Loading...
|
Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item:
https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/147311
|
| Title: | 九一一事件後聯合國反恐戰略研究
A research on United Nations counter-terrorism strategy after September 11 attacks |
| Authors: | 何嘉竣
Ho, Chia Chun |
| Contributors: | 連弘宜
Lien, Hong Yi
何嘉竣
Ho, Chia Chun |
| Keywords: | 九一一事件
聯合國
反恐戰略
非傳統安全
恐怖主義
人權
September 11
United Nations
Counter-terrorism strategy
Non-traditional security
Terrorism
Human rights |
| Date: | 2023 |
| Issue Date: | 2023-09-01 16:31:57 (UTC+8) |
| Abstract: | 本研究係以九一一事件為研究的時間軸，論述聯合國在九一一事件發生之後在全球反恐戰略中發揮了那些功能。而當今國際社會對於恐怖主義無普世的定義，故在探討聯合國反恐戰略前，先針對當代恐怖主義進行定義上的彙整與梳理，以期在接下來的內文論述上能為恐怖主義定義上提供一個大方向。
在九一一事件發生前，聯合國已經有針對恐怖主義擬定出相關決議及國際法律文書，早在1972年聯合國就成立了「國際恐怖主義特設委員會」，針對恐怖主義已有一套的因應措施；然而，世人卻沒有想到，九一一事件所帶來的衝擊力道是如此巨大且無法被抹滅，這完全推翻過去人類對非傳統安全觀念的看法，事件的發生也為美國這個強權國家帶來無論是在政治、經濟及軍事上帶來莫大的衝擊。事實上，九一一事件發生的第二天，聯合國安全理事會便無異議通過第S/RES/1368號決議並指出「承認固有的個別與集體自衛權」的概念，這也使得美國有機會藉由反恐的口號對中東國家進行反恐軍事行動；此外，聯合國安全理事會更於9月28日通過第S/RES/1373號決議，要求安全理事會成員組成「反恐怖主義委員會」（Counter-terrorism Commission；CTC），與此同時聯合國便加速對恐怖主義擬定相關決議及國際法律文書的進程。
然而，就在國際社會大打反恐議題的同時，人權保障相關議題隨即浮出檯面，因國際社會對於恐怖主義的定義有著不同的見解，故在反恐的議題上會加入許多國家利益的因素而採取各個國家所認為的反恐措施進而影響人權，這是聯合國反恐戰略上最不樂見的狀況，但礙於國家主權的因素，聯合國卻沒有任何強制力能下令主權國家在反恐怖主義的議題上應如何處置。
This study takes the attack of September 11 as the timeline of the study, and discusses the functions that the United Nations played in the global counter-terrorism strategy after the attack of September 11. However, there is no universal definition of terrorism in today`s international society. Therefore, before discussing the United Nations counter-terrorism strategy, we first collect and sort out the definitions of contemporary terrorism, so that it can define terrorism in the following text.
Before the attack of September 11, the United Nations had formulated relevant resolutions and international legal instruments against terrorism. As early as 1972, the United Nations established the "Ad Hoc Committee on International Terrorism" and had a set of countermeasures against terrorism; However, people in the world did not expect that the impact of the attack of September 11 was so huge and could not be erased, which completely overturned human beings` views on non-traditional security concepts in the past. Whether it is political, economic and military, it will bring great impact. In fact, on the second day after the September 11th incident, the United Nations Security Council adopted Resolution S/RES/1368 without objection and pointed out the concept of "recognizing the inherent right of individual and collective self-defense", which also gave the United States the opportunity to Conduct anti-terrorist military operations against Middle Eastern countries under the slogan of anti-terrorism; in addition, the United Nations Security Council passed resolution S/RES/1373 on September 28, requiring members of the Security Council to form a "Counter-Terrorism Committee" (Counter- Terrorism Commission；CTC), at the same time the United Nations is accelerating the process of drafting relevant resolutions and international legal instruments on terrorism.
