublicdiplomacy.org/blog/american-soft- power-age-trump
Nye, Joseph S. “Soft Power 2.0: The Future of Power in the Digital Age.” Dubai Policy Review, February, 2020, https://dubaipolicyreview.ae/soft-power-2-0/
Penn, Christopher. “What’s the Difference Between Social Media and New Media?” Awaken Your Superhero, November 19, 2021,
https://www.christopherspenn.com/2021/11/whats-the-difference-between-social- media-new-media/
Poushter, Jacob & Christine Huang. “Climate Change Still Seen as the Top Global Threat, but Cyberattacks a Rising Concern.” Pew Research Center, February 10, 2019, https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2019/02/10/climate-change-still-seen-as-the-top-global-threat- but-cyberattacks-a-rising-concern/
“Public Diplomacy in the Trump Administration.” The Heritage Foundation, September 30, 2019, https://www.heritage.org/global-politics/event/public- diplomacy-the-trump-administration
Repucci, Sarah & Amy Slipowitz. “Freedom in The World 2021: Democracy Under Siege.” Freedom House, 2021, https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom- world/2021/democracy-under-siege
Shahbaz, Adrian. “The Rise of Digital Authoritarianism.” Freedom House, 2018, https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-net/2018/rise-digital-authoritarianism
Sharma, Madhurkant. “Difference Between Web 1.0, Web 2.0, and Web 3.0.” GeeksforGeeks, July 02, 2023, https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/web-1-0-web-2-0- and-web-3-0-with-their-difference/
“Social Media’s Impact on Media Multiplier Effect.” Icon Visual Marketing, April 21, 2014, https://www.iconvisual.com.au/social-media/social-media-s-impact-on- media-multiplier-effect
Sorkin, Allison. “The United States’ War Against Russian Disinformation: Is the GEC Fit for Purpose?” Global Risk Insights, October 6, 2022, https://globalriskinsights.com/2022/10/the-united-states-war-against-russian-disinformation-is-the-gec-fit-for-purpose/
Surowiec, Pawel & Chris Miles. “Public Diplomacy Imploded: Populist Cultural Strategies for the Digital Age.” USC Center on Public Diplomacy, March 21, 2019, https://uscpublicdiplomacy.org/blog/public-diplomacy-imploded-populist-cultural-strategies-digital-age
“The Power and Potential of Digital Diplomacy.” Global Diplomatic Forum, June, 2023, https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/power-potential-digital-diplomacy-global- diplomatic-forum/
“What’s PD?” USC Center on Public Diplomacy, https://uscpublicdiplomacy.org/page/what-is-pd
Wike, Richard, Janell Fetterolf & Mara Mordecai. “U.S. Image Plummets Internationally as Most Say Country Has Handled Coronavirus Badly.” Pew Research Center, September 15, 2020, https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2020/09/15/us-image-plummets-internationally-as-most-say-country-has-handled-coronavirus-badly/
Wike, Richard, Janell Fetterolf, Moira Fagan & Sneha Gubbala. “International Attitudes Toward the U.S., NATO and Russia in a Time of Crisis.” Pew Research Center, June 22, 2022, https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2022/06/22/international-attitudes-toward-the-u-s-nato-and-russia-in-a-time-of-crisis/
三、 法文部分
Kurbalija, Jovan. “Prévisions 2023: 12 Tendances en Matière de Gouvernance Numérique et de Diplomatie.” June 26, 2023, Diplo, https://www.diplomacy.edu/blog/2023-digital-governance-predictions/#2_Digital_geopolitics_From_submarine_cables_to_satellites |
| Description: | 碩士
國立政治大學
外交學系
110253020 |
| Source URI: | http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0110253020 |
| Data Type: | thesis |
| Appears in Collections: | [外交學系] 學位論文
|
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| 302001.pdf | | 2783Kb | Adobe PDF | 0 | View/Open |
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