Loading...
|
Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item:
https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/149694
|
| Title: | 中國對美假資訊影響力作戰之研究
Chinese Disinformation Influence Operation in the United States |
| Authors: | 劉莉婷
Liu, Li-Ting |
| Contributors: | 袁力強
Yuan, Li-Chung
劉莉婷
Liu, Li-Ting |
| Keywords: | 假訊息
資訊操弄
中國影響力作戰
社群媒體
資訊韌性
假訊息攻擊鏈
俄羅斯化
Disinformation
Information Manipulation
Chinese Influence Operations
Social Media
Information Resilience
Disinformation Kill Chain
Russification |
| Date: | 2024 |
| Issue Date: | 2024-02-01 13:06:05 (UTC+8) |
| Abstract: | 二十一世紀科技迅速地發展深刻地改變了全球的互動模式，多項新興的數位科技，如生成人工智慧及社交媒體機器人也被應用於數位資訊戰中。新興數位科技的蓬勃發展使社群媒體上的假訊息成為國家和非國家行為者塑造公眾輿論和實現其策略目標的有力工具。由於社群媒體平台的廣泛觸及率有放大假訊息影響力的特性，在COVID-19期間，大眾受資訊疫情（infodemic）影響，對於獨裁政權（如中國）所秉持的網路主權之立場有所擔憂，擔心其是否會利用社群媒體的特性重塑全球資訊環境。
本論文將研究中國如何利用社群媒體進行假資訊影響力作戰爭取話語權、提升其全球形象，以及此作戰策略是否有俄羅斯化（Charon&Vilmer，2021）的跡象，並藉此達到「被恐懼而非被喜愛」的目標。 本研究採用質性研究方法，分析來自Meta、Google、微軟等科技巨頭以及與其合作的相關研究單位如Graphika的報告，並著重於2020年美國總統選舉和COVID-19期間中國對美假資訊影響力作戰的案例進行研究。 研究目的是評估這些假訊息攻擊鏈之案例是否有效提升了中國的全球形象，或是成功在目標國家中播下了內亂、不信任政府以及親中反美情緒等種子。
研究結果發現，雖然中國的假資訊影響力作戰因觸及率低而取得的成功有限，但其短時間內的迅速發展、對新興數位科技的掌握以及作戰的持續性及韌性中可見各國對此需要採取積極措施，強化國際合作並增進資訊韌性的迫切性。然而，將散播網路假訊息完全歸咎於特定國家或識別其背後是否存在惡意具有一定的挑戰性，且民主國家亦可能是假資訊影響力作戰的操弄者。因此，本研究建議未來可進一步探討各國如何突破假訊息攻擊鏈及提升其資訊韌性。
The rapid advancement of technology in the 21st century has profoundly altered global interactions, ushering in the cyber domain and introducing transformative tools like generative AI and social media bots into digital information operations. This technological evolution has made disinformation on social media a potent instrument for both state and non-state actors to shape public opinion and achieve strategic objectives. The extensive reach of social media platforms has amplified the impact of disinformation, raising concerns during the COVID-19 infodemic about how authoritarian regimes, notably China, would utilize aggressive social media tactics to reshape global narratives and compromise the integrity of the global information landscape, supported by their stance on cyber sovereignty.
This thesis delves into China's utilization of disinformation operations via social media to wield discourse power, enhance its global image, and potentially mirror Russia's strategies in this domain. It seeks to observe whether there is a Russification of Chinese operations to achieve the goal of “being feared rather to be loved” (Charon & Vilmer, 2021). Employing qualitative review methods, the study analyzes information drawn from tech giants such as Meta, Google, and its collaborating research centers and companies such as Graphika. It utilizes the disinformation kill chain and focuses on case studies of Chinese disinformation during the 2020 US Presidential Election and the course of COVID-19. The study aims to assess whether these operations have effectively bolstered China's global image or sown civil unrest, distrust in government, and pro-China, anti-United States sentiments in target nations.
The research findings indicate that while the success of Chinese disinformation influence operations have been limited due to low traction and engagement. Its rapid development and sophistication within a short period, utilization of cutting-edge digital technologies, and persistence of these operations highlights the pressing need for heightened vigilance and proactive measures. It underscores the need for international collaboration to fortify information resilience in combating such threats. However, attributing online disinformation to a specific state or discerning malicious intent behind its dissemination presents inherent challenges. Moreover, disinformation kill chain strategies could also be employed by democratic states. Hence, the study suggests that future research could focus on how countries combat disinformation and increase information resilience. |
| Reference: | Ajao, E. (2022, March 14). AI and disinformation in the Russia-Ukraine war. SearchEnterpriseAI. Retrieved from https://www.techtarget.com/searchenterpriseai/feature/AI-and-disinformation-in-the-Russia-Ukraine-war
Anderson, J., & Lee, R. (2017). The future of truth and misinformation online. Pew Research Center. Retrieved from https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/2017/10/19/the-future-of-truth-and-misinformation-online/
Atlantic Council. (2021, February 27). Covic-19 bio weapon disinformation report launch [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ciNaBEG5qI4
Australian Government Department of Infrastructure, Transport, Regional Development, Communications and the Arts. (2023, June 24). Communications legislation amendment (combating misinformation and disinformation) bill 2023 [Fact sheet]. Retrieved from https://www.infrastructure.gov.au/department/media/publications/communications-legislation-amendment-combatting-misinformation-and-disinformation-bill-2023-fact
Baig, R. (2022, March 18). The deepfakes in the disinformation war. DW news. Retrieved from https://www.dw.com/en/fact-check-the-deepfakes-in-the-disinformation-war-between-russia-and-ukraine/a-61166433
Bârgăoanu, A., & Radu, L. (2020, April 28). The other pandemic: how global leaders have failed to counter the spread of fake news and conspiracy theories about Covid-19. LSE European Politics and Policy [EUROPP]. Retrieved from https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/europpblog/2020/04/28/the-other-pandemic-how-global-leaders-have-failed-to-counter-the-spread-of-fake-news-and-conspiracy-theories-about-covid-19/
Bastian, A.A. (2022, August 2). China is stepping up its information war on Taiwan: Pelosi’s visit is another spur for Beijing’s disinformation campaign. Foreign Policy. Retrieved from https://foreignpolicy.com/2022/08/02/china-pelosi-taiwan-information/
Bateman, J. (2022). Limiting Chinese influence operations. In U.S.-China technological “decoupling”: A strategy and policy framework (pp. 81-86). Carnegie Endowment for International Peace [CEIP]. Retrieved from https://carnegieendowment.org/2022/04/25/limit ing-chinese-influence-operations-pub-86923
Belot, H. (2023, February 9). Social media campaign linked to Chinese government spreading disinformation about Australian politics, think tank says. The Guardian. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2023/feb/09/social-media-campaign-linked-to-chinese-government-spreading-disinformation-about-australian-politics-thinktank-says
Bergh, A. (2020). Understanding influence operations in social media. Journal of Information Warfare, 19(4), (pp.110-131).
