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    Title: 土耳其外交政策與新奧斯曼主義
    Neo-Ottomanism in Turkish Foreign Policy
    Authors: 盧睿鋐
    Lu, Jui-Hung
    Contributors: 魏百谷
    Wei, Bai-Gu
    盧睿鋐
    Lu, Jui-Hung
    Keywords: 土耳其
    新奧斯曼主義
    奧斯曼主義
    鄂圖曼帝國
    艾爾多安
    達武特奧盧
    Neo-Ottomanism
    Turkish
    Ottoman Empire
    Ottomanism
    Ahmet Davutoğlu
    Erdoğan
    Date: 2023
    Issue Date: 2023-09-01 16:33:24 (UTC+8)
    Abstract:   2022年俄羅斯以「去軍事化、去納粹化」的名義對烏克蘭動武,震驚全世界。西方國家除了譴責俄羅斯入侵烏克蘭以外,也位烏克蘭提供軍事和經濟上的協助。另一方面,土耳其仍在俄羅斯和西方國家之間保持曖昧的態度,一方面呼籲各方對話,另一方面也在烏克蘭的主權議題上支持烏克蘭的主權完整,反映了土耳其嘗試利用自身在俄羅斯和美歐國家之間的影響力,希望能在降低衝突的同時也能促進土耳其的國家利益。
      本文的研究重點在於土耳其外交政策中的新奧斯曼主義,試著探討土耳其人對於過去鄂圖曼帝國的想像如何塑造當代土耳其的外交政策。透過文獻探討以及國際關係的建構理論,希望能夠釐清土耳其人到底是如何看待該國在世界上的定位以及和其他國家之間的關係。
    In 2022, Russia`s military intervention in Ukraine in the name of “demilitarization and de-Nazification” had shocked the world. Western countries not only condemned Russia`s invasion of Ukraine but also provided military and economic assistance to Ukraine. However, Turkey maintained an ambiguous stance between Russia and Western nations. While urging all parties to engage in dialogue, Turkey also supported Ukraine`s sovereignty and territorial integrity on the issue of Ukrainian sovereignty. This reflects Turkey`s attempt to leverage its influence between Russia and Western powers, aiming to both reduce conflicts and promote its own national interests.

    The aim of this article is the Neo-Ottomanism in Turkey`s foreign policy, aiming to explore how Turkish perceptions of the past Ottoman Empire shape contemporary Turkish diplomacy. Through literature review and the lens of international relations constructivism, the goal is to elucidate how Turkey perceives its global positioning and relationships with other countries.
    Reference: 一、中文專書
    Ahmad, Feroz著,鄭東超譯(2020)。《現代土耳其的形成》,上海 : 上海译文出版社。
    Caroline Finkel著,徐大成、于麗譯(2019)。《奧斯曼帝國(1299-1923)》,北京:民主與建設出版社。
    Kemal Haşim Karpat著,陳和豐譯(1992)。《當代中東的政治和社會思想》,北京 : 中國社科出版。
    Wendt, Alexander著,秦亞青譯(2000)。《國際政治的社會理論》,上海市 : 上海人民出版社。
    朱傳忠(2018)。《土耳其正義與發展黨研究》,北京市 : 社會科學文獻出版社。
    哈全安、周術情(2010)。《土耳其共和國政治民主化進程研究》,上海 : 上海三聯書店。
    昝濤(2011)。《現代國家與民族建構 : 20世紀前期土耳其民族主義硏究》,北京 : 生活.讀書.新知三聯書店。
    昝濤(2022)。《從巴格達到伊斯坦布爾:歷史視野下的中東大變局》,北京:中信出版社。
    張錫模(2004)。《中亞區域安全淨評估》,臺北市 : 遠景基金會。
    張國城(2020)。《美國的決斷》,新北市:八期文化。
    土肥恆之(2018)。《搖擺於歐亞間的沙皇們:俄羅斯˙羅曼諾夫王朝的大地》,新北市 : 八旗文化。
    黃達遠、李如東主編(2020)。《區域視野下的中亞研究:範式與轉向》,北京 : 社會科學文獻出版社。
    柯嬌燕,〈歐亞帝國的早期近代複合體〉,陳恆、王劉純主編,《新史學第十六輯:前近代清朝與奧斯曼帝國的比較研究》:24-42,河南:大象出版社。
    楊成,〈去俄羅斯化、在地化與國際化:後蘇聯時期中亞新獨立國家個體與集體身分的生成和鞏固路徑分析〉,黃達遠、李如東主編,《區域視野下的中亞研究》:296-368,北京:社會科學文獻出版社。

