政大機構典藏-National Chengchi University Institutional Repository(NCCUR):Item 140.119/148489

政大典藏 > College of International Affairs > International Master`s Program in International Studies > Theses > Item 140.119/148489

Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/148489

Title:	台灣離岸風電發展之分析：借鑒英國之見解 An Analysis of Taiwan’s Offshore Wind Development : Insights from the United Kingdom
Authors:	唐孟侯 Newman, Thomas Christopher
Contributors:	李佳怡 Lee, Chia-yi 唐孟侯 Newman, Thomas Christopher
Keywords:	離岸風電再生能源台灣再生能源政策英國離岸風電清潔能源轉型 offshore wind renewable energy Taiwan renewable energy policy UK offshore wind clean energy transition
Date:	2023
Issue Date:	2023-12-01 10:42:40 (UTC+8)
Abstract:	自從2009年實施《再生能源發展條例》以來，台灣已通過一系列政策試圖大幅轉變其能源結構，並彰顯台灣對低碳經濟的野心。由於台灣98％的能源依賴進口，再加上當地對電力的需求急劇增加，未來可能面臨能源緊縮，因此轉向乾淨能源比以往更加重要。受到歐洲多個國家的影響，台灣的乾淨能源轉型主要以大規模部署離岸風電為主。然而，儘管在亞太地區相對成功，該產業仍受到各種規範、市場和財務障礙的困擾。因此，本文利用優劣分析法來找出台灣本地離岸風電產業發展的主要障礙，並借鑒英國的相關政策，因為該國擁有全球第二大的離岸風電裝機容量。本文所發現對台灣離岸風電產業發展的障礙包括嚴厲的處罰、當地銀行的抵抗、不協調的補貼、難以營運的電力購買協議框架、不利的上網電價、容量分配拍賣的策略投標以及不足的電網整合和當地內容。通過分析英國政策得到的見解，本文主要建議包括建立政府支持的「綠色銀行」、建立一個實體的戰略網絡和私營的離岸輸電網、實施差價合約（CfDs）和後備購售電合約（Backstop PPAs）、投資於共址電池存儲、及逐步實現能源市場自由化。 Since the implementation of the Renewable Energy Development Act in 2009, Taiwan has strived to radically transform its energy structure through a string of policies, which outline the island’s ambitious plans for decarbonising the economy. With 98% of Taiwan’s energy reliant on imports, and a looming energy crunch ahead as the local demand for electricity swells, the transition towards clean energy is more critical than ever. Influenced by a number of European countries, Taiwan’s clean energy transition is dominated by the widespread deployment of offshore wind power. Nonetheless, despite its relative success in the Asia-Pacific Region, the industry is plagued by diverse regulatory, market and financial barriers. Therefore, this paper undertakes a SWOT analysis to identify the key obstacles facing the development of Taiwan’s local offshore wind industry, exploring potential solutions by drawing upon relevant policies of the United Kingdom (UK), which has the second largest installed offshore wind capacity worldwide. The obstacles discovered include harsh penalties, resistance from local banks, misaligned subsidies, an unnavigable PPA framework, unfavourable feed-in tariffs, strategic bidding at capacity allocation auctions, and insufficient grid integration and local content. By leveraging insights from UK policy, the primary recommendations include establishing a government-backed ‘green bank’, a strategic network of entities and a privately-owned offshore transmission network, implementing Contracts for Difference (CfDs) and Backstop Power Purchase Agreements (BPPAs), investing in co-location battery storage, and gradually liberalising the energy market.
