政大機構典藏-National Chengchi University Institutional Repository(NCCUR):Item 140.119/147151

政大典藏 > College of Social Science > International Program in Asia-Pacific Studies\n(IMAS/IDAS) > 學位論文 > Item 140.119/147151

Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/147151

Title:	成年新住民子女族群認同與社經地位之研究 Children of New Immigrants in Taiwan: Ethnic Identity and Socioeconomic Status in Early Adulthood
Authors:	鄒宗叡 Tsou, Tzung-Ruei
Contributors:	邱炫元 Chiou, Syuan-yuan 鄒宗叡 Tsou, Tzung-Ruei
Keywords:	新住民子女台灣族群認同社經地位生活環境家庭背景政府政策 government policy children of new immigrants Taiwan ethnic identity socioeconomic status immediate environment family background
Date:	2023
Issue Date:	2023-09-01 15:52:45 (UTC+8)
Abstract:	本研究採用混合研究方法，旨在探討成年新住民子女的族群認同和社經地位。根據深度訪談和網路問卷的結果，主要研究發現為日常生活環境中的經驗對受訪者族群認同的形塑有顯著的影響。由於日常生活中新住民子女的身份幾乎沒有扮演什麼重要角色，多數受訪者對台灣的認同遠高於對新住民父母族群的認同。另外，政府政策有助於建立一個更友善的社會環境，使受訪者能自信地聲稱自己是台灣人，並對新住民父母的族群抱持正面態度。而使用「臺灣後期中等教育長期追蹤資料庫」和「臺灣社會變遷基本調查資料庫」分別進行統計分析則發現，在高中和青年時期，新住民子女在教育和職業成就皆低於非移民背景者，尤其是東南亞籍新住民子女。家庭背景的劣勢在此過程中扮演重要角色。最後，根據深度訪談和網路問卷的結果，主要研究發現為受訪者進入高等教育的比例和平均年薪與整體社會的情況沒有明顯差異，與上述統計分析結果明顯不同。儘管家庭社經地位對教育和職業成就有顯著影響，有些受訪者由於父母教育態度、提供協助的他人（例：學校老師）、非政府組織，以及政府政策等因素，得以克服其弱勢家庭背景所造成的阻礙。此外，雖然族群身份在此過程中並未扮演重要角色，但由於相關政策提供給新住民子女教育和就業機會，在一些情境中，族群身份確實有顯著的影響。由於統計分析和質性研究結果有明顯差異，如果我們要更深入了解新住民子女在成年後的社經地位，根據具全國代表性的隨機樣本進行的大規模研究計畫，不論是質性或量化研究都有其必要性。 My dissertation research explores the ethnic identification and socioeconomic status of children of new immigrants in their early adulthood in Taiwan, using a mixed methods approach. The findings based on my semi-structured interviews and online survey reveal that daily experiences in the immediate environment, in which ethnic identity has played a trivial role, have contributed to the majority of the participants’ strong identification with the larger society and weak identification with their immigrant heritage. In addition, government policy has helped create a friendlier environment in which the participants feel safe to claim a Taiwanese identity and hold a positive attitude toward their immigrant heritage. Next, using the Taiwan Upper Secondary Education Database (TUSED) and the Taiwan Social Change Survey (TSCS) datasets, my analysis shows that children of new immigrants have lower educational and occupational attainment than individuals with a non-immigrant background in high school and early adulthood, particularly children of Southeast Asian immigrants. An important factor appears to be their disadvantaged family background. Third, unlike the statistical results, the findings drawing on my semi-structured interviews and online survey demonstrate that there is no significant difference between the participants and the general population in higher education attendance rate and annual income. Although family socioeconomic status appears to be a significant factor in shaping their educational and occupational attainment, there are factors that have helped some participants overcome barriers posted by their disadvantaged family background, such as parental attitude toward education, supportive people (e.g., school teachers), non-governmental organizations, and government policy. Moreover, ethnic identity is trivial in this process generally, but it is salient in certain situations thanks to relevant policy programs granting children of new immigrants educational and occupational opportunities. Due to the discrepancy between my statistical results and qualitative findings, if we are to better understand the socioeconomic status of children of new immigrants in adulthood, large-scale research projects, both qualitative and quantitative, based on nationally representative random samples may be necessary.
