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    Title: 克拉運河的失敗:中國能源戰略與賽局理論分析
    The Failure of Kra Canal: Energy Strategy of China and a Game Theory Approach
    Authors: 劉兆恆
    Liu, Chao Heng
    Contributors: 李佳怡
    Lee, Chia Yi
    劉兆恆
    Liu, Chao Heng
    Keywords: 克拉運河
    中泰關係
    地緣政治
    能源安全
    賽局理論
    Kra Canal
    China-Thailand Relations
    Geopolitics
    Energy Security
    Game Theory
    Date: 2024
    Issue Date: 2024-02-01 11:24:23 (UTC+8)
    Abstract:   能源在地理上分布非常不均勻,集中性相當高,因此討論能源的過程中不可避免會觸及到的議題就是國際政治上的互動。而在能源的討論過程中,以能源安全為其中一項重要之申論主題,因為唯有確保能源有足夠且穩定的供給,才能夠維持國家正常運作。中國因發展速度超越國內之能源供給,必須大量進口能源,加上能源多從西亞經由麻六甲海峽運抵中國,因此解決麻六甲困境成為保障中國能源安全的首要目標。克拉運河作為解決隱患的重要手段,但是卻無法順利建設,因此本文企圖探究其原因。
       本研究擬藉由混合研究方法,整合同步賽局模型及個案分析法,從現實主義與地緣政治的角度探究為何克拉運河雖具有高度戰略意義,但卻無法成為中國能源安全威脅的解決方案。
      從現實主義對國家利益的理解,本文建構泰國與中國之間就克拉運河建設的策略互動賽局模型,發現存在三組納許均衡,而該均衡中存在與現實發展相符合的結果,也就是運河未投入興建,證明賽局理論模型對國際政治的解釋效力。
    Energy is distributed unevenly and concentrated; thus, it’s impossible to ignore the involvement of international politics while discussing energy issues. Since ensuring sufficient energy supply is the only way to guarantee the well-functioning of a nation, energy security is one of the most focused aspects of energy issues. Ever since China emerged as a net energy importer, the Malacca Dilemma became the top priority to warrant its energy security. Among solutions to avoid the Malacca Dilemma, the failure of Kra Canal is listed as the main topic of this research.
    The mixed research method is applied to this thesis, which includes strategic form games and case studies. We intend to explain the reasons why the Kra Canal is abandoned given its ideal strategic status.
    By understanding national interests from the Realism point of view, we constructed a game theory model of strategic interactions between Thailand and China and discovered that it points to 3 different Nash Equilibriums. One of the Nash Equilibriums matched the real-world evolution and directly proved the ability of game theory to analyze international relations.
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    ●外文部分
    專書
    Dixit, A., K., Nalebuff, B., J., 1991. “Thinking Strategically : the Competitive Edge in Business, Politics, and Everyday Life.” United States: W. W. Norton & Company.
    Dixit, A., K., Skeath, S., Reiley Jr., D., H., 1999. “Games of Strategy.” United States: W. W. Norton & Company.
    McMillan, J., 1986. “Game Theory in International Economics (1st Edition).” England: Routledge.
    Osborne, M. J., 2003. “An Introduction to Game Theory (1st Edition).” England: Oxford University Press.
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    Tadelis, S., 2013. “Gane Theory: an introduction.” United States: Princeton University Press.
    期刊
    Amponstira, F., 2020. “Analysis of Global Connectivity of Kra Isthmus Canal Vision.” Rajapark Journal, Vol. 14, No. 33, pp. 298-307.
    Bar-El, R., Tobol, Y., 2013. “Contribution Games and the End-Game Effect: When Things Get Real - An Experimental Analysis.” IZA Discussion Papers, No. 7307, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA), Bonn.
    Bhardwaj, P. ,2019, “The Kra Canal conundrum.” Maritime Affairs: Journal of the National Maritime Foundation of India, Vol. 15, No. 2, pp. 148-153
    Busbarat, P., 2016. “"Bamboo Swirling in the Wind": Thailand's Foreign Policy Imbalance between China and the United States.” Contemporary Southeast Asia, Vol. 38, No. 2, pp. 233-257.
    Chalermpalanupap, T., 2021b. “Canals and Land Bridges: Mega-Infrastructure Proposals for Southern Thailand.” ISEAS Perspective, No. 4.