Birtles, B. (2020, June 9). China warns students not to return to Australia after coronavirus attacks. ABC News. Retrieved from https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-06-09/china-warns-students-not-to-return-to-australia-after-coronaviru/12337044.
Bjola, C. (2019, January 15). The 'dark side' of digital diplomacy: countering disinformation and propaganda. Real Instituto Elcano. Retrieved from https://www.realinstitutoelcano.org/en/analyses/the-dark-side-of-digital-diplomacy-countering-disinformation-and-propaganda/
Brokeš, F. (2019, February 26). How to build a disinformation business: Meet the man behind one of the Czech Republic’s most influential fake-media sites. Coda Story. Retrieved from https://www.codastory.com/disinformation/how-to-build-a-disinformation-business/
Buccion, S. (2023, February 22). The kill chain model of disinformation. FERMI Project. Retrieved from https://fighting-fake-news.eu/articles/kill-chain-model-disinformation
Buckmaster, L., & Wils, T. (n.d.). Responding to fake news. Parliament of Australia. Retrieved June 10, 2022, from https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments/Parliamentary_Library/pubs/BriefingBook46p/FakeNews
Carr, J. (2013). The Misunderstood Acronym: Why cyber weapons aren’t WMD. Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 69(5).
Carus, W. S. (2012). Defining weapons of mass destruction. National Defense University Center for The Study of Weapons of Mass Destruction.
Caporale, G. M., Kang, W.Y., Spagnolo, F., & Spagnolo, N. (2020). Cyber-attacks, cryptocurrencies, and cyber security (CESifo Working Paper No. 8124). Munich: CESifo. Retrieved from https://www.cesifo.org/en/publications/2020/working-paper/cyber-attacks-cryptocurrencies-and-cyber-security
Cave, D., & Wallis, J. (2021). Defending democracies from disinformation and cyber-enabled foreign interference in the COVID-19 ERA. Observer Research Foundation. Retrieved from https://www.orfonline.org/research/defending-democracies-from-disinformation-and-cyber-enabled-foreign-interference-in-the-covid-19-era/
CB Insights. (2020, October 21). Weaponization of the future: digital warfare & disinformation. Retrieved from https://www.cbinsights.com/research/future-of-information-warfare/
Chan, E., & Zhang, S. (2021). Disinformation, stigma and Chinese diaspora: policy guidance for Australia. First Draft. Retrieved from https://firstdraftnews.org/long-form-article/disinformation-stigma-and-chinese-diaspora-policy-guidance-for-australia/
Chan, K., & Thornton, M. (2022, September 19). China’s changing disinformation and propaganda targeting Taiwan. The Diplomat. Retrieved from https://thediplomat.com/2022/09/chinas-changing-disinformation-and-propaganda-targeting-taiwan/
Chandra, B. & Chao, L. N. (2023, October 17). Dismantling the disinformation business of Chinese influence operations. Rand Corporation. Retrieved from https://www.rand.org/pubs/commentary/2023/10/dismantling-the-disinformation-business-of-chinese.html
Charon, P., & Vilmer, J.-B. J. (2021). Chinese influence operations: A Machiavellian moment. Report by the Institute for Strategic Research [IRSEM], Ministry for the Armed Forces.
Cheng, D. (2012). Winning without fighting: Chinese public opinion warfare and the need for a robust American response. The Heritage Foundation. Retrieved from https://www.heritage.org/asia/report/winning-without-fighting-chinese-public-opinion-warfare-and-the-need-robust-american
Chien, L.C. (2022, January 24). PRC targets Taiwan with new disinformation ploy. Taipei Times. Retrieved from https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/front/archives/2022/01/24/2003771953
China Daily. (2021, January 31). Cardiff University's influence claim a pure fabrication. China Daily Global Edition. Retrieved from https://global.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202101/31/WS601656a8a31024ad0baa63fc.html
China Power Project. (n.d.). Is China succeeding at shaping global narratives about covid-19?. Center for Strategic and International Studies. Retrieved from https://chinapower.csis.org/china-covid-disinformation-global-narratives/
Chung, F. (2019 May 24). Donald Trump mocks Nancy Pelosi over slurred speech, but experts say viral videos have been edited. News.com.au. Retrieved from https://www.news.com.au/finance/work/leaders/donald-trump-mocks-nancy-pelosi-over-slurred-speech-but-experts-say-viral-videos-have-been-edited/news-story/ca6fb646b4577ab3dba0b300b154d1f8.
Claverie, B., & Cluzel, F.D. (2022). “Cognitive warfare”: The advent of the concept of “cognitics” in the field of warfare. In B. Claverie, N. Prébot, N. Buchler, & F.D. Cluzel (Eds.), Cognitive warfare: The future of cognitive dominance (pp.2, 1-7). NATO Collaboration Support Office. Retrieved from https://hal.science/hal-03635889/document
Cook, S. (2023, September 18). China’s increasingly aggressive tactics for foreign disinformation campaigns. The Diplomat. Retrieved from https://thediplomat.com/2023/09/chinas-increasingly-aggressive-tactics-for-foreign-disinformation-campaigns/
Cook, S., Datt, A., Young, E., & Han, B. C. (2022). Beijing’s global media influence: Authoritarian expansion and the power of democratic resilience. Freedom House. Retrieved from https://freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/2022-09/BGMI_final_digital_090722.pdf
Culliford, E. (2020, September 18). TikTok faces another test: its first U.S. presidential election. Reuters. Retrieved from https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSKBN2682PQ/
Defense Intelligence Agency. (2017, August 15). Lt. Gen. Stewart’s remarks at DoDIIS17 [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Nm-lVjRjLD4.
Digital Watch Observatory. (2023, November 13). South Korea exposes 38 fake news sites allegedly run by Chinese firms for propaganda. Retrieved from https://dig.watch/updates/south-korea-exposes-38-fake-news-sites-allegedly-run-by-chinese-firms-for-propaganda.
Educating Against Misinformation and Disinformation Act, H.R.6971, 117th Cong. (2022). Retrieved from https://www.congress.gov/bill/117th-congress/house-bill/6971
European Commission. (n.d.). The digital service act. Retrieved from https://commission.europa.eu/strategy-and-policy/priorities-2019-2024/europe-fit-digital-age/digital-services-act_en
European Commission. (n.d.). The digital service act package. Retrieved from https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/digital-services-act-package
Feiner, L. (2022, April 21). Obama calls for tech regulation to combat disinformation on social media. CNBC. Retrieved from https://www.cnbc.com/2022/04/21/obama-calls-for-tech-regulation-to-combat-disinformation-on-internet.html.