    二、中文期刊論文:
    宋斌(2018)。「從泛突厥主義到新奧斯曼主義—論冷戰後土耳其外交政策的調整」,南京師大學報,2018年第3期,頁82-89。
    昝濤(2008)。「土耳其的民族主義與現代化—論齊亞·格爾卡普托古改制式的民族主義」,西亞非洲,2008年第8期,頁19-25。
    昝濤(2012)。「土耳其模式:歷史與現實」,新疆師範大學學報,第33期,
    昝濤(2012)。「奧斯曼、伊斯蘭還是土耳其?——淺析土耳其獨立運動的革命話語問題」,西亞非洲,2012年第1期,頁128-138。
    昝濤(2015)。「土耳其、歐亞主義與絲綢之路經濟帶—一則思想史的側記」,中國圖書評論,2015年第9期,頁16-20。
    昝濤(2015)。「從歷史角度看土耳其的多邊主義戰略」,阿拉伯世界研究,2015年第1期,頁52-66。
    馬細譜(2016)。「新奧斯曼主義與土耳其的戰略佈局」,學術前言,2016年第6期,頁88-95。
    張向榮(2018)。「新奧斯曼主義:歷史嬗變與影響」,新疆社會科學(漢文版),2018年第2期,頁108-118。
    張向榮(2021)。「正義與發展黨執政以來土耳其的巴爾幹政策新變化」,西亞非洲,2021年第6期,頁84-114。
    張來儀(2008)。「21世紀以來的俄羅斯與土耳其關係」,西亞非洲,2008年第8期,頁37-41。
    楊張鋒(2017)。「新奧斯曼主義影響下的土耳其外交」,商丘師範學院學報,2017年第2期,頁80-82。
    劉中民(2008)。「從原始共同體到民族共同體—齊亞·格爾卡普的土耳其民族主義思想研究(上)」,西亞非洲,2008年第8期,頁26-30。
    劉中民(2008)。「從普世主義與帝國傳統走向民族主義—齊亞·格爾卡普的土耳其民族主義思想研究(下)」,西亞非洲,2008年第9期,頁38-43。
    陳牧民(2016)。「由歷史角度看土耳其庫德族問題與現況」,台灣國際研究季刊,2016年第12卷第1期,頁79-96。
    范盛保(2016)。「土耳其史觀的外交政策」,台灣國際研究季刊,2016年第12卷第1期,頁97-115。