However, while the international community is fighting the issue of anti-terrorism, issues related to human rights protection have surfaced. Because the international community has different opinions on the definition of terrorism, many national interest factors will be added to the issue of anti-terrorism. The anti-terrorism measures that various countries believe will affect human rights. This is the most undesirable situation in the United Nations anti-terrorism strategy. However, due to the factors of national sovereignty, the United Nations has no coercive power to order sovereign countries to respond How to dispose of it. |
| Reference: | 中文文獻：
一、書籍：
任筱鋒、鄭宏、梁巍等著，(2015)。《國際反對恐怖主義公約匯編》。北京:知識。
汪毓瑋，（2016）。《恐怖主義威脅及反恐政策與作為(上)》。臺北：元照。
汪毓瑋，（2016）。《恐怖主義威脅及反恐政策與作為(下)》。臺北：元照。
吳東野、鄭端耀，（2003）。《九一一事件與國際反恐》。臺北：遠景基金會。
李大中著，張亞中、張登及編， (2016)。《國際關係總論：非傳統安全與國際衝突》。新北：楊智文化。
宋學文著，包宗和編，（2016）。《國際關係理論：新自由制度主義之過去、現在與未來》。臺北：五南。
李明峻，(2008)。《聯合國體制、功能與發展-聯合國主要機關及其決策程序》。臺北：新學林。
邢廣程，(1993)。《崛起的中亞》。臺北：五南。
林泰和，（2015）。《恐怖主義研究：概念與理論》。臺北：五南。
林碧炤，（2016）。《臺灣與非傳統安全》。臺北：五南。
邱伯浩，(2006)。《恐怖主義與反恐》。新北：新文京。
張舜芬，(2005)。《誰是恐怖主義：當恐怖份子遇上反恐戰爭》。臺北：書林。
劉承宗，（2009）。《恐怖主義現勢分析》。臺中：天空數位圖書。
二、期刊：
丁守慶、古麗燕，(2019)。《論反恐與人權保障的衝突與平衡》。（人權第5期，頁12-25。
牛志軍、鄒前，(2004)。《從阿富汗戰爭、伊拉克戰爭看聯合國在當今國際反恐中的地位和作用》。國際關係學院學報第6期，頁23-27。
王鵬程，(2017)。《當代恐怖主義發展對全球安全影響之研究》。陸軍學術雙月刊第53卷第555期，頁23-43。
王焱，(2004)。《國際反恐合作：新自由制度主義的視角》。國際論壇第6卷第5期，頁34-38。
江國青，(2005)。《反恐、保護人權與世界和平》。人權第6期，頁28-31。
吳玉山，（2002）。《仍是現實主義的傳統：九一一與布希主義》。政治科學論叢，第17期，頁1-32。
吳何奇，(2020)。《聯合國反恐國際合作法律機制探析—兼談機制下的中國道路》。大連海事大學學報(社會科學版)第19卷第6期。
李麒，(2011)。《國家安全與人權保障-以美國反恐法制為中心》。東吳法律學報第22卷第3期，頁1-49。
李霖，(2015)。《國際反恐法律架構的新發展:挑戰與反思》。雲南民族大學學報(哲學社會科學版)第32卷第1期，頁151-155。
李壽平、王志佳，(2016)。《試論國家境外武力反恐的合法性》。法學雜誌 第9期，頁46-54。
張永和、張麗，(2019)。《反恐、去極端化與人權保障》。國際研討會學術綜述，人權第5期，頁126-142。
張家珠，(2017)。《國際恐怖主義對大陸影響之研究-以新疆地區為例》。展望與探索第15卷第5期，頁66-94。
梁深，(2014)。《國際反恐鬥爭中的國際法問題：挑戰與回應》。法制與社會 第17期，頁245-246。
夏雨、齊延平，(2019)。《大數據反恐中基本人權的保護》。人權第5期，頁36-47。
黃瑤，(2009)。《聯合國反恐全面公約中的武裝部隊問題》。法學研究期刊第2期，頁166-182。
黃瑤，(2009)。《論聯合國反恐全面公約與部門性反恐公約的關係》。中山大學學報（社會科學版）第49卷第6期，頁158-164。
楊永明，（2006）。《聯合國之反恐措施與人權保障問題》。月旦法學雜誌第131期，頁21-36。
葉美霞，(2002)。《試論國際恐怖主義對世界經濟的影響》。世界經濟與政治論壇第6期，頁64-67。
蔡育岱，（2011）。《蓋達組織與賓拉登年代恐怖活動之概況回顧》。全球政治評論第35期，頁13-18。
劉承宗，(2009)。《聯合國的反恐戰略》。嶺東通識教育研究學刊第3卷第1期，頁167-183。
劉作翔，(2004)。《反恐與個人權利保護-以九一一後美國反恐法案和措施為例》。法學第3期，頁35-39。
儲昭根，(2009)。《關塔那摩：安全與道義的兩難》。檢察風雲第18期，頁50-52。
羅剛，(2012)。《聯合國安理會反恐歷程的回顧及評析》。法學雜誌第9期，頁120-124。
三、會議論文：
蔡育岱，(2013)。《從聯合國綜合性反恐公約探討其相關定義、適用範圍與部門性公約之調和問題》。第九屆「恐怖主義與國家安全」學術研討會，頁9-16。
四、網路資料：
中央通訊社，《關達那摩灣監獄運作20年，聯合國專家籲美關閉》，
https://www.cna.com.tw/news/aopl/202201110192.aspx。2022年1月11日報導，查閱時間：2023年4月23日。
美國之音（VOA），《美英等多國提交決議草案，要求人權理事會辯論新疆迫害人權問題》，https://www.voacantonese.com/a/u-s-uk-seek-u-n-human-rights-debate-about-china-s-xinjiang-20220926/6763634.html。2022年9月27日報導。查閱時間：2023年4月23日。
紐約時報中文網，《美國稱中國在新疆犯「種族滅絕」罪意味著什麼》，https://cn.nytimes.com/china/20210121/china-genocide-uighurs-explained/
zh-hant/。2021年1月21日報導，查閱時間：2023年4月23日。
國際民用航空組織網站，https://www.icao.int/Newsroom/Pages/Entry-into-force-of-the-Protocol-to-Amend-the-Convention-on-Offences-and-Certain-Other-Acts-Committed-on-Board-Aircraft-.aspx。查閱時間：2023年4月23日。
國家和安保技術中心網站，http://www.snstc.org/publication_detail/416.html。查閱時間：2023年4月23日。