Finlay, L. (20203, August 24). Why misinformation bill risks freedoms it aims to protect. Australian Huan Rights Commission. Retrieved from https://humanrights.gov.au/about/news/opinions/why-misinformation-bill-risks-freedoms-it-aims-protect
Forbes Breaking News. (2022, May 5). 'You've got no idea what disinformation is!': Rand paul tears into Mayorkas [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l2N6QMRWBnY
Frenkel, S., Popper, N., Conger, K. & Sanger, D. E. (2021, May 5). A brazen online attack targets v.i.p. twitter users in a bitcoin scam. New York Times. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/15/technology/twitter-hack-bill-gates-elon-musk.html
Galer, S. M. (2020, October 6). US election 2020: TikTok gets pulled into the campaigns. BBC. Retrieved from https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-54374710
García, J. P. V., Quirós, C.T., Soria J. B., Pascual, C.G., & Cordero, C. G. (2021, March). Strategic communications as a key factor in countering hybrid threats. European Parliamentary Research Service Scientific Foresight Unit.
Geng, S. (2020, April 27). Foreign ministry spokesperson Geng Shuang's regular press conference on April 27, 2020. Embassy of the People's Republic of China in the Commonwealth of Australia. Retrieved from http://au.china-embassy.gov.cn/eng./fyrth/202004/t20200427_749814.htm
Gershaneck, K. K. (2020). Political warfare: Strategies for combating China’s plan to“win without fighting”. Marine Corps University Foundation.
Gleicher, N., Nimmo, B., Agranovich, D., & Dvilyanski, M. (2021, December 1). Meta’s adversarial threat report. Meta. Retrieved from https://about.fb.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/Metas-Adversarial-Threat-Report.pdf
Global Engagement Center. (2020, August). GEC special report: Russia's pillars of disinformation and propaganda - united states department of state. U.S. Department of State. Retrieved from https://www.state.gov/russias-pillars-of-disinformation-and-propaganda-report/
Global Engagement Center. (2022, May). The Kremlin's chemical weapons disinformation campaigns. U.S. Department of State. Retrieved from https://www.state.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/Kremlins-Chemical-Weapons-Disinformation.pdf
Global Engagement Center. (2022, August 24). PRC efforts to manipulate global public opinion on Xinjiang. U.S. Department of State. Retrieved from https://www.state.gov/prc-efforts-to-manipulate-global-public-opinion-on-xinjiang/
Global Engagement Center. (2023, September). How the People’s Republic of China seeks to reshape the global information environment?.U.S. Department of State. Retrieved from https://www.state.gov/gec-special-report-how-the-peoples-republic-of-china-seeks-to-reshape-the-global-information-environment/
Graphika & Stanford Internet Observatory. (2022, August 24). Unheard voice: Evaluating five years of pro-western covert influence operations. Graphika. Retrieved from https://graphika.com/reports/unheard-voice
Gunia, A. (2020, March 13). China’s draconian lockdown Is getting credit for slowing coronavirus. would it work anywhere else?. Time. Retrieved from https://time.com/5796425/china-coronavirus-lockdown/
Gursky, J., & Woolley, S. (2021). Countering disinformation and protecting democratic communication on encrypted messaging applications. Brookings Institute.
Herrmann, K.-E. (2023, August 29). How are Russian and Chinese disinformation in V4 countries different? Warsaw Institute. Retrieved from https://warsawinstitute.org/how-are-russian-and-chinese-disinformation-in-v4-countries-different/
Hsu, T. (2022, August 14). On tiktok, election misinformation thrives ahead of midterms. New York Times. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2022/08/14/business/media/on-tiktok-election-misinformation.html
Hung, T.C., & Hung, T.W. (2020). How China’s cognitive warfare works: A frontline perspective of Taiwan’s anti-disinformation wars. Journal of Global Security Studies 7(4), pp.1-18. Retrieved from https://academic.oup.com/jogss/article/7/4/ogac016/6647447
Huntley, S. (2019, November 26). Protecting users from government backed hacking and disinformation. Threat Analysis Group [TAG]. Retrieved from https://blog.google/threat-analysis-group/protecting-users-government-backed-hacking-and-disinformation/
Huntley, S. (2020, September 15). TAG bulletin: Q3 2020. Threat Analysis Group [TAG] Google. Retrieved from https://blog.google/threat-analysis-group/tag-bulletin-q3-2020/
Huntley, S. (2020, November 17). TAG bulletin: Q4 2020. Threat Analysis Group [TAG] Google. Retrieved from https://blog.google/threat-analysis-group/tag-bulletin-q4-2020/
Huntley, S. (2021, April 20). TAG bulletin: Q1 2021. Threat Analysis Group [TAG] Google. Retrieved from https://blog.google/threat-analysis-group/tag-bulletin-q1-2021/
Huntley, S. (2021, May 26). TAG bulletin: Q2 2021. Threat Analysis Group [TAG] Google. Retrieved from https://blog.google/threat-analysis-group/tag-bulletin-q2-2021/
Huntley, S. (2021, October 29). TAG bulletin: Q3 2021. Threat Analysis Group [TAG] Google. Retrieved from https://blog.google/threat-analysis-group/tag-bulletin-q3-2021/
Huntley, S. (2021, December 2). TAG bulletin: Q4 2021. Threat Analysis Group [TAG] Google. Retrieved from https://blog.google/threat-analysis-group/tag-bulletin-q4-2021/
Huntley, S. (2022, February 28). TAG bulletin: Q1 2022. Threat Analysis Group [TAG] Google. Retrieved from https://blog.google/threat-analysis-group/tag-bulletin-q1-2022/
Huntley, S. (2022, July 29). TAG bulletin: Q2 2022. Threat Analysis Group [TAG] Google. Retrieved from https://blog.google/threat-analysis-group/tag-bulletin-q2-2022/
Huntley, S. (2022, October 26). TAG bulletin: Q3 2022. Threat Analysis Group [TAG] Google. Retrieved from https://blog.google/threat-analysis-group/tag-bulletin-q3-2022/
Huntley, S. (2023, January 25). TAG bulletin: Q4 2022. Threat Analysis Group [TAG] Google. Retrieved from https://blog.google/threat-analysis-group/tag-bulletin-q4-2022/
Huntley, S. (2023, May 1). TAG bulletin: Q1 2023. Threat Analysis Group [TAG] Google. Retrieved from https://blog.google/threat-analysis-group/tag-bulletin-q1-2023/
Huntley, S. (2023, July 31). TAG bulletin: Q2 2023. Threat Analysis Group [TAG] Google. Retrieved from https://blog.google/threat-analysis-group/tag-bulletin-q2-2023/
Huntley, S. (2023, October 5). TAG bulletin: Q3 2023. Threat Analysis Group [TAG] Google. Retrieved from https://blog.google/threat-analysis-group/tag-bulletin-q3-2023/
Huntley, S. (2023, December 15). TAG bulletin: Q4 2023. Threat Analysis Group [TAG] Google. Retrieved from https://blog.google/threat-analysis-group/tag-bulletin-q4-2023/
Hurst, D., & Murphy, K. (2020, June 23). Trump's misleading information enables China to sow discord among allies, research finds. The Guardian. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2020/jun/23/trumps-misleading-information-enables-china-to-sow-discord-among-allies-research-finds
Iasiello, E. (2016). China’s three warfares strategy mitigates fallout from cyber espionage activities. Journal of Strategic Security, 9(2), pp.45-69. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.5038/1944-0472.9.2.1489.