    Correa, H., 2001, “Game Theory as an Instrument for the Analysis of International Relations.” 立命館国際研究, Vol. 14, No. 2, pp187-208.
    Dettoni, J., 2016. “Kra Canal's Win-Win Bonus.” Foreign Direct Investment. P.45.
    Downs, E., S., 2004. “The Chinese Energy Security Debate.” The China Quarterly, No. 177, pp21-41.
    Dufwenberg, M., Stegeman, M., 2002. “Existence and Uniqueness of Maximal Reductions under Iterated Strict Dominance.” Econometrica, Vol. 70, No. 5, pp. 2007-2023.
    Eumsin, P., 2021. “The Formation of “the Thai Canal Policy 9A Route (Modern Kra Canal)”: Indian Ocean Transportation System for Peace, through Thai Sea and towards China-Japan sea.” Walailak Abode of Culture Journal, Vol. 21, No. 1, pp1-16.
    Fearon, J., D., 2005. “Primary Commodity Exports and Civil War.” Journal of Conflict Resolution, Vol. 49, No. 4, pp. 483-507.
    Guan, K., C., 2023. “ASEAN: Overcoming the Continental-Maritime Divide.” RSIS Commentary, No. 143.
    Kislenko, A., 2002. “Bending with the Wind: The Continuity and Flexibility of Thai Foreign Policy.” International Journal, Vol. 57, No. 4, pp. 537-561.
    Morgenthau, H., J., 1952. “What Is the National Interest of the United States?” The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Vol. 282, No. 1, pp. 1-7.
    Herzinger, B., 2023. “Friends, Partners, But Not Allies.” Proceedings, Vol. 149/5/1443.
    Holler, M., J., 2001. “Classical, Modern and New Game Theory.” Journal of Economics and Statistics (Jahrbuecher fuer Nationaloekonomie und Statistik), Vol. 222, No. 5, pp. 556-583.
    Hong, F., Karp, L., 2012. “International Environmental Agreements with mixed strategies and investment.” Journal of Public Economics, Vol. 96, pp. 685-697.
    Hurley, J., Morris, S., Portelance, G., 2018. “Examining the Debt Implications of the Belt and Road Initiative from a Policy Perspective.” CGD Policy Paper. Washington, DC: Center for Global Development.
    Ji, Y., 2016. “China’s Emerging Indo-Pacific Naval Strategy.” Asia Policy, No. 22, pp. 11-19.
    Klemensits, P., 2018. “Geopolitical Consequences of the 21st Century New Maritime Silk Road for Southeast Asian Countries.” Contemporary Chinese Political Economy and Strategic Relations: An International Journal, Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 107-138.
    Lam, P. E., 2018. “Thailand's Kra Canal Proposal and China's Maritime Silk Road: Between Fantasy and Reality?” Asian Affairs: An American Review, Vol. 45, No.1, pp. 1-17.
    Lau, C. Y., Lee, W. C., 2016. “The Kra Isthmus Canal: A New Strategic Solution for China’s Energy Consumption Scenario?” Environmental Management, No.57, pp. 1-20
    Lee, C., Y., 2018. “Oil and Terrorism: Uncovering the Mechanisms.” Journal of Conflict Resolution, Vol. 62, No. 5, pp. 903-928.
    Liu, F. K., 2015. “The Implications of the Maritime Silk Road Initiative for China’s Geostrategic Advance to South and Southeast Asia.” Prospect Journal, No.14, pp. 75-100
    Nash Jr., J., F., 1950. “Non-Cooperative Games.” Annals of Mathematics, Vol. 54, No. 2, pp. 286-295.
    Nuechterlein, D. E., 1976. “National Interests and Foreign Policy: A Conceptual Framework for Analysis and Decision-Making.” British Journal of International Studies, Vol. 2, No. 3, pp. 246-266
    Owens, M., T., 1999. “In Defence of Classical Geopolitics.” Naval war College Review, Vol. 52, No. 4.
    Pham, J., P., 2008. “What is in the National Interests? Hans Morgenthau’s Realist Vision and American Foreign Policy.” American foreign Policy Interest, Vol. 30, No. 5, pp. 256-265.
    Poulshock, M., 2019. “The Foundations of Political Realism.” Thomas R. Kline School of Law, Drexel University.
    Punyaratabandhu, P. & Swaspitchayaskun, J., 2021. “Thailand’s Perception and Strategy toward China’s BRI Expansion: Hedging with Cooperating.” The Chinese Economy, Vol. 54, No. 1, pp 69-77.