Reference:	Allan, G., Comerford, D., Connolly, K., McGregor, P., & Ross, A. G. (2020). The economic and environmental impacts of UK offshore wind development: The importance of local content. Energy, 199, 117436. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2020.117436 Aris, C. (2023, June 11). Green energy disaster in the UK should be an awful warning to Americans. The Telegraph. Retrieved September 10, 2023, from https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2023/06/11/green-energy-disaster-uk-awful-warning-america/ Bureau of Energy (BOE), Ministry of Economic Affairs (MOEA), Taiwan (ROC) Government. (2022, November 21). Energy Regulations: Laws and Regulations. Bureau of Energy (BOE), Ministry of Economic Affairs (MOEA), Taiwan (ROC) Government. https://www.moeaboe.gov.tw/ECW/english/content/ContentLink.aspx?menu_id=977 Bureau of Energy (BOE), Ministry of Economics Affairs (MOEA), Taiwan (ROC) Government. (2021). 110 Nian Nengyuan Tongji Shouce. [中華民國台灣政府經濟部能源局. (2021). 110年能源統計書冊.]https://www.moeaboe.gov.tw/ECW_WEBPAGE/FlipBook/2021EnergyStaHandBook/index.html#p= Catapult (Offshore Renewable Energy). (n.d.). UK offshore wind history. https://guidetoanoffshorewindfarm.com/offshore-wind-history Chang, H., & Cheng, L. (2020, July 28). Does Taiwan Have Enough Power for TSMC? CommonWealth Magazine. Retrieved May 12, 2023, from https://english.cw.com.tw/article/article.action?id=2766. Chien, K. (2019). Pacing for Renewable Energy Development: The Developmental State in Taiwan’s Offshore Wind Power. Annals of the American Association of Geographers, 110(3), 793–807. https://doi.org/10.1080/24694452.2019.1630246 DBT (UK Department for Business and Trade). (n.d.). GREAT. https://www.great.gov.uk/ DBT (UK Department for Business and Trade). (n.d.). GREAT.gov.uk: Offshore Wind. Retrieved September 10, 2023, from https://www.great.gov.uk/international/content/investment/sectors/offshore-wind/ DECC (UK Department of Energy and Climate Change). (2011, July). Planning our electric future: a White Paper for secure, affordable and low‐carbon electricity. UK.GOV. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_ data/file/48129/2176-emr-white-paper.pdf Eiger. (2020, May 13). Eiger’s Map and Guide to Taiwan’s Offshore Wind Farm Projects. Eiger. https://eiger.law/wind-energy/ Foxwell, D. (2022, December 15). A policy-maker’s dream: Taiwan’s government gets zero-subsidy bids and more local content. Riviera. https://www.rivieramm.com/news-content-hub/news-content-hub/a-policy-makers-dream-taiwans-government-get-zero-subsidy-bids-and-more-local-content-74286 Gao, A. M.-Z. (2015). Europe’s Policy Framework for Promoting Offshore Wind Energy: Lessons for Taiwan and Other Countries. Renewable Energy Law and Policy Review, 6(1), 3–16. https://www.jstor.org/stable/24324804 Hall, P. A., & Soskice, D. W. (2001). Varieties of Capitalism: The Institutional Foundations of Comparative Advantage. Oxford University Press. Hayes, A. (2021, August 20). Project Finance: How It Works, Definition, and Types of Loans. Investopedia. https://www.investopedia.com/terms/p/projectfinance.asp Hayes, A. (2021, February 10). Winner's Curse: Definition, How It Works, Causes, and Example. Investopedia. https://www.investopedia.com/terms/w/winnerscurse.asp Higgins, P., & Foley, A. (2014). The evolution of offshore wind power in the United Kingdom. Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews, 37, 599–612. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2014.05.058 HM Government. (2019, March). Industrial Strategy: Offshore Wind Sector Deal. UK.GOV. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/786279/BEIS_Offshore_Wind_sector_deal_print_ready.pdf HM Government. (2020, November). The Ten Point Plan for a Green Industrial Revolution. UK.GOV. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/936567/10_POINT_PLAN_BOOKLET.pdf HM Government. (2021, October 19). Net Zero Strategy: Build Back Greener. UK.GOV. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/1033990/net-zero-strategy-beis.pdf HM Government. (2022, April). British Energy Security Strategy. UK.GOV. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/1069969/british-energy-security-strategy-web-accessible.pdf HM Government. (2023, March). Mobilising Green Investment - 2023 Green Finance Strategy. UK.GOV. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/1149690/mobilising-green-investment-2023-green-finance-strategy.pdf HM Government. (2023a, March). Offshore Wind Net Zero Investment Roadmap. UK.GOV. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/1148650/offshore-wind-net-zero-investment-roadmap.pdf HM Government. (2023b, April 30). Floating Offshore Wind Manufacturing Investment Scheme. UK.GOV. https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/floating-offshore-wind-manufacturing-investment-scheme Industrial Technology Research Institute (ITRI). (2022). Woguo 2018-2021 Nian Gongye Bu Ge Hangye Dianli Xiaofeiliang Bianhua Fenxi - Gongye Jieneng Fuwugang. [工業技術研究院. (2022). 我國2018~2021年工業部門各行業電力消費量變化分析 - 工業節能服務網.] https://emis.itri.org.tw/News/Content?id=1269 International Energy Agency (IEA). (2019, October 25). International Energy Agency (IEA): Contract for Difference (CfD). Retrieved October 10, 2023, from https://www.iea.org/policies/5731-contract-for-difference-cfd Jansen, M., Beiter, P., Riepin, I., Müsgens, F., Guajardo-Fajardo, V. J., Staffell, I., Bulder, B., & Kitzing, L. (2022). Policy choices and outcomes for offshore wind auctions globally. Energy Policy, 167, 113000. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2022.113000 Jones Day. (2021, August 9). Taiwan Offshore Wind Farm Projects: Updates to Guide Investors and Financiers through the Legal and Regulatory Framework. Jones Day. https://www.jonesday.com/en/insights/2021/08/taiwan-offshore-wind-farm-projects-update Kiprop, J. (2018). What Was The Taiwan Miracle? WorldAtlas. https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/what-was-the-taiwan-miracle.html Kota, S., Bayne, S., & Nimmagadda, S. (2015). Offshore wind energy: A comparative analysis of UK, USA and India. Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews, 41, 685–694. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2014.08.080 KPMG Asia Pacific. (2022, November). Decarbonization through renewable energy: Understanding Asia Pacific’s Corporate Power Purchase Agreement landscape. KPMG. https://assets.kpmg.com/content/dam/kpmg/sg/pdf/2022/11/decarbonization-through-renewable-energy-aspac.pdf Liao, Y. (2022, August 25). Lüdian de Huang yu Huang: Tuangou Liliang Da, Qiye Jiutuan Zui’ai Fengdian ‘Tuanyuan’ Xinping Reng Ju Tiaozhan. Environmental Information Center (EIC). [廖禹婷. (2022年08月25日). 【綠電的荒與慌】團購力量大企業揪團最愛風電「團員」信評仍具挑戰. 環境資訊中心] https://e-info.org.tw/node/234850 Lin, Y.