InVid Project. (n.d.). About InVid project. Retrieved from https://www.invid-project.eu/description/
Jankowicz, Nina. (2017, August 30). The darkening web: misinformation is the strongest cyberweapon. New Scientist. Retrieved from https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg23531410-700-in-the-darkening-web-misinformation-is-the-most-powerful-cyber-weapon/
Johnson, B., & Gyhn, L. (2023, July 28). Tracking the evolution of Pacific island sentiment towards AUKUS. Australian Strategic Policy Institute [ASPI]. Retrieved from https://www.aspistrategist.org.au/tracking-the-evolution-of-pacific-island-sentiment-towards-aukus/
Johnson, B., & Dunne J. (2023). Seeking to undermine democracy and partnerships How the CCP is influencing the Pacific islands information environment. Australian Strategic Policy Institute [ASPI]. Retrieved from https://www.aspi.org.au/report/seeking-undermine-democracy-and-partnerships
John Hopkins University of Medicine Coronavirus Resource Center. (2023, March 10). World countries: China. John Hopkins University of Medicine. Retrieved from https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/region/china
Jones, H. (2021, November 24). China’s quest for greater discourse power. The Diplomat. Retrieved from https://thediplomat.com/2021/11/chinas-quest-for-greater-discourse-power/
Microsoft Security Team (2019, December 2). Spear phishing campaigns-they're sharper than you think. Microsoft Security Blog. Retrieved from https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/security/blog/2019/12/02/spear-phishing-campaigns-sharper-than-you-think/
Kania, E. (2018, November 27). The right to speak: discourse and Chinese power. Center for Advanced China Research. Retrieved from https://www.ccpwatch.org/single-post/2018/11/27/The-Right-to-Speak-Discourse-and-Chinese-Power
Karásková, I., Bachulska, A., Matura, T., Šebok, F., Šimalčík, M., ... et al. (2020). China’s propaganda and disinformation campaigns in Central Europe. [Briefing paper]. Association for International Affairs [AMO]: Prague, Czech Republic. Retrieved from https://mapinfluence.eu/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/Mapinfluence_BRI EFING-PAPER_chinas-propaganda_A4_interaktivni_EN_01-1.pdf
Kaye, B. (2022, March 21). Australia to make big tech hand over misinformation data. Reuters. Retrieved from https://www.reuters.com/technology/australia-make-big-tech-hand-over-misinformation-data-2022-03-21/
Kenan, G. F. (1948). The inauguration of organized political warfare [redacted version]. Woodrow Wilson History and Public Policy Program Digital Archive. Retrieved from https://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/george-f-kennan-inauguration-organized-political-warfare-redacted-version
Kern, R., Scott, M., & Goujard, C. (2022, February 24). Social media platforms on the defensive as Russian-based disinformation about Ukraine spreads. Politico. Retrieved from https://www.politico.com/news/2022/02/24/social-media-platforms-russia-ukraine-disinformation-00011559
Kim, N. Y. (2023, November 13). Chinese firms operated 38 fake news websites in S. Korea: NIS. Yonhap News Agency. Retrieved from https://en.yna.co.kr/view/AEN20231113008800320
Kissinger, H. (2014). World order. Penguin Books.
Klimburg, A. (2018). The darkening web: The war for cyberspace. Penguin Books.
Kreps, S. (2020). The role of technology in online misinformation. Brookings Institute.
Kupferschmidt K., & Cohen, J. (2020, March 2). China's aggressive measures have slowed the coronavirus: They may not work in other countries. ScienceInsider. Retrieved from https://www.science.org/content/article/china-s-aggressive-measures-have-slowed-coronavirus-they-may-not-work-other-countries
Kurlantzick, J. (2022, September 10). How China ramped up disinformation efforts during the pandemic. Council on Foreign Relations. Retrieved from https://www.cfr.org/in-brief/how-china-ramped-disinformation-efforts-during-pandemic
Kurlantzick, J. (2022, October 31). China’s growing attempts to influence U.S. politics. Council on Foreign Relations. Retrieved from https://www.cfr.org/article/chinas-growing-attempts-influence-us-politics
Larson, E.V., Darilek, R.E., Gibran, D., Nichiporuk, B., Richardson, A., Schwartz, L.H., & Thurston, C. Q. (2009). Foundations of effective influence operations: A framework for enhancing army capabilities (pp. xi-8). Rand Corporation. Retrieved from https://www.rand.org/pubs/monographs/MG654.html
Lee, Y., & Hamacher, F. (2019, December 31). Taiwan passes law to combat Chinese influence on politics. Reuters. Retrieved from https://www.reuters.com/article/us-taiwan-lawmaking-idUSKBN1YZ0F6/
Liedke, J., & Gottfried, J. (2022, October 27). U.S. adults under 30 now trust information from social media almost as much as from national news outlets. Pew Research Center. Retrieved from https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2022/10/27/u-s-adults-under-30-now-trust-information-from-social-media-almost-as-much-as-from-national-news-outlets/
Lin, P., Lin, P. Y., Devine, A., & Chen, P. H. (2022, March 6). China's latest disinformation campaign against Taiwan backfires amid the Russia-Ukraine war. The Diplomat, Retrieved from https://thediplomat.com/2022/03/chinas-latest-disinformation-campaign-against-taiwan-backfires-amid-the-russia-ukraine-war/
Lucas, E., Morris, J., & Rebegea, C. (2021). Information bedlam: Russian and Chinese information operations during the covid-19 pandemic. Center for European Policy Analysis [CEPA].