Reference:	Alba, R., & Nee, V. (1997). Rethinking assimilation theory for a new era of immigration. International Migration Review, 31(4), 826-874. Alexander, K. (2016). Is it family or school? Getting the question right. RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences, 2(5), 18-33. American Institute in Taiwan (2021, May 17). 2020 International Religious Freedom Report: Taiwan part. https://www.ait.org.tw/taiwan-2020-international-religious-freedom-report/ Babbie, E. (2012). The practice of social research (13th ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing. Balogun, O. M. (2011). No necessary tradeoff: Context, life course, and social networks in the identity formation of second-generation Nigerians in the USA. Ethnicities, 11(4), 436-466. Barth, F. (1969). Ethnic groups and boundaries: The social organization of culture difference. Boston, MA: Little, Brown and Company. Behtoui, A. (2013). Incorporation of children of immigrants: The case of descendants of immigrants from Turkey in Sweden. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 36(12), 2141-2159. Bernard, H. R., & Ryan, G. W. (1998). Text analysis: Qualitative and quantitative methods. In H. R. Bernard (Ed.), Handbook of methods in cultural anthropology (pp. 595-646). Walnut Creek, CA: Alta Mira. Blau, P. M., & Duncan, O. D. (2008). The process of stratification. In D. B. Grusky (Ed.), Social stratification: Class, race, and gender in sociological perspective (3rd ed., pp. 486-497). Boulder, CO: Westview Press. Borjas, G. J., (1995). Ethnicity, neighborhoods, and human capital externalities. American Economic Review, 85(3): 365-390. Bourdieu, P. (1977a). Outline of a theory of practice (R. Nice, Trans.). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. (Original work published 1972) Bourdieu, P. (1977b). The economics of linguistic exchanges (R. Nice, Trans.). Social Science Information, 16(6), 645-668. (Original work published 1974) Bourdieu, P. (1984). Distinction: A social critique of the judgement of taste (R. Nice, Trans.). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. (Original work published 1979) Bourdieu, P. (1986). The forms of capital. In J. Richardson (Ed.), Handbook of theory and research for the sociology of education (pp. 241-258). Westport, CT: Greenwood. Bourdieu, P. (1989). Social space and symbolic power. Sociological theory, 7(1), 14-25. Bourdieu, P. (1990). The logic of practice (R. Nice, Trans.). Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. (Original work published 1980) Bourdieu, P. (1994). Rethinking the state: Genesis and structure of the bureaucratic field (L. J. D. Wacquant & S. Farage, Trans.). Sociological Theory, 12(1), 1-18. Brown, M. J. (2004). Where did the Indigenous peoples go? Reinstating plains Indigenous peoples in Taiwan’s history. In Is Taiwan Chinese?: The impact of culture, power, and migration on changing identities (pp. 35-65). Berkley, CA: University of California Press. Brown, S. D., Hu, K. A. U., Mevi, A. A., Hedderson, M. M., Shan, J., Quesenberry, C. P., & Ferrara, A. (2014). The Multigroup Ethnic Identity Measure—Revised: Measurement invariance across racial and ethnic groups. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 61(1), 154-161. Bygren, M., & Szulkin, R. (2010). Ethnic environment during childhood and the educational attainment of immigrant children in Sweden. Social Forces, 88(3), 1305-1330. Calhoun, C. (2003). Pierre Bourdieu. In G. Ritzer (Ed.), The Blackwell companion to major contemporary social theorists (pp. 274-309). Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing. Chan, H. S., & Chen, F. L. (2014). Woguo waiji peiou ruoshi qingjing fenxi zhi yanjiu 我國外籍配偶弱勢情境分析之研究 [An analysis of the disadvantaged situation of foreign spouses in Taiwan]. Taipei, Taiwan: National Policy Foundation. Chan, P. H., & Chen, W. J. (2021). Gaozhongzhi ji dazhuan xiaoyuan xinzhumin zinu zhiya guihua yu duoyuan fazhan zhi yanjiu 高中職及大專校院新住民子女職涯規劃與多元發展之研究 [A study of the career planning and diverse development of children of new immigrants in high school and college]. Taipei, Taiwan: Ministry of the Interior. Chandran, R. (2017). Chinese, Indians and the grey space in between: Strategies of identity work among Chindians in a plural society. In Z. L. Rocha & F. Fozdar (Eds.), Mixed race in Asia: Past, present and future (pp. 132-146). Abingdon, England: Routledge. Chang, F. C. (2021). The related factors of junior high school students’ examination results: Evidence from Penghu County data. School Administrators, 133, 203-230. Chang, Y. J., Han, K. C., Liu, Y. J., & Song, X. Y. (2021). Xinzhumin zinu zhiya fazhan zhi yanjiu 新住民子女職涯發展之研究 [A study of the career development of children of new immigrants]. Taipei, Taiwan: Ministry of the Interior. Charmaz, K. (1990). ‘Discovering’ chronic illness: Using grounded theory. Social Science & Medicine, 30(11), 1161-1172. Charmaz, K. (2008a). Constructionism and the grounded theory method. In J. A. Holstein & J. F. Gubrium (Eds.), Handbook of constructionist research (pp. 397-412). New York, NY: The Guilford Press. Charmaz, K. (2008b). Grounded theory as an emergent method. In