    三、英文專書:
    Ahmad, Feroz (2003). The making of modern Turkey . London ; New York, NY : Routledge
    Ahmad, Feroz(2014). The Young Turks and the Ottoman Nationalities: Armenians, Greeks, Albanians, Jews, and Arabs, 1908–1918. US : University of Utah Press.
    Akşin, Sina.; Mursaloğlu, Dexter H.(2007). Turkey from Empire to revolutionary republic : the emergence of the Turkish nation from 1789 to the present. London : Hurst & Co.
    Alaranta, Toni.(2015). National and State Identity in Turkey: The Transformation of the Republic`s Status in the International System US:Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
    Allison, Graham T. (1971). Essence of decision : explaining the Cuban missile crisis Boston : Little, Brown.
    Alper Bulut;T. Murat Yildirim(2020). Political Stability, Democracy And Agenda Dynamics In Turkey. US:‎ Palgrave Macmillan.
    Arafat, Alaa Al-Din(2020). Regional and International Powers in the Gulf Security,. Cham:Springer International Publishing.
    Aras, Bülent.(2002). The new geopolitics of Eurasia and Turkey`s position. London ; Portland, Or. : F. Cass.
    Buzan, B ; Gonzalez-Pelaez, A; Buzan, Barry ; Gonzalez-Pelaez, Ana(2009). International Society and the Middle East: English School Theory at the Regional Level London: Palgrave Macmillan UK.
    Cenap Çakmak,;Ali Onur Özçelik;Nakamura, Yoko(2019). The World Community and the Arab Spring Cham: Springer International Publishing.
    Davutoğlu, Ahmet(1993). Alternative Paradigms. London : ‎ University Press of America .
    DeLamater, John D ed (2003)Handbook of social psychology. New York : Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers.
    Duygu Bazoğlu Sezer.“Russia: The Challenges of Reconciling Geopolitical Competition with Economic Partnership.” In Barry Rubin and Kemal Kirisci, eds. Turkey in World Politics:An Emerging Multiregional Power.pp151-173.US:Lynne Rienner Publisher.
    Ercan, Pinar Gözen(2017). Turkish Foreign Policy: International Relations, Legality and Global Reach US:‎Palgrave Macmillan.
    Findley, Carter V(1980). Bureaucratic reform in the Ottoman Empire : the Sublime Porte, 1789-1922. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
    Findley, Carter V(2010). Turkey, Islam, nationalism, and modernity : a history, 1789-2007. London : Yale University Press.
    Giddens, Anthony(1984). The Constitution of Society. Cambridge, England : Polity Press.
    Gürpınar, Doğan(2013). Ottoman/Turkish Visions of the Nation, 1860–1950 New York:Palgrave Macmillan.
    Gürpınar, Doğan(2014). Ottoman imperial diplomacy: a political, social and cultural history. London:‎‎ I.B.Tauris
    Hale, William M(2012). Turkish Foreign Policy since 1774. New York:‎Routledge.
    Hale, William M,;Ergun Özbudun (2010). Islamism, democracy and liberalism in Turkey: the case of the AKP. New York:‎Routledge.
    Hollis, Martin. (1994). The philosophy of social science : an introduction. Cambridge, England ; New York : Cambridge University Press.
    Işıksal, Hüseyin;Oğuzhan Göksel (2018). Turkey’s Relations with the Middle East: Political Encounters after the Arab Spring. US:Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
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    四、英文期刊論文
    Akkoyunlu, Karabekir(2021), “The five phases of turkey`s foreign policy under the akp”, Social research., Vol.88 ,No.2, PP.243-270.

    Balta, Evren, Soli Özel(2009), “Turkey`s Foreign Policy: Opp.ortunities and Constraints in a New Era”, Social research., Vol.88 ,No.2, PP.539-560.

    Bargu, Banu(2021), “Neo-Ottomanism: An Alt-Right Formation from the South?”, Social research., Vol.88 ,No.2, PP..299-333.

    Berenskoetter , Felix(2017)。“Identity in International Relations” international Studies.

    Ergin, Murat ; Karakaya, Yağmur(2017), “Between neo-Ottomanism and Ottomania: navigating state-led and popular cultural representations of the past”, New perspectives on Turkey, Vol.56, PP.33-59.

    Erken, Alİ(2013), “Re-Imagining the Ottoman Past in Turkish Politics: Past and Presentt”, Insight Turkey, Vol.15, No.3,PP. 171-188

    Gontijo, Lorenzo C. B. ; Barbosa, Roberson S.(2020), “Erdoğan’s pragmatism and the ascension of AKP in Turkey: Islam and neo‐Ottomanism”, Digest of Middle East Studies., Vol.29 ,No.1, PP.76-91.

    Demir,Sertif;Eminoğlu,Ayça;Aslantürk,Arzu Y;Boyacıoğlu,Ebru Z.(2018)”The evolution of Turkey’s foreign policy toward Turkish Republics post-1990s”, Trakya Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, Vol.20 ,No.2,pp.387-407

    Hoffmann, Clemens(2018), “Environmental determinism as Orientalism: The geo‐political ecology of crisis in the Middle East”, Journal of historical sociology., Vol.31 ,No.1, PP.94-104.

    Hoffmann, Clemens(2019), “Neo-Ottomanism, Eurasianism or securing the region? A longer view on Turkey`s interventionism”, Conflict, security & development., Vol.19 ,No.3, PP.301-307.

    Hristov, Ivaylo(2019), “Neo-ottomanism - emergence, ideology and political doctrine”, Social evolution & history., Vol.18 ,No.1, PP.139-156.