Ma, L. H. (2022, June 13). 【Jifu lian xian】 yong zhenshi lai da zhe chang eguo zixun zhan wukelan chahe zuzhi 《vox check》[【Live from Kyiv】fighting this Russian information war with truth, the Ukranian fact check organization 《vox check》]. Taiwan FactCheck Center. Retrieved from https://tfc-taiwan.org.tw/articles/7674
Macguire, E. (2020, April 5). Anti-Asian hate continues to spread online amid COVID-19 pandemic. Al Jazeera. Retrieved from https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/4/5/anti-asian-hate-continues-to-spread-online-amid-covid-19-pandemic
Mainichi Japan. (2020, February 28). Coronavirus-related toilet paper shortage is fake news: Japan industry group. Retrieved from https://mainichi.jp/english/articles/20200228/p2a/00m/0na/028000c
Mainland Affairs Council Republic of China (Taiwan). (2020, January 15). Statement on the promulgation and implementation of the anti-infiltration act today. Mainland Affairs Council Republic of China (TAIWAN). Retrieved from https://www.mac.gov.tw/en/News_Content.aspx?n=2BA0753CBE348412&sms=E828F60C4AFBAF90&s=F0CE9BE78C3AD1B2
Mandiant Intelligence. (2022, October 26). Allegations of U.S. sabotage to Nord stream gas pipelines. Mandiant. Retrieved from https://www.mandiant.com/resources/blog/prc-dragonbridge-influence-elections
Mathieu, E., Ritchie, H., Rodés-Guirao, L., Appel, C., Giattino, C., Hasell, J., Macdonald, B., Dattani, S., Beltekian, D., Ortiz-Ospina E., & Roser, M. (2020). China: Coronavirus pandemic country profile. Our World in Data. Retrieved from https://ourworldindata.org/coronavirus/country/china
Mccluskey, M. (2022, September 28). What Meta’s latest takedown of fake foreign accounts could mean for the U.S. midterms. Times. https://time.com/6217103/meta-china-disinformation/
Menczer, F., & Hills, T. (2020, December 1). Information overload helps fake news spread, and social media knows it. Scientific American. Retrieved from https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/information-overload-helps-fake-news-spread-and-social-media-knows-it/?error=cookies_not_supported&code=38a5092e-5946-42e9-9af1-fb41c239b19c
Meta. (2022, November). Quarterly adversarial threat report (q3 2022). Retrieved from https://about.fb.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/Quarterly-Adversarial-Threat-Report-Q2-2022-1.pdf
Meyer, J. (2022, October 27). China targeting US voters with anti-democracy narratives in election, analysts warn. USA Today. Retrieved from https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/elections/2022/10/27/china-disinformation-midterm-elections/10554658002/
Microsoft. (n.d.). Explore Project Origin - Microsoft innovation. Microsoft ALT Innovation - Start Exploring. Retrieved from https://innovation.microsoft.com/en-us/exploring-project-origin
Microsoft Threat Intelligence. (2023, September). Sophistication, scope and scale: Digital threats from East Asia increase in breadth and effectiveness. Retrieved from https://query.prod.cms.rt.microsoft.com/cms/api/am/binary/RW1aFyW
Miller, M. (2020, Jul4 24). “Senior intelligence official warns Russia, Iran, China targeting U.S. elections.” The Hill. Retrieved from https://thehill.com/policy/cybersecurity/508890-senior-intelligence-official-warns-russia-iran-china-targeting-us/.
Milmo, D, & Sauer, P. (2022, March 19). Deepfakes v pre-bunking: Is Russia losing the infowar?. The Guardian. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/mar/19/russia-ukraine-infowar-deepfakes
Mozur, P., Zhong, R., Krolik, A., Aufrichtig, A., & Morgan, N. (2021, December 13). How Beijing influences the influencers. The New York Times. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2021/12/13/technology/china-propaganda-youtube-influencers.html
Murphy, M. (2023, December 15). Spamouflage dragon infiltrates internet with clumsy pro-China, anti-West messages. Bloomberg. Retrieved from https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-12-15/pro-chinese-spamouflage-dragon-has-penetrated-social-media
National Intelligence Council. (2021). Intelligence community assessment on foreign threats to the 2020 U.S. federal elections. Retrieved from https://www.odni.gov/files/ODNI/documents/assessments/ICA-declass-16MAR21.pdf
Nemoto, R., Ryugen, H., & Nakamura, Y. (2022, November 26). China intensifies disinformation, cyberattacks on Taiwan: Report. Nikkei Asia. Retrieved from https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/International-relations/Taiwan-tensions/China-intensifies-disinformation-cyberattacks-on-Taiwan-report
Newman. N., Fletcher, R., Schulz, A., & Andi S., & Nielsen, R. K. (2020). Reuters institute digital news report 2020. Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism
Newman. N., Fletcher, R., Schulz, A., & Andi S., Robertson, C.T., & Nielsen, R. K. (2021). Reuters institute digital news report 2021. Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism
Newman. N., Fletcher, R., Robertson, C.T., Eddy, K., & Nielsen, R. K. (2022). Reuters institute digital news report 2022. Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism
Newman. N., Fletcher, R., Eddy, K., Robertson, C.T., & Nielsen, R. K. (2023). Reuters institute digital news report 2023. Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism
Nimmo, B., Eib, C. S., & Tamora, L. (2019). Cross-platform spam network targeted Hong Kong protests. Graphika. Retrieved from https://public-assets.graphika.com/reports/graphika_ report_spamouflage.pdf
Nimmo, B., François C., Eib, C. S., & Ronzaud, L. (2020). Return of the (spamouflage) dragon: Pro-Chinese spam network tries again. Graphika. Retrieved from https://public-assets.graphika.com/reports/Graphika_Report_Spamouflage_Returns.pdf
Nimmo, B., François C., Eib, C. S., & Ronzaud, L. (2020). Spamouflage goes to America: Pro-Chinese inauthentic network debuts english-language videos. Graphika. Retrieved from https://public-assets.graphika.com/reports/graphika_report_spamouflage_goes_to_ameri ca.pdf
Nimmo, B., Hubert, I., & Cheng, Y. (2021). Spamouflage breakout: Chinese spam network finally starts to gain some traction. Graphika. Retrieved from https://public-assets.graphika.com/reports/graphika_report_spamouflage_breakout.pdf
Nimmo, B., & Torrey, M. (2022, September 1). Taking down coordinated inauthentic behavior from China and Russia. Meta. Retrieved from https://about.fb.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/CIB-Report_-China-Russia_Sept-2022-1-1.pdf