聯合國新聞網站，https://news.un.org/zh/story/2016/05/256482。查閱時間：2023年4月23日。
關鍵評論網，《聯合國證實：上百萬維族人遭中國秘密囚禁，都送進了「再教育營」》，https://www.thenewslens.com/article/101812。2018年8月12日報導，查閱時間：2023年4月23日。
關鍵評論網，《22國連署要中國停止侵犯維吾爾人權，北京：新疆群眾幸福感提升》，https://www.thenewslens.com/article/121973。2019年7月11日報導，查閱時間：2023年4月23日。
英文部分：
一、官方文獻：
Institute for Economic and Peace, “Global Peace Index 2022：Measuring peace in a complex world”, 2022.
Institute for Economic and Peace, “Global Terrorism Index 2022：Measuring the impact of Terrorism”, 2022.
United Nations General Assembly, “A/57/37”.
United Nations General Assembly, “A/58/37”.
United Nations General Assembly, “A/59/37”.
United Nations General Assembly, “A/71/858”.
United Nations General Assembly, “A/77/718”.
United Nations General Assembly, “A/C.6/55/L.2”.
United Nations General Assembly, “A/C.6/56/L.9”.
United Nations General Assembly, “Resolution/55/25”.
United Nations General Assembly, “Resolution/55/158”.
United Nations General Assembly, “Resolution/55/255”.
United Nations General Assembly, “Resolution/60/1”.
United Nations General Assembly, “Resolution/60/288”.
United Nations General Assembly, “Resolution/64/235”.
United Nations General Assembly, “Resolution/72/284”.
United Nations General Assembly, “Resolution/76/121”.
United Nations General Assembly, “Resolution/77/298”.
United Nations Security Council, “S/2019/998”.
United Nations Security Council, “Resolution/1267”.
United Nations Security Council, “Resolution/1368”.
United Nations Security Council, “Resolution/1373”.
United Nations Security Council, “Resolution/1566”.
United Nations Security Council, “Resolution/1624”.
United Nations Security Council, “Resolution/2253”.
United Nations Security Council, “Resolution/2309”.
United Nations Security Council, “Resolution/2322”.
United Nations Security Council, “Resolution/2617”.
二、書籍：
Arend, Anthony Clark & Beck, Robert J., (1993). “International Law and the Use of Force”, New York: Routledge.
Freeman, Charles, (1981). “Terrorism in Today’s World”. London, Batsford: Academic and Educational Limited.
Keohane, Robert O., (1984). “After Hegemony: Cooperation and Discord in the World Political Economy”. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Keohane, Robert O., (1989). “International Institutions and State Power: Essays in International Relations Theory”. Boulder: Westview Press.
Vetter, Harold J. & Perlstein, Gary R., (1991). “Perspectives on Terrorism”. Pacific Grove, California: Brooks Cole Publishing Co.
White, Jonathan R., (1998) “Terrorism: An Introduction”. Belmont, California: Wadsworth Publishing Co.
Wilkinson, Paul, (1974). “Political terrorism”. London: MacMillan.
Wilkinson, Paul, (2006). “Terrorism Versus Democracy: The Liberal State Response”. London: Routledge.
三、期刊：
Clarke, Michael, (2008). “China`s War on Terror in Xinjiang: Human Security and the Causes of Violent Uighur Separatism”. Terrorism and Political Violence, Vol. 20 Issue 2, pp. 271-301.
Cronin, Audrey Kurth, (2002). “Behind the Curve: Globalization and International Terrorism”. International Security, Vol. 27, No.3, pp. 30-53.
Dhanapala, Jayantha, (2005). “The United Nations` response to 9/11”. Terrorism and Political Violence, Vol. 17 Issue 1-2, pp. 17-23.