    Rahman, A. et al., 2016. “A Descriptive Method for Analysing the Kra Canal Decision on Maritime Business Patterns in Malaysia.” Journal of Shipping and Trade, Vol. 1, No. 13.
    Ross, M., L., 2015. “What Have We Learned About the Resource Curse?” Annual Review of Political Science, Vol. 18, pp. 239-259.
    Sawasdipakdi, P., 2021. “Thailand’s Engagement with China’s Belt and Road Initiative: Strong Will, Slow Implementation.” Asian Perspective, Vol. 45, No. 2, pp. 349-374.
    Schildt, C. E., 2006. “Managing Uncertainty: Formulating a U.S. Grand Strategy for China.” Journal of Public & International Affairs, Vol.17, pp. 233-249.
    Storey, I., 2019. “Thailand’s Perennial Kra Canal Project: Pros, Cons and Potential Game Changers.” ISEAS Perspective, No. 76.
    Sulong, R. S. ,2012. “The Kra Canal and Southeast Asian Relations.” Journal of Current Southeast Asian Affairs, Vol. 31, No. 4, pp. 109-125.
    Sutrisno, A., Nomaler, Ö., Alkemade, F., 2021. “Has the Global Expansion of Energy Markets Truly Improved Energy Security?” Energy Policy, Vol. 148.
    TAŞCI, D., 2020. “Game Theory: Importance, Applications and Contributions in International Relations.” Hacettepe University Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Department of International Relations
    Topcu, N., 2020. “A Relationship on a Pipeline: China and Myanmar.” China Current, Vol. 19, No. 3.
    Tseng, P. H., Pilcher, N., 2021. “Examining the Opportunities and Challenges of the Kra Canal: a PESTELE/SWOT Analysis.” Maritime Business Review.
    Wang, G., 2017. “Southeast Asia and Continental and Maritime Powers in a Globalised World.” ASEAN@50, Vol. 4. pp 19-24.
    Wongpunya, N., 2016. “What Thailand Needs to Do to Become a High-Income Country.” ISEAS Perspective, No. 56.
    Yuan, C. Y., Hsieh, C. H., Su, D. T., 2019. “Effects of New Shipping Routes on the Operational Resilience of Container Lines: Potential Impacts of the Arctic Sea Route and the Kra Canal on the Europe‑Far East Seaborne Trades.” Maritime Economics & Logistics, Vol. 22, pp. 308-325.
    研究報告
    Downs, E., S., 2006. “China’s Quest for Energy Security.” United States: Project Air Force, RAND.
    Kong, B., 2005. “An Anatomy of China’s Energy Insecurity and Its Strategies.” United States: Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Operated by Battelle for the US Department of Energy.
    Sandhi Governance Institute, 2021. “Belt and Road Monitoring Project: Myanmar–China Oil and Gas Pipeline Projects.” Myanmar: BRI Project.
    The Senate Ad-Hoc Committee on Kra Canal Project, 2004. “Report on the Thai Canal Project.” Kingdom of Thailand: Bureau of Publishing, Secretary General of the Senate.
    Tokyo Electric Power Company Holdings, Inc. Fukushima Daiichi Decontamination and Decommissioning Engineering Company, 2023. “Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station Commencement of the Second Stage of the third discharge for FY2023. (Reference Docuement)” Japan: Tokyo Electric Power Company Holdings, Inc. Fukushima Daiichi Decontamination and Decommissioning Engineering Company.
    會議資料
    Chen, C., M., Kumagai, S., 2016. “Economic Impacts of the Kra Canal: An Application of the Automatic Calculation of Sea Distances by a GIS.” IDE Discussion Paper, No. 568.
    網路資源
    Babones, S., 2020. “The Next Front in the India-China Conflict Could Be a Thai Canal.” in Foreign Policy: https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/09/01/china-india-conflict-thai-kra-canal/, Accessed: 2023/10/17.
    Baker, B. D., 2015. “Where Is the ‘String of Pearls’ in 2015? Chinese military installations in the Indian Ocean are still a possibility, not a certainty.” in The Diplomat: https://thediplomat.com/2015/10/where-is-the-string-of-pearls-in-2015/, Accessed: 2021/12/28.
    Bangkok Post, 2020. “Time to Revisit the Canal Project.” in Bangkok Post: https://www.bangkokpost.com/opinion/opinion/1839359/time-to-revisit-canal-project, Accessed: 2023/10/17.