Nimmo, B., & Agranovich, D. (2022, September 27). Removing coordinated inauthentic behavior from China and Russia. Meta. Retrieved from https://about.fb.com/news/2022/09/removing-coordinated-inauthentic-behavior-from-china-and-russia/
Nimmo, B., & Gleicher, N. (2023, May). Meta Quarterly adversarial threat report q1 2023. Retrieved from https://about.fb.com/ltam/wp-content/uploads/sites/14/2023/05/Meta-Quarterly-Adversarial-Threat-Report-Q1-2023.pdf
Nimmo, B., Torrey, M., Franklin, M., Agranovich, D., Milam, M., Hundley, L., & Flaim, R. (2023, August). Meta quarterly adversarial threat report q2 2023. Retrieved from https://transparency.fb.com/metasecurity/threat-reporting
Nimmo, B., Gleicher, N., Franklin, M., Hundley, L., & Torrey M. (2023, November). Meta quarterly adversarial threat report q3 2023. Retrieved from https://transparency.fb.com/metasecurity/threat-reporting
North Atlantic Treaty Organization [NATO]. (2021, June 21). What is NATO doing to address hybrid threats?. Retrieved from https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/news_183004.htm
North Atlantic Treaty Organization [NATO]. (2022, June 7). NATO's response to hybrid threats. Retrieved from https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/topics_156338.htm
NATO Defence Education Enhancement Programme [DEEP]. (n.d.). Media – (dis)information – security. North Atlantic Treaty Organization [NATO]. Retrieved from https://www.nato.int/nato_static_fl2014/assets/pdf/2020/5/pdf/2005-deepportal4-information-warfare.pdf
Office of the Director of National Intelligence [ODNI]. (2020, August 7). Statement by NCSC director William Evanina: Election threat update for the American public [Press release]. Retrieved from https://www.dni.gov/index.php/newsroom/press-releases/press-releases-2020/3473-statement-by-ncsc-director-william-evanina-election-threat-update-for-the-american-public
Office of the Spokesperson. (2023, December 6). U.S. signs memorandum of cooperation with Japan on countering foreign information manipulation [Media note]. U.S. Department of State. Retrieved from https://www.state.gov/u-s-signs-memorandum-of-cooperation-with-japan-on-countering-foreign-information-manipulation/
Orinx, K., & Swielande, T.S.D. (2022). China and cognitive warfare: Why is the West losing?. Bernard Claverie; In B. Claverie, N. Prébot, N. Buchler, & F.D. Cluzel (Eds.), Cognitive warfare: The future of cognitive dominance (pp.81-6). NATO Collaboration Support Office. Retrieved from https://hal.science/hal-03635930/document
Osawa, J. (September 7, 2022). Hybrid warfare in a Taiwan contingency. The Sasakawa Peace Foundation. Retrieved from https://www.spf.org/iina/en/articles/osawa_01.html
Overly, S. (2020, September 3). Facebook bans new political ads in the week before election day. Politico. Retrieved from https://www.politico.com/news/2020/09/03/facebook-bans-political-ads-election-day-408255
Paul K. (2020, November 6). TikTok: False posts about us election reach hundreds of thousands. The Guardian. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2020/nov/05/tiktok-us-election-misinformation
Payne, M. (2020, June 16). Australia and the world in the time of COVID-19 [Speech]. Australian Minister for Foreign Affairs. Retrieved from https://www.foreignminister.gov.au/minister/marise-payne/speech/australia-and-world-time-covid-19
Pew Research Center. (2023, November 15). Social media and news fact sheet [Fact Sheet]. Retrieved from https://www.pewresearch.org/journalism/fact-sheet/social-media-and-news-fact-sheet/
Prier, J. (2017, December). Commanding the trend: Social media as information warfare. Strategic Studies Quarterly 11(4), 50-85.
Public-Private Analytic Exchange Program (U.S.). (October 2019). Combatting targeted disinformation campaign: A whole-of-society issue part two. United States Department of Homeland Security. Retrieved from https://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/publications/phase_ii_-_combatting_targeted_disinformation.pdf
Purohit K. (2020 March 10). Misinformation, fake news spark India coronavirus fears. Al Jazeera. Retrieved from https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/3/10/misinformation-fake-news-spark-india-coronavirus-fears
Reuters. (2020, January 8). Facebook to remove deepfake videos in run-up to 2020 U.S. election. Reuters. Retrieved from https://www.reuters.com/article/us-facebook-deepfake-idUSKBN1Z60JV/
Ringhof, J., & Torreblanca, J. I. (2022, May 17). The geopolitics of technology: How the EU can become a global player. European Council on Foreign Relations. Retrieved from https://ecfr.eu/publication/the-geopolitics-of-technology-how-the-eu-can-become-a-global-player/
Rickards, J. (2019, August 21). The battle against disinformation. AmCham Taiwan- Taiwan Business Topics. Retried from https://topics.amcham.com.tw/2019/08/battle-against-disinformation/
Roberts, D. (2020). China’s disinformation strategy: Its dimensions and future. Atlantic Council Policy. Retrieved from https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/CHINA-ASI-Report-FINAL-1.pdf
Robinson, O., & Khimiak, O. (2022, April 24). Ukraine war: How a school survivor became a target of Russian disinformation. BBC. Retrieved from https://www.bbc.com/news/blogs-trending-61176372.
Rodriguez, J. F., Lin, S., KQED Radio, & Huseman, J. (2020, November 2). Misinformation image on wechat attempts to frighten Chinese americans out of voting. ProPublica. Retrieved from https://www.propublica.org/article/misinformation-image-on-wechat-attempts-to-frighten-chinese-americans-out-of-voting
Rogers, Z. (2020). [Review of the book Active measures: The secret history of disinformation and political warfare, by T. Rid]. Australian Journal of Defence and Strategic Studies, 2(2):270–274. Retrieved from https://researchnow-admin.flinders.edu.au/ws/portalfiles/portal/34155853/Rogers_Active_P2020.pdf
Sanchez G. R., & Middlemass, K. (2022, July 26). Misinformation is eroding the public’s confidence in democracy. Brookings Institute. Retrieved from https://www.brookings.edu/articles/misinformation-is-eroding-the-publics-confidence-in-democracy/
Schenkkan, N., & Linzer, I. (2021). Out of sight, not out of reach. Freedom House. Retrieved from https://freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/2021-02/Complete_FH_TransnationalRepressionReport2021_rev020221.pdf
Schwartz, O. (2018, November 12). You thought fake news was bad? deep fakes are where truth goes to die. The Guardian. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2018/nov/12/deep-fakes-fake-news-truth.