S. N. Hesse-Biber & P. Leavy (Eds.), Handbook of emergent methods (pp. 155-172). New York, NY: The Guilford Press. Chen, C. J., & Wu, K. U. (2017). Public attitudes toward marriage migrants in Taiwan: The ten-year change, 2004-2014. Journal of Social Sciences and Philosophy, 29(3), 415-452. Chen, C. S., & Shen, M. Y. (2020). Research on comparison of academic achievement among new immigrant children in Chiayi County. School Administration Research Bimonthly, 128, 68-89. Chen, C. W., & Hwang, Y. J. (2011). A re-exploration of stratification and efficacy in cram schooling: An extension of the Wisconsin model. Bulletin of Educational Research, 57(1), 101-135. Chen, J. J. (2010). The effects of intermarriage on child’s learning achievement. NTTU Educational Research Journal, 21(2), 61-89. Chen, K. J., Lyau, N. M., Chen, F. C. (2017). A study of the influence of family education resources and academic performance on educational tracking for economically disadvantaged high school students. Educational Policy Forum, 20(4), 33-62. Chen, W. C. (2005). Ethnicity, gender and class: Ethnic difference in Taiwan’s educational attainment revisited. Taiwanese Sociology, 10, 1-40. Chen, W. H., & Hou, F. (2019). Social mobility and labor market outcomes among the second generation of racial minority immigrants in Canada. Social Science Quarterly, 100(3), 885-896. Chi, C. C., & Chin, H. T. (2012). Knowledge, power, and tribal mapping: A critical analysis of the “return of the Truku people”. GeoJournal, 77(6), 733-740. Chin, J. M. C., & Yu, S. C. (2008). School adjustment among children of immigrant mothers in Taiwan. Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal, 36(8), 1141-1152. Chiu, A. L., & Ho, C. J. (2008). A survey of the status, characteristics and difficulties surrounding the implementation of education for new immigrants by new immigrant education institutes in Taiwan. NTTU Educational Research Journal, 19(2), 61-94. Chiu, L. W. (2004). Identity studies on aboriginal-Han biethnic adults in east Taiwan [Unpublished master’s thesis]. National Hualien University of Education. Chou, C. P. (2008). Taiwan jiaoyu zenmeban? 台灣教育怎麼辦？ [What should Taiwan do with its education?]. New Taipei, Taiwan: Psychological Publishing. Chung, T. Y., & Lin, H. L. (2015). Ethnic self-identification and ethnic attitudes in children of Southeast Asian female immigrants in Taiwan. Journal of Population Studies, 51, 95-134. Chung, T. Y., & Lin, W. F. (2016). Cong xinyimin zinu zhi zuqun rentong tan jiaoyu yu fudao renyuan zhi jiji siwei yu zuowei從新移民子女之族群認同談教育與輔導人員之積極思維與作為 [Talking about the proactive thinking and action of education and counseling practitioners based on the ethnic identity of children of new immigrants]. Taiwan Educational Review Monthly, 5(6), 177-183. Chung, Y. C., & Chen, Y. L. (2011). Education and social mobility in Taiwan. Journal of Social Sciences and Philosophy, 23(1), 61-91. Coleman, J. S. (1968). The concept of equality of educational opportunity. Harvard Educational Review, 38(1), 7-22. Corbin, J., & Holt, N. L. (2005). Grounded theory. In B. Somekh & C. Lewin (Eds.), Research methods in the social sciences (pp. 49-55). London: SAGE Publications. Corbin, J. M., & Strauss, A. (1990). Grounded theory research: Procedures, canons, and evaluative criteria. Qualitative Sociology, 13(1), 3-21. Council of Indigenous Peoples (2021). 110 nian diyiji yuanzhuminzu jiuye zhuangkuang diaocha baogao 110年第1季原住民族就業狀況調查報告書 [A report on indigenous employment status in the first quarter of 2021]. New Taipei, Taiwan: Council of Indigenous Peoples. Directorate-General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics (2020). Report on the survey of family income and expenditure, 2019. Taipei, Taiwan: Directorate-General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics. Edin, P. A., Fredriksson, P., & Åslund, O. (2003). Ethnic enclaves and the economic success of immigrants—Evidence from a natural experiment. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 118(1), 329-357. Executive Yuan (2021). 110 nian 3 yue gongye ji fuwuye xinzi tongji jieguo 110年3月工業及服務業薪資統計結果 [Statistics of the average salary of employees in the manufacturing and service industries, March, 2021]. Taipei, Taiwan: Executive Yuan. Executive Yuan (2022a). Jiaoyu xiankuang教育現況 [Education]. Guoqing jianjie國情簡介 [Taiwan at glance]. https://www.ey.gov.tw/state/7F30E01184C37F0E/130f6b11-b1d8-445c-859f-470e79e4ac15 Executive Yuan (2022b). 110 nian gongye ji fuwuye shougu yuangong quannian zongxinzi zhongweishu ji fenbu tongji jieguo 110年工業及服務業受僱員工全年總薪資中位數及分布統計結果 [Statistics of the annual income medians of employees in the manufacturing and service industries and their distributions]. https://www.stat.gov.tw/News_Content.aspx?n=2716&s=230415 Executive Yuan (n.d.-a). Shiwusui yishang renkou jiaoyu chengdu十五歲以上人口教育程度 [Population of 15 years and over by educational attainment]. https://www.gender.ey.gov.tw/gecdb/Stat_Statistics_Query.aspx?sn=Mm4ACreYMwEr7cuT6no39g%40%40&statsn=MUwvQW33tN8mhRl94KFn2g%40%40 Executive Yuan (n.d.