    Bangkok Post. 2021. “Govt mulls southern bridge spots.” in Bangkok Post: https://www.bangkokpost.com/thailand/general/2084135/govt-mulls-southern-bridge-spots, Accessed: 2021/11/28.
    Chalermpalanupap, T., 2021a, “Land Bridge in place of Kra Canal: Game changer for Thailand's future engagement with region and China?.” in Think China: https://www.thinkchina.sg/land-bridge-place-kra-canal-game-changer-thailands-future-engagement-region-and-china, Accessed: 2021/11/28.
    Chatzky, A., McBride, J., 2020. “China’s Massive Belt and Road Initiative.” in Council of Foreign Relations: https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/chinas-massive-belt-and-road-initiative#chapter-title-0-4, Accessed: 2021/11/28.
    Cheevasittiyanon, K., 2018. “Government determined to speed up development of far South.” in National News Bureau of Thailand: https://thainews.prd.go.th/en/news/detail/WNPOL6104200010013, Accessed: 2023/11/03.
    Chen, Y., 2020. “Chinese Debt and the Myth of the Debt-Trap in Africa.” in Italian Institute for International Political Studies: https://www.ispionline.it/en/pubblicazione/chinese-debt-and-myth-debt-trap-africa-27024, Accessed: 2021/12/29.
    Connor, J., & Connor, J. 2021. “Threat to Thailand from encroaching northern dragon as Chinese factories in Myanmar burn.” in Thai Examiner: https://www.thaiexaminer.com/thai-news-foreigners/2021/03/18/threat-to-thailand-encroaching-dragon-chinese-factories-in-myanmar-burn/, Accessed: 2021/11/28.
    Farley, R., 2021. “What Makes a Real "Blue Water Navy"? Here's a List.” in The National Interest: https://nationalinterest.org/blog/reboot/what-makes-real-blue-water-navy-heres-list-183441, Accessed: 2023/11/08.
    Forough, M., 2022. “America’s Pivot to Asia 2.0: The Indo-Pacific Economic Framework.” in The Diplomat: https://thediplomat.com/2022/05/americas-pivot-to-asia-2-0-the-indo-pacific-economic-framework/, Accessed: 2023/11/08.
    Global Construction Review, 2017. “Influential Thais push to build $28bn Kra canal.” in Global Construction Review: https://www.globalconstructionreview.com/influential-thais-push-build-28bn-kra-canal/, Accessed: 2021/11/28.
    GO Editorial, 2023. “India’s new naval base in the Andamans, a direct counter to the Chinese presence.” in Global Order: https://www.globalorder.live/post/india-s-new-naval-base-in-the-andamans-a-direct-counter-to-the-chinese-presence, Accessed: 2023/11/08.
    International Monetary Fund, 2023. “IMF Data Mapper.” in International Monetary Fund: https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/SGP, Accessed: 2023/11/06.
    Jaybhay, R., 2020. “China’s Pipeline Dream in Pakistan.” in the interpreter: https://www.lowyinstitute.org/the-interpreter/china-s-pipeline-dream-pakistan, Accessed: 2023/11/01.
    Koh, E., 2023. “Thailand Pitches New Investors in U.S. on Old Idea of Southeast Asia Shipping Route Shortcut.” in Time: https://time.com/6334807/srettha-thailand-landbridge-investors-apec/, Accessed: 2023/11/19.
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    Kurlantzick, J., 2023. “Thailand’s Turbulence: Implications for the Region and the World.” in Council on Foreign Relations: https://www.cfr.org/in-brief/thailands-turbulence-implications-region-and-world, Accessed: 2023/11/03
    Lee, Y., Chen, A., Myint, S., Y., S., 2017. “Beset by delays, Myanmar-China oil pipeline nears start-up.” in Reuters: https://www.reuters.com/article/us-myanmar-china-oil-idUSKBN16S0XF, Accessed: 2023/11/01.
    Liang, L. 2015. “Thailand, China sign agreement to construct a new strategic Kra Canal.” in Seatrade Maritime News: https://www.seatrade-maritime.com/asia/thailand-china-sign-agreement-construct-new-strategic-kra-canal, Accessed: 2021/11/28.
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    Description: 碩士
    國立政治大學
    外交學系
    110253002
    Source URI: http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0110253002
    Data Type: thesis
    Appears in Collections:[外交學系] 學位論文

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