-C. (2022). (thesis). Government and the Renewable Energy Transition – a Comparative Study of Offshore Wind Energy Development in Australia and Taiwan. University of Technology Sydney. Retrieved May 12, 2023, from https://opus.lib.uts.edu.au/bitstream/10453/160976/1/01front.pdf. Mani, S., & Dhingra, T. (2013). Critique of offshore wind energy policies of the UK and Germany—What are the lessons for India. Energy Policy, 63, 900–909. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2013.09.058 Ministry of Economic Affairs (MOEA), Bureau of Energy (BOE), Taiwan (ROC) Government. (2018, January 18). Directions for Allocating Installed Capacity of Offshore Wind Potential Zones. Energy Regulations: Laws and Regulations. https://www.moeaboe.gov.tw/ECW/populace/Law/wHandLawsList_File.ashx?kind=6&id=3296&file_id=3476 Ministry of Economic Affairs (MOEA), Bureau of Energy (BOE), Taiwan (ROC) Government. (2021, July 23). Li’an Fengli Fadian Qukuai Kaifa Changzhi Guihua Shenqing Zuoye Yaodian. Nengyuan Fagui: Faling Guizhang. [中華民國台灣政府. (民國110年07月23日). 離岸風力發電區塊開發場址規劃申請作業要點. 能源法規：法令規章] https://www.moeaboe.gov.tw/ECW/populace/Law/Content.aspx?menu_id=16589 Ministry of Economic Affairs (MOEA), Taiwan (ROC) Government. (2016, November 11). Energy Administration Act. Laws & Regulations Database of the Republic of China (Taiwan). https://law.moj.gov.tw/ENG/LawClass/LawAll.aspx?pcode=J0130002 Ministry of Economic Affairs (MOEA), Taiwan (ROC) Government. (2016, November 11). Nengyuan Guanli Fa. Quanguo Fagui Ziliaoku. [中華民國台灣政府. (民國105年11月30日). 能源管理法. 全國法規資料庫] https://law.moj.gov.tw/LawClass/LawAll.aspx?pcode=J0130002 Ministry of Economic Affairs (MOEA), Taiwan (ROC) Government. (2020, December 31). Regulations for the Management of Setting up Renewable Energy Power Generation Equipment of Power Users above a Certain Contract Capacity. Laws & Regulations Database of the Republic of China (Taiwan). https://law.moj.gov.tw/ENG/LawClass/LawAll.aspx?pcode=J0130095 Ministry of Economic Affairs (MOEA), Taiwan (ROC) Government. (2020, December 31). Yiding Qiyue Rongliang Yishang Zhi Dianli Yonghu Yingshezhi Zaisheng Nengyuan Fadian Shebei Guanli Banfa. Quanguo Fagui Ziliaoku. [中華民國台灣政府. (民國109年12月31日). 一定契約容量以上之電力用戶應設置再生能源發電設備管理辦法. 全國法規資料庫] https://law.moj.gov.tw/LawClass/LawAll.aspx?pcode=J0130095 Ministry of Economic Affairs (MOEA), Taiwan (ROC) Government. (2022, June 07). Dianli Kaifa Xiezhujin Yunyong Yu Jiandu Guanli Banfa. Quanguo Fagui Ziliaoku. [中華民國台灣政府. (民國111年06月07日). 電力開發協助金運用與監督管理辦法. 全國法規資料庫] https://law.moj.gov.tw/LawClass/LawAll.aspx?pcode=J0130087 Ministry of Economic Affairs (MOEA), Taiwan (ROC) Government. (2023, June 28). Dianye Fa. Quanguo Fagui Ziliaoku. [中華民國台灣政府. (民國112年06月28日). 電業法. 全國法規資料庫] https://law.moj.gov.tw/LawClass/LawAll.aspx?pcode=J0030011 Ministry of Economic Affairs (MOEA), Taiwan (ROC) Government. (2023, June 28). The Electricity Act. Laws & Regulations Database of the Republic of China (Taiwan). https://law.moj.gov.tw/ENG/LawClass/LawAll.aspx?pcode=J0030011 Ministry of Economic Affairs (MOEA), Taiwan (ROC) Government. (2023a, June 21). Renewable Energy Development Act (REDA). Laws & Regulations Database of the Republic of China (Taiwan). https://law.moj.gov.tw/ENG/LawClass/LawAll.aspx?pcode=J0130032 Ministry of Economic Affairs (MOEA), Taiwan (ROC) Government. (2023b, June 21). Zaisheng Nengyuan Fazhan Tiaoli. Quanguo Fagui Ziliaoku. [中華民國台灣政府. (民國 108 年 05 月 01 日). 