-b). Zhongdeng jiaoyu jieduan biyesheng shengxuelu中等教育階段畢業生升學率 [Percentage of graduates in secondary education entering schools at the next stage]. https://www.gender.ey.gov.tw/gecdb/Stat_Statistics_Query.aspx?sn=q01ZZsaeNXFcMezQRWFAKQ%40%40&statsn=zFBdChdKABRonydFjA%24hgg%40%40&d=&n=199560 Fan, Y, & Chang, C. F. (2010). The effects of social structural positions on ethnic differences of higher educational achievements in Taiwan. Taiwan: A Radical Quarterly in Social Studies, 79, 259-290. Feliciano, C. (2005). Does selective migration matter? Explaining ethnic disparities in educational attainment among immigrants’ children. International Migration Review, 39(4), 841-871. Fleischmann, F., Phalet, K., Neels, K., & Deboosere, P. (2011). Contextualizing ethnic educational inequality: The role of stability and quality of neighborhoods and ethnic density in second-generation attainment. International Migration Review, 45(2), 386-425. Fong, E., & Shen, J. (2011). Explaining ethnic enclave, ethnic entrepreneurial and employment niches: A case study of Chinese in Canadian immigrant gateway cities. Urban Studies, 48(8), 1605-1633. Fox, J. E., & Jones, D. (2013). Migration, everyday life and the ethnicity bias. Ethnicities, 13(4), 385-400. Gable, G. G. (1994). Integrating case study and survey research methods: An example in information systems. European Journal of Information Systems, 3(2), 112-126. Gans, H. J. (1979). Symbolic ethnicity: The future of ethnic groups and cultures in America. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 2(1), 1-20. Gans, H. J. (2017). Another look at symbolic ethnicity. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 40(9), 1410-1417. Ganzeboom, H. B., De Graaf, P. M., & Treiman, D. J. (1992). A standard international socio-economic index of occupational status. Social Science Research, 21(1), 1-56. Goldthorpe, J. H. (2000). On sociology: Numbers, narratives, and the integration of research and theory. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. Goodwin-White, J. (2009). Emerging contexts of second-generation labour markets in the United States. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 35(7), 1105-1128. Gordon, M. M. (1964). Assimilation in American life: The role of race, religion, and national origins. New York: Oxford University Press. Green, E. G. T., Sarrasin, O., & Ni, F. (2015). Immigration: Social psychological aspects. In J. D. Wright (Ed.), International encyclopedia of the social and behavioral sciences (2nd ed., pp. 675-681). Oxford: Elsevier. Hakka Affairs Council (2011). 99 nian zhi 100 nian quanguo kejia renkou jichu ziliao diaocha yanjiu 99年至100年全國客家人口基礎資料調查研究 [A national survey of the Hakka population, 2010-2011]. New Taipei, Taiwan: Hakka Affairs Council. Harju-Luukkainen, H., Vettenranta, J., Wang, J., & Garvis, S. (2020). Family related variables effect on later educational outcome: A further geospatial analysis on TIMSS 2015 Finland. Large-Scale Assessments in Education, 8(1), 1-13. Herrington, H. M., Smith, T. B., Feinauer, E., & Griner, D. (2016). Reliability generalization of the Multigroup Ethnic Identity Measure-Revised (MEIM-R). Journal of Counseling Psychology, 63(5), 586–593. Herzog‐Punzenberger, B. (2003). Ethnic segmentation in school and labor market—40 year legacy of Austrian guestworker policy. International Migration Review, 37(4), 1120-1144. Hsieh, J., & Peng, W. J. (2007). Inter-ethnic marriages and ethnic identity: Indigenous and Hakka marriages in Hualien, Taiwan. Thought and Words: Journal of the Humanities and Social Science, 45(1), 157-196. Hsieh, P. J., Cheng, C. M., Wang, R. J., & Kuo, K. B. (2015). Large-scale survey of the elementary school Mandarin achievements of children from new-immigrant families. Journal of Research in Education Sciences, 60(4), 93-127. Hsieh, M. C., & Hsieh, J. C. (2013). Meta analysis: Difference of academic performance between native and new-immigrant children. Journal of Education & Psychology, 36(3), 119-149. Hsu, F. C., & Chen, H. (2004, Apr. 24). Fanshu + yutou = Taiwan tudou? — Taiwan dangqian zuqun rentong zhuangkuang bijiao fenxi 蕃薯＋芋頭＝臺灣土豆？—臺灣當前族群認同狀況比較分析 [An analysis of ethnic identification in today’s Taiwan] [Conference session]. Population Association of Taiwan 2004 Annual meeting, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan. Hsueh, C. T. (1996). Analyzing the family background effect on the tracking of post-junior high education. Taiwanese Journal of Sociology, 20, 49-84. Hu, C. P., & Hsiao, Y. F. (2012). The study of the new immigrants’ children education policies implementation in Taipei City Municipal Elementary School of Wenshan District. The Journal of Chinese Public Administration, 11, 123-153. Hu, C. H. (2014). Identity formation and its transformation of descendants of mainlanders born in 1970s and 80s [Unpublished master’s thesis]. Soochow University. Huang, J. L., & Chen, Y. F. (2016). A study on Vietnam female immigrants’ Chinese learning experience in Taiwan. NCUE Journal of Educational Research, 28-29, 103-126. Huang, J. M. (2011). Network analysis on development and revitalization of native language policy. Journal of Public Administration, 39, 71-104. Huang, M. F., & Hwang, Y. J. (2014). Correlation among students’ family