Scott, M. (2022, September 27). China influence operation targeted US midterm elections. Politico. Retrieved from https://www.politico.eu/article/china-us-midterm-election-influence-meta-facebook/
Searight, A. (2020, May 8). Countering China’s influence operations: Lessons from Australia. Center for Strategic and International Studies [CSIS]. Retrieved from https://www.csis.org/analysis/countering-chinas-influence-operations-lessons-australia
Sebok, F. (2021, April 30). Czechia: A case study of China’s changing overseas propaganda efforts: How China localizes its propaganda via disinformation outlets in the Czech Republic. The Diplomat. Retrieved from https://thediplomat.com/2021/04/czechia-a-case-study-of-chinas-changing-overseas-propaganda-efforts/
Sedova, K., McNeill, C., Johnson, A., Joshi, A., & Wulkan, I. (2021) AI and the future of disinformation campaigns: Part 1: the RICHDATA framework. Center for security and emerging technology [CSET].Retrieved from https://cset.georgetown.edu/wp-content/uploads/CSET-AI-and-the-Future-of-Disinformation-Campaigns.pdf
Segal, A. (2020). China’s vision for cyber sovereignty and the global governance of cyberspace. In N. Rolland (Ed.), An emerging China-centric order: China’s vision for a new world order in practice (pp. 86-88). The National Bureau of Asian Research. Retrieved from https://www.nbr.org/wp-content/uploads/pdfs/publications/sr87_aug2020.pdf
Seitz, A., Tucker, E., & Catalini, M. (2022, March 30). How China’s tiktok, facebook influencers push propaganda. Associated Press (AP) News. Retrieved from https://apnews.com/article/china-tiktok-facebook-influencers-propaganda-81388bca676c560e02a1b493ea9d6760
Serabian, R., & Foster, L. (2021, September 07). Pro-PRC influence campaign expands to dozens of social media platforms, websites, and forums in at least seven languages, attempted to physically mobilize protesters in the U.S. Mandiant. Retrieved from https://www.mandiant.com/resources/blog/pro-prc-influence-campaign-expands-dozens-social-media-platforms-websites-and-forums
Severin, M. (2019). Russian activities in Africa. In N. Peterson (Ed.), Russian strategic intentions: a strategic multilayer assessment white paper (pp. 70-71). US Department of Defense and the Joint Chiefs of Staff.
Sganga, N. (2022, October 26). China-linked influence campaign targeting U.S. midterms, security firm says. CBS News. Retrieved from https://www.cbsnews.com/news/dragonbridge-china-us-midterm-elections-influence-campaign-mandiant/.
Shen, P. (2021, December). How China initiates information operations against Taiwan. Taiwan Strategists, 12 (pp. 19- 34).
Sherman, J. (2019, October 30). How much cyber sovereignty is too much cyber sovereignty?. Council on Foreign Relations. Retrieved from https://www.cfr.org/blog/how-much-cyber-sovereignty-too-much-cyber-sovereignty
Shinji, Y., Masaaki, Y., & Rira, M. (2022). China security report 2023: China's quest for control of the cognitive domain and gray zone situations. The National Institute for Defense Studies.
Silver, R., Devlin, K., & Huang, C. (2020, October 6). Unfavorable views of China reach historic highs in many countries. Pew Research Center. Retrieved from https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2020/10/06/unfavorable-views-of-china-reach-historic-highs-in-many-countries/
Silver, R., Devlin, K., & Huang, C. (2020, July 30). Americans fault China for its role in the spread of covid-19. Pew Research Center. Retrieved from https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2020/07/30/americans-fault-china-for-its-role-in-the-spread-of-covid-19/
Silver, R. (2021, June 30). China’s international image remains broadly negative as views of the U.S. rebound. Pew Research Center. Retrieved from https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2021/06/30/chinas-international-image-remains-broadly-negative-as-views-of-the-u-s-rebound/
Silver, R., Huang, C., & Clancy, L. (2022, September 28). How global public opinion of China has shifted in the xi era. Pew Research Center. Retrieved from https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2022/09/28/how-global-public-opinion-of-china-has-shifted-in-the-xi-era/
Silver, R., Huang, C., Clancy, L., Lam, N., Mandapat, J. C., Greewood, S., & Baronavski, C. (2023, November 6). How views of the U.S., China and their leaders have changed over time. Pew Research Center. Retrieved from https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2023/11/06/how-views-of-the-us-china-and-their-leaders-have-changed-over-time/
Singer, P. W. (2016, July 28). Winning the war of words: Information warfare in Afghanistan. Brookings Institute. Retrieved from https://www.brookings.edu/research/winning-the-war-of-words-information-warfare-in-afghanistan/
Stafford, T. (2016, October 27). How liars create the illusion of truth. BBC. Retrieved from https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20161026-how-liars-create-the-illusion-of-truth
Stokes M., & Hsiao, R. (2013). The People’s Liberation Army General Political Department: Political Warfare with Chinese Characteristics. Project 2049 Institute. Retrieved from https://project2049.net/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/P2049_Stokes_Hsiao_PLA_General_Political_Department_Liaison_101413.pdf
Strong, M. (2022, March 5). Taiwan puts Audrey Tang in charge of digital affairs ministry project. Taiwan News. Retrieved from https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/4463077.
Suciu, P. (2021, December 10). Spotting misinformation on social media is increasingly challenging. Forbes. Retrieved from https://www.forbes.com/sites/petersuciu/2021/08/02/spotting-misinformation-on-social-media-is-increasingly-challenging/?sh=286bf81b2771
Sun, W. (2019). Chinese-language digital/social media in Australia: double-edged sword in Australia’s public diplomacy agenda. Media International Australia, 173(1), 22-35.
Taipei Representation Office in the U.K. (2020, January 21). Taiwan passes Anti-infiltration act to safeguard national security and democracy. Taipei Representation Office in the U.K. Retrieved from https://www.roc-taiwan.org/uk_en/post/5926.html
Taylor, J. (2020, June 12). Twitter deletes 170,000 accounts linked to China influence campaign. The Guardian. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2020/jun/12/twitter-deletes-170000-accounts-linked-to-china-influence-campaign
Taylor, J. (2023, August 31). TikTok removes 284 accounts linked to Chinese disinformation group. The Guardian. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2023/aug/31/tiktok-removes-284-accounts-linked-to-chinese-disinformation-group
The Associated Press. (2023, November 29). Michigan to join state-level effort to regulate ai political ads as federal legislation is pending. NBC news. Retrieved from https://www.nbcnews.com/tech/tech-news/michigan-join-state-level-effort-regulate-ai-political-ads-federal-leg-rcna127145
The Graphika Team. (2023). Deepfake it till you make it. Graphika. Retrieved from https://graphika.com/reports/deepfake-it-till-you-make-it
The Guardian. (2022, May 19). US homeland security pauses new disinformation board amid criticism. The Guardian. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2022/may/19/homeland-security-disinformation-board-nina-jankowicz-resigns.