Koh, Winston T. H., (2007) “Terrorism and its impact on economic growth and technological innovation”. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Vol. 74, Issue2, pp. 129-138
Vogel, Frank E., (2002). “The Trial of Terrorists Under Classical Islamic Law”. Harvard Journal of International Law, Vol. 43, No. 1, Winter, pp53-64.
四、網路資料：
Friedman, Thomas L., “It’s a flat World, After All,” New York Times, April 3, 2005, http://www.nytimes.com/2005/04/03/magazine/its-a-flat-world-after-all.html., accessed on March 8, 2022.
Global Terrorism Database Official website. https://www.start.umd.edu/gtd/search/Results.aspx?charttype=bar&chart=attack&casualties_type=b&casualties_max=&start_year=1970&start_month=1&start_day=1&end_year=2020&end_month=12&end_day=31&dtp2=all, accessed on March 8, 2023.
Institute for Economics and Peace website, https://www.economicsandpeace.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/GTI-2019web.pdf, accessed on March 8, 2023.
Lieber, Robert J, “A New Era in U.S. Strategic Thinking”, https://www.hsdl.org/?abstract&did=3471.,accessed on December 30, 2020.
United Nations Counter-Terrorism Centre website. https://www.un.org/counterterrorism/cct/background, accessed on December 31 2020.
United Nations Counter-Terrorism Centre website.
https://www.un.org/counterterrorism/zh/cct/vision, accessed on April 1, 2023.
United Nations Counter-Terrorism Centre website. https://www.un.org/counterterrorism/cct/programme-projects, accessed on April 1, 2023.
United Nations Office of Counter-Terrorism website. https://www.un.org/counterterrorism/about, accessed on December 31 2020.
United Nations Office of Counter-Terrorism website. https://www.un.org/counterterrorism/what-we-do, accessed on December 31 2020.
United Nations Office of Counter-Terrorism website.
https://www.un.org/counterterrorism/zh/about, accessed on April 1, 2023.
United Nations Office of Counter-Terrorism website.
https://www.un.org/counterterrorism/office-structure, accessed on April 1, 2023.
United Nations Office of Counter-Terrorism website, https://www.un.org/counterterrorism/international-legal-instruments, accessed on April 9, 2023.
United Nations Security Council Counter-Terrorism Committee website. https://www.un.org/securitycouncil/ctc/content/our-mandate-0, accessed on April 1, 2023.
United Nations Security Council Counter-Terrorism Committee website. https://www.un.org/securitycouncil/ctc/content/countering-financing-terrorism, accessed on April 18, 2023.
United Nations Security Council – Counter-Terrorism Committee website. https://www.un.org/securitycouncil/ctc/content/border-security-and-arms-trafficking, accessed on April 19, 2023.
United Nations Security Council – Counter-Terrorism Committee website. https://www.un.org/securitycouncil/ctc/content/law-enforcement, accessed on April 19, 2023.
United Nations Security Council – Counter-Terrorism Committee website.
https://www.un.org/securitycouncil/ctc/content/information-and-communications-technologies, accessed on April 19, 2023.
United Nations Security Council ISIL (Da’esh) & Al-Qaida Sanctions Committee website, https://www.un.org/securitycouncil/sanctions/1267, accessed on April 19, 2023.
United Nations Security Council ISIL (Da’esh) & Al-Qaida Sanctions Committee website, https://www.un.org/securitycouncil/sites/www.un.org.securitycouncil/files/eot_assets_freeze_chinese.pdf, accessed on April 19, 2023.
United Nations Security Council ISIL (Da’esh) & Al-Qaida Sanctions Committee website, https://www.un.org/securitycouncil/sites/www.un.org.securitycouncil/files/eot_travel_ban_english.pdf, accessed on April 19, 2023.
United Nations Security Council ISIL (Da’esh) & Al-Qaida Sanctions Committee website, https://www.un.org/securitycouncil/sites/www.un.org.securitycouncil/files/mt_explanation_of_terms_paper_amendments_arm_embargo_chinese.pdf, accessed on April 19, 2023.
United Nations Secretariat – Office of Counter-Terrorism website. https://www.un.org/counterterrorism/cct/countering-the-financing-of-terrorism, accessed on April 18, 2023.
United Nations Secretariat – Office of Counter-Terrorism website. https://www.un.org/counterterrorism/cct/chemical-biological-radiological-and-nuclear-terrorism, accessed on April 18, 2023. |
| Description: | 碩士
國立政治大學
外交學系戰略與國際事務碩士在職專班
108922024 |
| Source URI: | http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0108922024 |
| Data Type: | thesis |
| Appears in Collections: | [戰略與國際事務碩士在職專班] 學位論文
|
Files in This Item:
| File |
Description |
Size | Format | |
|---|
| 202401.pdf | | 4565Kb | Adobe PDF2 | 166 | View/Open |
|
All items in 政大典藏 are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved.
|