background, academic performance in junior high school, and senior high school tracking in Taiwan. Journal of Educational Practice and Research, 27(2), 67-98. Huang, Y. (2013). I am Taiwanese: The national identity of mainlander-staff of the president Chen Shui-bian [Unpublished master’s thesis]. National Taipei University. Huang, Y. T., & Lin, Y. Y. (2016). The influence of perceived parenting style and parent-child relationships on ethnic identity of foreign spouses’ children in junior high schools. Journal of Education and Family, 7, 85-116. Hummell, E. (2014). Standing the test of time – Barth and ethnicity. Coolabah, 13, 46-60. Hung, Y. N. (2011). English reading proficiency of grade four children of new immigrant parents. Curriculum & Instruction Quarterly, 14(4), 209-230. Hwang, Y. J., & Lin, H. M. (2016). Individual education, accessed and mobilized social capital, and status attainment. Bulletin of Educational Research, 62(2), 97-130. Ishida, H., Müller, W., & Ridge, J. M. (1995). Class origin, class destination, and education: A cross-national study of ten industrial nations. American Journal of Sociology, 101(1), 145-193. Ishii, K. (2013). Mixed-ethnic children raised by single Thai mothers in Japan. A choice of ethnic identity. In A. E. Lai, F. L. Collins, & B. S. Yeoh (Eds.), Migration and diversity in Asian contexts (pp. 163-181). Singapore: ISEAS. Jenkins, R. (2000). The limits of identity: Ethnicity, conflict, and politics. Sheffield Online Papers in Social Research, 2, 1-25. Jenkins, R. (2008). Rethinking ethnicity (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications. Jhang, F. H., & Lee, Y. T. (2018). The role of parental involvement in academic achievement trajectories of elementary school children with Southeast Asian and Taiwanese mothers. International Journal of Educational Research, 89, 68-79. Jick, T. D. (1979). Mixing qualitative and quantitative methods: Triangulation in action. Administrative Science Quarterly, 24(4), 602-611. Johnson, R. B., & Onwuegbuzie, A. J. (2004). Mixed methods research: A research paradigm whose time has come. Educational Researcher, 33(7), 14-26. Kalbach, M. A., Hardwick, K. H., Vintila, R. D., & Kalbach, W. E. (2002). Ethnic-connectedness and economic inequality: A persisting relationship. Canadian Studies in Population, 29(2), 245-264. Kerckhoff, A. C. (2000). Transition from school to work in comparative perspective. In M. T. Hallinan (Ed.), Handbook of the sociology of education (pp. 453-474). Boston, MA: Springer. Kim, R. Y. (2002). Ethnic differences in academic achievement between Vietnamese and Cambodian children: Cultural and structural explanations. The Sociological Quarterly, 43(2), 213-235. Ko, K. Y. (2017). An ethnic identity study of the new immigrants’ adult offsprings in Taiwan [Unpublished master’s thesis]. National Taiwan University. Kohli, R. (2014). Unpacking internalized racism: Teachers of color striving for racially just classrooms. Race Ethnicity and Education, 17(3), 367-387. Kroneberg, C. (2008). Ethnic communities and school performance among the new second generation in the United States: Testing the theory of segmented assimilation. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 620(1), 138-160. Ku, K. H. (2005). Rights to recognition: Minority/indigenous politics in the emerging Taiwanese nationalism. Social Analysis, 49(2), 99-121. Kuan, P. Y., & Lee, D. Y. (2010). Effects of cram schooling on math performance in junior high: A propensity score matching approach. Bulletin of Educational Research, 56(2), 105-139. Kung, Y. F. (2007). Understanding the transformations and deviations on the ethnic identities: Children of female immigrants from mainland China and Southeast Asia [Unpublished master’s thesis]. National University of Tainan. Lareau, A. (2000). Home advantage: Social class and parental intervention in elementary education (2nd ed.). Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. Lee, J., & Zhou, M. (2014). From unassimilable to exceptional: The rise of Asian Americans and “Stereotype Promise”. New Diversities, 16(1), 7-22. Lee, M. F. (2019). A study on the new immigrants’ mother tongue cultural inheritance in Taiwan. Journal of Education Research, 297, 18-37. Lee, M. H., & Chueh, H. C. (2018). The image of the “New Second Generation” in Taiwan’s mainstream newspapers. Communication, Culture & Politics, 7, 133-174. Lee, P. H., & Hwang, Y. J. (2010). Aboriginals and Hans, family background and their relationship with the Basic Competence Test, and educational tracking: A study in Taitung. Journal of Research in Education Sciences, 56(1), 193-226. Lee, R. (2018). How do coethnic communities matter for educational attainment? A comparative analysis of the United States and Canada. International Journal of Comparative Sociology, 59(2), 139-164. Lee, S. J. (2005). Up against whiteness: Race, school, and immigrant youth. New York: Teachers College Press. Lenth, R. V. (2022). emmeans: Estimated marginal means, aka least-squares means. (Version 1.8.0). Iowa City, ‎IA: The University of Iowa. https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=emmeans Lessard-Phillips, L., Fibbi, R., & Wanner, P. (2012). Assessing the labour market position and its determinants for the second generation. In M. Crul, J. Schneider, & F. Lelie (Eds.), The European second generation compared: Does the integration context matter (pp. 165-224). Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press. Li, C. C., & Tung, Y. Y. (2018). The influential mechanism of students’ educational aspiration among Hans, aborigines, and new immigrants in Taiwan. Education Journal, 46(1), 51-72. Li, K. C. (2007). The research on biethnic identity of Southeast Asia foreign spouses’ children in Taiwan [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. National Pingtung University of Education. Li, P. S. (2001). The economics of minority language identity. Canadian Ethnic Studies Journal, 33(3), 134-156. Liang, S. W. (2009). Empirical study on ethnic intermarriage in Taiwan, 2005. Issues & Studies, 48(3), 33-62. Lim, C. (2017). Being ‘mixed’ in Malaysia: Negotiating ethnic identity in a racialized context. In Z. L. Rocha & F. Fozdar (Eds.), Mixed race in Asia: Past, present and future (pp. 117-131). Abingdon, England: Routledge. Lim, S. T., Huang, C. P., & Li, T. Y. (2016). Woguo zuqun fazhan zhengce zhi yanjiu我國族群發展政策之研究 [A study of the development of ethnic policy in Taiwan]. Taipei, Taiwan: National Development Council. Lin, C. C. (2016). The national identity of the second generation from mainland China—An example Taipei City Four Four South Village [Unpublished master’s thesis]. University of Taipei. Lin, C. Y. (2017). The cultural identities of the intermarriage descendants between Minnan and Hakka: The study of single adults in Taiwan [Unpublished master’s thesis]. National Taiwan Normal University. Lin, D. S., & Chen, Y. F. (2006). Cram school attendance and college entrance exam scores of senior high school students in Taiwan. Bulletin of Educational Research, 52(4), 35-70. Lin, E. S., & Lu, Y. L. (2016). The educational achievement of pupils with immigrant and native mothers: Evidence from Taiwan. Asia Pacific Journal of Education, 36(1), 48-72. Lin, H. L. (2012). A study of the ethnic identity, ethnic attitude, and self-esteem of students of new-immigrant families in Keelung [Unpublished master’s thesis]. National Taipei University of Education. Lin, H. M., & Hwang, Y. J. (2009). The study on relationship among the Aborigines and Hans, cram schooling and the academic achievement: The example of the eighth graders in Taitung. Contemporary Educational Research Quarterly, 17(3), 41-81. Lin, T. S. (1999). The effects of family background on tracking of secondary education in Taiwan: A study of the distinction between “academic/vocational” and “public/private” tracking. Soochow Journal of Sociology, 8, 35-77. Lin, Y. C. (2006). Taiwan min ke zuqun de xueyuan yu xiupu xin guannian 臺灣閩客族群的血緣與修譜新觀念 [A new perspective on the kinship and genealogy of the Hoklo and the Hakka in Taiwan]. Newsletter for Research in Taiwan Studies, 2, 102-112. Lin, Y. H., & Fan, C. L. (2015). Dongnanya xinzhumin yuwen lieru shiernian guomin jiben jiaoyu kecheng gangyao dui xinzhumin zinu jiaoyu zhi yingxiang東南亞新住民語文列入「十二年國民基本教育課程綱要」對新住民子女教育之影響 [The impact of the incorporation of Southeast Asian immigrants’ languages into the compulsory education curriculum on the education of new immigrants’ children]. Taiwan Educational Review Monthly, 4(6), 92-100. Liu, C. C., & Chang, Y. H. (2020). Ethnic status inheritance in aboriginal-Han marriages and families: Inference of gender and quantity of offspring. Journal of Social Sciences and Philosophy, 32(1), 1-38. Liu, J. (2006). The transition, efficacy, and stratification of cram schooling in Taiwan. Bulletin of Educational Research, 52(4), 1-33. Liu, S. W. (2013). The identification of children of new Taiwan inhabitants on Southeast Asia mother’s origin culture [Unpublished master’s thesis]. National Chi Nan University. Liu, T. C. (2017). Marriage status of foreign spouses after naturalization. Taipei, Taiwan: Ministry of the Interior. Luoh, M. C. (2001). Differences in educational attainment across ethnic and gender groups in Taiwan. Taiwan Economic Review, 29(2), 117-152. Ma, T. C., Chan, H. S., Li, D. H., Jiang, L. X., & Yang, S. X. (2018). Xinzhumin ji qi zinu chuangye moshi yu fuzhu celue zhi yanjiu 新住民及其子女創業模式與輔助策略之研究 [A study of the entrepreneurship models of new immigrants and their children and relevant guidance strategies]. Taipei, Taiwan: Ministry of the Interior. Maes, J., Wood, J., & Neels, K. (2019). Early labour market trajectories of intermediate and second generation Turkish and Maghreb women in Belgium. Research in Social Stratification and Mobility, 61, 65-78. Martins, L., & Veiga, P. (2010). Do inequalities in parents’ education play an important role in PISA students’math achievement test score disparities?. Economics of Education Review, 29(6), 1016-1033. Mason, J. (2002). Qualitative researching (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications. McIntosh, S., & Vignoles, A. (2001). Measuring and assessing the impact of basic skills on labour market outcomes. Oxford Economic Papers, 53(3), 453-481. Ministry of Education (2016a). Jiaoyubu