The White House. (2011). International strategy for cyberspace: Prosperity, security and openness in a networked world. Retrieved from https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/sites/default/files/rss_viewer/international_strategy_for_cyberspace.pdf
The White House. (2018). National cyber strategy of the United States of America. Retrieved from https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/National-Cyber-Strategy.pdf
Threat Analysis Group. (2020, August 5). TAG bulletin: Q2 2020. Retrieved from https://blog.google/threat-analysis-group/tag-bulletin-q2-2020/
Meta. (n.d.). Meta transparency center. Meta. Retrieved from https://transparency.fb.com/
Underwood, K. (2017, August 15). Cognitive warfare will be deciding factor in battle: Lt. Gen. Stewart’s remarks at DoDIID17. Signal. Retrieved from https://www.afcea.org/signal-media/cyber/cognitive-warfare-will-be-deciding-factor-battle
United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime [UNODC]. (2019, June). Information warfare, disinformation and electoral fraud. University module series: Cybercrime - module 14: hacktivism, terrorism, espionage, disinformation campaigns and warfare in cyberspace. Retrieved from https://www.unodc.org/e4j/en/cybercrime/module-14/key-issues/information-warfare--disinformation-and-electoral-fraud.html
United States Department of State. (2020, n.d.). The clean network. Retrieved from https://2017-2021.state.gov/the-clean-network/
United States Department of Defense. (2022). Military and security developments involving the People’s Republic of China. Retrieved from https://navyleaguehonolulu.org/maritime-security/ewExternalFiles/2022-military-and-security-developments-involving-the-peoples-republic-of-china.pdf
United States Department of State. (2022, January 20). Fact vs. fiction: Russian disinformation on Ukraine [Fact sheet]. Retrieved from https://www.state.gov/fact-vs-fiction-russian-disinformation-on-ukraine/
United States Department of State. (2022, June 9). Disarming disinformation - United States department of state. Retrieved from https://www.state.gov/disarming-disinformation/
United States Embassy Tbilisi. (2022, January 24). Russia targets Ukraine with disinformation campaign. U.S. Embassy in Georgia. Retrieved from https://ge.usembassy.gov/russia-targets-ukraine-with-disinformation-campaign/
Van Huijstee, M., Van Boheemen, P., Das, D., Nierling, L., Jahnel, J., Karaboga, M., ... Fatun, M. (2021). Tackling deepfakes in European policy. European Parliamentary Research Service. Retrieved from https://www.rathenau.nl/sites/default/files/2021-08/tackling_deepfakes_in_european_policy_STOA.pdf
Velazco, C. (2023, August 30).What the E.U.’s sweeping rules for big tech mean for your life online. The Washington Post. Retrieved from https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2023/08/30/eu-digital-services-act-faq/
Wahlstrom, A., Revelli, A., Riddell, S., Mainor, D., & Serabian, R. (2022, May 19). The io offensive: Information operations surrounding the Russian invasion of Ukraine. Mandiant. Retrieved from https://www.mandiant.com/resources/blog/information-operations-surrounding-ukraine
Wallis, J., Uren, T., Thomas, E., Zhang, A., Hoffman, S., Li, L., Pascoe, A., & Cave, D. (2020). Front Matter. In Retweeting through the great firewall: A persistent and undeterred threat actor (p. [i]-01). Australian Strategic Policy Institute [ASPI]. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep25136.1
Whatley, Z., & Shodiya, T. (2020, October 12). Why so many Americans are skeptical of a coronavirus vaccine: It’s not just “antiscience thinking” Scientific American. Retireved from https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/why-so-many-americans-are-skeptical-of-a-coronavirus-vaccine/
Welle, D. (2022, August 25). How Taiwan is countering Chinese disinformation. Taiwan News. Retrieved from https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/4638312
Williams, Z. (2023, December 22). More states to push laws banning ai election deepfakes in 2024. Bloomberg Law. Retrieved from https://news.bloomberglaw.com/artificial-intelligence/more-states-to-push-laws-banning-ai-election-deepfakes-in-2024
Wiseman, J. (2020, October 3). Rush to pass 'fake news' laws during covid-19 intensifying global media freedom challenges. International Press Institute. Retrieved from https://ipi.media/rush-to-pass-fake-news-laws-during-covid-19-intensifying-global-media-freedom-challenges/
Wong, E., Rosenberg, M., & Barnes, J. E. (2020, April 22). Shinese agents helped spread messages that sowed virus panic in U.S., officials say. The New York Times. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/22/us/politics/coronavirus-china-disinformation.html
XinHua Net. (2021, June 1). Xi Jinping zai Zhonggong Zhongyang Zhengzhiju Di Sanshi Ci Jiti Xuexi Shi Qiangdiao Jiaqiang he Gaijin Guoji Chuanbo Gongzuo Zhanshi Zhenshi Liti Quanmian de Zhongguo [Xi Jinping emphasizes strengthening and improving international communication to present a genuine, three-dimensional, and comprehensive China]. Retrieved from http://www.xinhuanet.com/2021-06/01/c_1127517461.htm
Yang, J., & Monaco, N. (2022, January 28). Why the US must take China’s disinformation operations seriously. The Diplomat. Retrieved from https://thediplomat.com/2022/01/why-the-us-must-take-chinas-disinformation-operations-seriously/
Zhang, S., & Chan, E. (2020, December 11). It’s crucial to understand how misinformation flows through diaspora communities. First Draft. Retrieved from https://firstdraftnews.org/articles/misinfo-chinese-diaspora/
Zhang, A. (2021, July 1). #StopAsianHate: Chinese diaspora targeted by CCP disinformation campaign. Australian Strategic Policy Institute [ASPI] - The Strategist. Retrieved from https://www.aspistrategist.org.au/stopasianhate-chinese-diaspora-targeted-by-ccp-disinformation-campaign/
Zhang, A., & Cave, D. (2023, July 24). China’s cyber interference narrows in on Australian politics and policy. Australian Strategic Policy Institute [ASPI]- The Strategist. Retrieved from https://www.aspistrategist.org.au/chinas-cyber-interference-narrows-in-on-australian-politics-and-policy/
Zhao L.J. (2022, June 18). Chinese FM Spokesperson Zhao Lijian: Disinformation is Australia's expertise, not China's. Consulate General of the People's Republic of China in Sydney. Retrieved from http://sydney.china-consulate.gov.cn/eng/zlgdt/202208/t20220825_10752778.htm
Zhao L.J. (2022, August 29). Foreign ministry spokesperson Zhao Lijian’s regular press conference on August 29, 2022. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People’s Republic of China. Retrieved from https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/xwfw_665399/s2510_665401/202208/t20220829_10757209.html |
| Description: | 碩士
國立政治大學
國際研究英語碩士學位學程(IMPIS)
110862003 |
| Source URI: | http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0110862003 |
| Data Type: | thesis |
| Appears in Collections: | [國際研究英語碩士學位學程] 學位論文
|
Files in This Item:
| File |
Description |
Size | Format | |
|---|
| 200301.pdf | | 1662Kb | Adobe PDF | 5 | View/Open |
|
All items in 政大典藏 are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved.
|