    Murariu, Mihai ; Angliţoiu, George(2020), “Anatolian Security and Neo‐Ottomanism: Turkey`s Intervention in Syria”, Middle East policy, Vol.27 ,No.2, PP.33-59.

    Murinson, Alexander(2006), “The Strategic Depth Doctrine of Turkish Foreign Policy”, Middle East policy, Vol.42 ,No.6, PP.945-964

    Ozkan, Behlül(2014), “Turkey, Davutoglu and the Idea of Pan-Islamism”, Survival (London), Vol.56 ,No.4, PP.119-140

    Ozpek, Burak Bilgehan;Demirag, Yelda(2014), ” Turkish foreign policy after the `Arab Spring`: from agenda-setter state to agenda-entrepreneur state”, Israel affairs, Vol.20, No.3, pp328-346.

    Pearson, W. Robert, Gonul Tol, Aaron Stein, Lisel Hintz(2018), “Turkey`s Emerging Role in the Middle East”, Middle east Policy., Vol.25 ,No.2, PP.5-26.

    Singer, J. David(1960), “International Conflict Three Levels of Analysis”, World Politicsy., Vol.12 ,No.3, PP.453-461.

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    Kasapoğlu Can, Ülgen Sinan(2018), “Operation Olive Branch:: A Political – Military Assessment”, Centre for Economics and Foreign Policy Studies., , PP.01-14.

    Torbakov, Igor(2017), “Neo-Ottomanism versus Neo-Eurasianism? Nationalism and Symbolic Geography in Postimperial Turkey and Russia”, Mediterranean quarterly., Vol.28 ,No.2, PP.125-145.

    Yalvac, Faruk(2012), “Strategic Depth or Hegemonic Depth? A Critical Realist Analysis of Turkey’s Position in the World System”, International relations, Vol.26 ,No.2, PP.165-180.

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    Yanik, Lerna K(2009), “The Metamorphosis of Metaphors of Vision: "Bridging" Turkey`s Location, Role and Identity After the End of the Cold War”, Geopolitics., Vol.14 ,No.3, PP.531-549.

    Yavuz, M. Hakan(2016), “Social and Intellectual Origins of Neo-Ottomanism: Searching for a Post-National Vision”, Welt des Islams., Vol.56 , PP.139-156.

    五、外文專書
    Ahmet Davutoglu(2001). Stratejik Derinlik, Istanbul : ‎ Küre Yayinlari.
    松谷浩尚(1987). 《現代トルコの政治と外交》, 東京 : 勁草書房.

    六、網路資料
    Altin Raxhimi.2011, Davutoglu: ‘I’m Not a Neo-Ottoman’ https://balkaninsight.com/2011/04/26/davutoglu-i-m-not-a-neo-ottoman/ (August 21, 2023)
    Gazete Duvar. 2022, Erdoğan declares ‘Century of Turkey vision,’ signaling new constitutionhttps://www.duvarenglish.com/erdogan-declares-century-of-turkey-vision-signaling-new-constitution-news-61481(August 21, 2023)
    Nicholas Danforth.2020, The Nonsense of “Neo-Ottomanism”( August 21, 2023)
    Serhat Erkmen, Gendarmerie and Coast Guard Academy,” Operation Peace Spring: Objectives, Current Situation and its Future”(2020/04/21), https://dam.gcsp.ch/files/doc/discussion-paper-syria-transition-challenges-project-2
    土耳其能源与自然资源部,(2022)” T.C. ENERJİ PİYASASI DÜZENLEME KURUMU:Strateji Geliştirme Dairesi Başkanlığı”
    駐安卡拉台北經濟及文化代表團,2022,〈土耳其促成糧食協議有助緩解僵局及供應困境〉,https://www.roc-taiwan.org/tr/post/9417.html(August 21, 2023)
    駐安卡拉台北經濟及文化代表團,2022,〈土耳其對亞塞拜然天然氣輸往歐洲扮演關鍵角色〉,https://www.roc-taiwan.org/tr/post/9392.html(August 21, 2023)
    Description: 碩士
    國立政治大學
    中東與中亞研究碩士學位學程
    106560003
    Source URI: http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0106560003
    Data Type: thesis
    Appears in Collections:[中東與中亞研究碩士學位學程] 學位論文

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