再生能源發展條例. 全國法規資料庫] https://law.moj.gov.tw/LawClass/LawAll.aspx?pcode=J0130032 Ministry of Economic Affairs (MOEA), Taiwan (ROC) Government. (2023c, February 15). Qihou Bianqian Yinying Fa. Quanguo Fagui Ziliaoku. [中華民國台灣政府. (民國 112 年 02 月 15 日). 氣候變遷因應法. 全國法規資料庫] https://law.moj.gov.tw/LawClass/LawAll.aspx?pcode=O0020098) National Development Council (NDC), Taiwan (ROC) Government. (2022a, March 30). Taiwan’s Pathway to Net-Zero Emissions in 2050. National Development Council (NDC), Taiwan (ROC) Government: 2050 Net-Zero Emissions. https://ws.ndc.gov.tw/Download.ashx?u=LzAwMS9hZG1pbmlzdHJhdG9yLzExL3JlbGZpbGUvMC8xNTA0NS8xMzdmMjYyMS01NmQ4LTQ0MjctODkxZS05MDQ1MjdjZmMzMzYucGRm&n=VGFpd2Fu4oCZcyBQYXRod2F5IHRvIE5ldC1aZXJvIEVtaXNzaW9ucyBpbiAyMDUwLnBkZg%3d%3d&icon=.pdf National Development Council (NDC), Taiwan (ROC) Government. (2022b, December 28). Phased Goals and Actions Toward Net-Zero Transition. National Development Council (NDC), Taiwan (ROC) Government: 2050 Net-Zero Emissions. https://ws.ndc.gov.tw/Download.ashx?u=LzAwMS9hZG1pbmlzdHJhdG9yLzExL3JlbGZpbGUvMC8xNTA0Ni82Y2FlMzJiNS03ZTRlLTQzNjAtYjkyZS0zZmVjM2RiY2IzZDkucGRm&n=UGhhc2VkIEdvYWxzIGFuZCBBY3Rpb25zIFRvd2FyZCBOZXQtWmVybyBUcmFuc2l0aW9uLnBkZg%3d%3d&icon=.pdf National Development Council (NDC), Taiwan (ROC) Government. (n.d.). Taiwan’s Pathway to Net-Zero Emissions in 2050. National Development Council (NDC), Taiwan (ROC) Government: 2050 Net-Zero Emissions. https://www.ndc.gov.tw/en/Content_List.aspx?n=B154724D802DC488#:~:text=In%20March%202022%2C%20Taiwan%20officially,new%20wave%20of%20economic%20growth Nguyen, T. A., & Chou, S.-Y. (2018). Impact of government subsidies on economic feasibility of offshore wind system: Implications for Taiwan energy policies. Applied Energy, 217, 336–345. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2018.02.137 Ørsted A/S. (2020, July 8). Ørsted and TSMC sign the world’s largest renewables corporate power purchase agreement. https://Orsted.Com/En/Company-Announcement-List/2020/07/2059053. Retrieved May 12, 2023, from https://orsted.com/en/company-announcement-list/2020/07/2059053. Ørsted A/S. (2022, August 31). Hornsea 2, the world’s largest windfarm, enters full operation. https://orsted.com/en/media/newsroom/news/2022/08/20220831559011. Retrieved May 13, 2023, from https://orsted.com/en/media/newsroom/news/2022/08/20220831559011. Oung, A. (n.d.). Unredacted: Taiwan Offshore Wind. https://unredacted.biz/# OWIC. (n.d.). The Offshore Wind Industry Council (OWIC). https://www.owic.org.uk/ Oxford Reference. (2023). Developmental state. Oxford Reference. https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780199599868.001.0001/acref-9780199599868-e-391;jsessionid=2EE1FFF0C70FE92E9BE5D294E77D404D Prässler, T., & Schaechtele, J. (2012). Comparison of the financial attractiveness among prospective offshore wind parks in selected European countries. Energy Policy, 45, 86–101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2012.01.062 PwC. (2023). (publication). 2022 Taiwan CPPA Market Report. PwC, Taiwan. Retrieved May 12, 2023, from https://www.pwc.tw/en/publications/taiwan-re-market-updates/taiwan-cppa-market-report.html#:~:text=Total%20RE%20wheeling%20in%20Taiwan,and%20their%20numbers%20are%20increasing. Rentier, G., Lelieveldt, H., & Kramer, G. J. (2019). Varieties of coal-fired power phase-out across Europe. Energy Policy, 132, 620–632. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2019.05.042 Sun, Q. (n.d.). Taiwan de Li’an Fengdian Fengchang. Events in Focus. [孫窮理. (無日期). 台灣的離岸風電風場. 焦點事件.] https://www.eventsinfocus.org/issues/7145903 Taiwan National Renewable Energy Certification Center (TRECC). (n.d.). Taiwan National Renewable Energy Certification Center Homepage. https://www.trec.org.tw/en The Crown Estate. (2023, April). Offshore Wind Report 2022. The Crown Estate. https://www.thecrownestate.co.uk/media/4378/final-published_11720_owoperationalreport_2022_tp_250423.pdf The Executive Yuan Gazette Online. (2019, July 22). Xiuzheng ‘Zhonghua Minguo Yibailingba Niandu Zaisheng Nengyuan Dianneng Dungou Feilü Ji Qi Jisuan Gongshi’ Bing Zi Jiri Shengxiao. Caizheng Jingji Pian. [中華民國行政院公報資訊網. (民國108年07月22日). 修正「中華民國一百零八年度再生能源電能躉購費率及其計算公式」，並自即日生效. 財政經濟篇] https://www.twtpo.org.tw/tools/download.ashx?id=252 Toke, D. (2011). The UK offshore wind power programme: A sea-change in UK energy policy? Energy Policy, 39(2), 526–534. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2010.08.043 Tseng, H.-S., & Kao, S.-M. (2022). Conflicts between Fisheries and Offshore Wind Power in Taiwan: Legal and Administrative Prospects. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 10(11). https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse10111745 Tseng, P.-H., & Ng, M. W. (2022). SWOT Analysis of Offshore Wind Power Development in Taiwan. In C.-S. Lu, T. L. Yip, D. Yang, & S. Li (Eds.), Proceedings of the International Forum on Shipping, Ports and Airports (IFSPA) 2022. essay. Retrieved May 12, 2023, from https://www.polyu.edu.hk/lms/icms/ifspa2022/images/proceeding/IFSPA2022_Conference-Proceedings_Final.pdf. U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA). (2016, December). Taiwan. U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA). https://www.eia.gov/international/overview/country/TWN UKEF (United Kingdom Export Finance). (2021, October 7). Leading with Finance. GOV.UK. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/1148958/Mar_2023_UKEF_product_brochure_all_products.pdf UKRI. (n.d.). United Kingdom Research and Innovation (UKRI). https://www.ukri.org/ Welisch, M., & Poudineh, R. (2020). Auctions for allocation of offshore wind contracts for difference in the UK. Renewable Energy, 147, 1266–1274. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2019.09.085 Williams, M. (2023, February 7). ScotWind: Scotland faces loss of £60bn in new offshore wind farms. The Herald. Retrieved September 10, 2023, from https://www.heraldscotland.com/news/homenews/23300089.scotwind-scotland-faces-loss-60bn-new-offshore-wind-farms/ Yang, C.-H., & Wang, C. (2022, June 1). The Energy Regulation and Markets Review: Taiwan. The Energy Regulation and Markets Review - The Law Reviews. https://thelawreviews.co.uk/title/the-energy-regulation-and-markets-review/taiwan Yates, C., & Leybourne, M. (2019). Financing Offshore Wind in Taiwan. Journal of National Development Studies [國家發展研究期刊], 18(2), 125–152. https://doi.org/10.6164/JNDS.201906_18(2).0003
Description:	碩士國立政治大學國際研究英語碩士學位學程(IMPIS) 110862015
Source URI:	http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0110862015
Data Type:	thesis
Appears in Collections:	[International Master`s Program in International Studies] Theses

Files in This Item:

File	Size	Format
201501.pdf	2909Kb	Adobe PDF	3	View/Open

社群 sharing

Loading...