xinzhumin jiaoyu yangcai jihua 教育部新住民教育揚才計畫 [New immigrant talent cultivation plan]. Taipei, Taiwan: Ministry of Education. Ministry of Education (2016b, October 17). Jiaoyubu buzhu gaoji zhongdeng xuexiao xuesheng xuefei you 7 cheng yue 54 wan ming xuesheng shouyi shuoming 教育部補助高級中等學校學生學費有7成約54萬名學生受益說明 [70% of high school students, or about 540,000 students benefitted from tuition subsidies offered by the Ministry of Education]. Ministry of Education. https://www.edu.tw/News_Content.aspx?n=9E7AC85F1954DDA8&s=42EE5BA1C2DE5D17 Ministry of Education (2018a). Xinzhumin zinu jiaoyu fazhan wunian zhongcheng jihua [The five-year medium-term plan for developing the education of children of new immigrants]. Taipei, Taiwan: Ministry of Education. Ministry of Education (2018b, January, 22). Xinzhumin zinu zhiye jineng jingjin xunlian qidong新住民子女職業技能精進訓練啟動 [Launch of the Children of New Immigrants Vocational Skills Advancement Project]. Ministry of Education. https://www.edu.tw/News_Content.aspx?n=9E7AC85F1954DDA8&s=829ABDABBE1F4334 Ministry of Education (2018c, May, 4). Jiaoyubu guomin ji xueqian jiaoyu shu buzhu gaoji zhongdeng xuexiao banli xinzhumin zinu guoji peili chanxue zhuanban shishi yaodian教育部國民及學前教育署補助高級中等學校辦理新住民子女國際培力產學專班實施要點 [Implementation of the Children of New Immigrants International Empowerment Industry-Academia Collaboration Program]. Ministry of Education. https://edu.law.moe.gov.tw/LawContent.aspx?id=GL001757 Ministry of Education (2019). Xinzhumin zinu jiudu guozhongxiao renshu fenbu gaikuang tongji新住民子女就讀國中小人數分布概況統計 [Statistics of the distribution of children of immigrants in elementary and junior high schools]. Taipei, Taiwan: Ministry of Education. Ministry of Education (2022). 110 xueniandu geji xuexiao xinzhumin zinu jiuxue gaikuang 110學年度各級學校新住民子女就學概況 [The distribution of children of new immigrants in the Taiwanese educational system, school year 2021-2022]. Taipei, Taiwan: Ministry of Education. Ministry of Education (n.d.). K-12 Education Administration, Ministry of Education. https://www.k12ea.gov.tw/Tw/Unique/FAQDetail?cate1_id=C0C06A62-A856-48BB-A410-9E9C361BE503&Keywords=&filter=C49CFCC1-11D8-49BD-AFB8-95856E82E58D&page=0 Ministry of Foreign Affairs (2021). 2020-2021 Taiwan at a glance. Taipei, Taiwan: Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Modood, T. (2004). Capitals, ethnic identity and educational qualifications. Cultural Trends, 13(2), 87-105. Mosca, G. (2008). The ruling class. In D. B. Grusky, M. C. Ku, & S. Szelényi (Eds.), Social stratification: Class, race, and gender in sociological perspective (pp. 268-274). Boulder, CO: Westview Press. Murnane, R. J., Willett, J. B., & Levy, F. (1995). The growing importance of cognitive skills in wage determination. Review of Economics and Statistics, 77(2), 251-266. Musso, P., Moscardino, U., & Inguglia, C. (2018). The Multigroup Ethnic Identity Measure–Revised (MEIM-R): Psychometric evaluation with adolescents from diverse ethnocultural groups in Italy. European Journal of Developmental Psychology, 15(4), 395-410. Nagel, J. (1994). Constructing ethnicity: Creating and recreating ethnic identity and culture. Social Problems, 41(1), 152-176. National Immigration Agency (2019). Zhanxin jihua quanfangwei xinzhumin peili zhanneng fangan 展新計畫－全方位新住民培力展能方案 [New immigrant empowerment and skill development project]. Retrieved from https://www.immigration.gov.tw/5385/7445/7451/7457/7472/7475/30359/ National Immigration Agency (2020). 107 nian xinzhumin shenghuo xuqiu diaocha baogao 107年新住民生活需求調查報告 [2018 survey report of new immigrants’ living needs]. Taipei, Taiwan: National Immigration Agency. National Immigration Agency (2023). Waiji peiou renshu yu dalu (han gangao) peiou renshu an zhengjian fen 11201外籍配偶人數與大陸(含港澳)配偶人數按證件分11201 [Foreign spouses by legal status, January 2023]. Retrieved from https://www.immigration.gov.tw/5385/7344/7350/8887/?alias=settledown Parkin, F. (2008). Marxism and class theory: A bourgeois critique. In D. B. Grusky, M. C. Ku, & S. Szelényi (Eds.), Social stratification: Class, race, and gender in sociological perspective (pp. 143-158). Boulder, CO: Westview Press. Peng, L. H., Hsung, R., & Chi, C. S. (2011). How cohort, gender, and gendered majors affect the acquirement of first job’s SES in the context of Taiwan’s higher education expansion. Taiwan Journal of Sociology of Education, 11(2), 47-85. Phinney, J. S. (1990). Ethnic identity in adolescents and adults: Review of research. Psychological Bulletin, 108(3), 499-514. Phinney, J. S. (1992). The multigroup ethnic identity measure: A new scale for use with diverse groups. Journal of Adolescent Research, 7(2), 156-176. Phinney, J. S., & Ong, A. D. (2007). Conceptualization and measurement of ethnic identity: Current status and future directions. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 54(3), 271-281. Põder, K., Lauri, T., & Veski, A. (2017). Does school admission by zoning affect educational inequality? A study of family background effect in Estonia, Finland, and Sweden. Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research, 61(6), 668-688. Portes, A., Fernandez-Kelly, P., & Haller, W. (2005). Segmented assimilation on the ground: The new second generation in early adulthood. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 28(6), 1000-1040. Portes, A., & MacLeod, D. (1996). Educational progress of children of immigrants: The roles of class, ethnicity, and school context. Sociology of Education, 69(4), 255-275. Portes, A., & Manning, R. D. (2006). The immigrant enclave: Theory and empirical examples. In D. Grusky & S. Szelenyi (Eds.), Inequality: Classic readings in race, class, and gender (pp. 161-178). New York: Routledge. Portes, A., & Zhou, M. (1993). The new second generation: Segmented assimilation and its variants. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 530(1), 74-96. R Core Team (2022). R: A language and environment for statistical computing (Version 4.2.1). Vienna: R Foundation for Statistical Computing. https://www.R-project.org Remennick, L. (2018). Choosing one or being both: The identity dilemmas of Russian-Jewish mixed ethnics living in Russia and in Israel. East European Jewish Affairs, 48(2), 118-138. Robinson, O. C. (2014). Sampling in interview-based qualitative research: A theoretical and practical guide. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 11(1), 25-41. Rocha, Z. L., Fozdar, F., Acedera, K. A., & Yeoh, B. S. A. (2019). Mixing race, nation, and ethnicity in Asia and Australasia. Social Identities, 25(3), 289-293. Rockquemore, K. A., & Brunsma, D. L. (2002). Socially embedded identities: Theories, typologies, and processes of racial identity among Black/White biracials. Sociological Quarterly, 43(3), 335-356. Rumbaut, R. G. (2008). The coming of the second generation: Immigration and ethnic mobility in Southern California. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 620(1), 196-236. RW News. (2022a, May 5). Zhengfu jiang dongnanya shiwei gongju?! “Xinerdai liushengji” chuanlian qiang fasheng zhaohui shengming zizhuquan 政府將東南亞視為工具？！「新二代留聲機」串聯搶發聲　找回生命自主權 [The government sees Southeast Asia as a tool?! “The New Second Generation Phonograph” links up to speak out, finding back the right to life]. https://rwnews.tw/Article/Detail/3561 RW News. (2022b, May 5). Beifu yimin “yuanzui”! Xinerdai chentong gaobai xuezhe: Ying jian tao “chunzheng” xuetong wenhua 背負移民「原罪」！新二代沈痛告白　學者：應檢討「純正」血統文化 [Bearing the “original sin” of immigrants! New second generations painfully confess. Scholar: The culture of “pure” blood must be examined]. https://rwnews.tw/Article/Detail/3560 Sagiv, T., & Yair, G. (2021). The end of ethnicity? Racism and ambivalence among offspring of mixed marriages in Israel. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 47(4), 861-877. Schneider, J., & Lang, C. (2014). Social mobility, habitus and identity formation in the Turkish-German second generation. New Diversities, 16(1), 89-105. Seiger, F. K. (2019). ‘Mixed’Japanese-Filipino identities under Japanese multiculturalism. Social Identities, 25(3), 392-407. Sewell, W. H., Haller, A. O., & Portes, A. (1969). The educational and early occupational attainment process. American Sociological Review, 34(1), 82-92. Shaitan, A., & McEntee-Atalianis, L. (2017). Haafu identity in Japan: Half, mixed or double?. In Z. L. Rocha & F. Fozdar (Eds.), Mixed race in Asia: Past, present and future (pp. 82-97). Abingdon, England: Routledge. Shiau, Y. C. (2016). Construction and validation of a model of biethnic identification of new immigrants’ children [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. University of Taipei. Silberman, R., Alba, R., & Fournier, I. (2007). Segmented assimilation in France? Discrimination in the labour market against the second generation. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 30(1), 1-27. Simon, S. (2010). Negotiating power: Elections and the constitution of indigenous Taiwan. American Ethnologist, 37(4), 726-740. Sirin, S. R. (2005). Socioeconomic status and academic achievement: A meta-analytic review of research. Review of Educational Research, 75(3), 417-453. Shiu, S. P. (2009). Ethnic contact and ethnic identity of aboriginal adolescent: A study of junior high school students of Ren-ai and Pu-li Township, Nantou County [Unpublished master’s thesis]. National Chi Nan University. Slootman, M. (2018). Ethnic identity, social mobility and the role of soulmates. Cham, Switzerland: Springer Nature. Song, M. (2001). Comparing minorities’ ethnic options: Do Asian Americans possess ‘more’ ethnic options than African Americans?. Ethnicities, 1(1), 57-82. Strauss, A., & Corbin, J. (1994). Grounded theory methodology. In N. K. Denzin & Y. S. Lincoln (Eds.), Handbook of qualitative research (pp. 273-285). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications. Su, K. H., & Yu, W. H. (2007). When social reproduction fails: Explaining the decreasing ethnic gap in Taiwan. Taiwanese Journal of Sociology, 39, 1-63. Sun, C. S., & Hwang, Y. J. (1994). Social resources, cultural capital and occupational attainment. Tunghai Journal, 35, 127-150. Sun, H. Y. (2002). Wuming、ziwo、yu lishi：Taiwan waishengren dierdai de shenfen yu rentong污名、自我、與歷史：台灣外省人第二代的身份與認同 [Stigma, self, and history: The identity of second-generation mainlanders in Taiwan] [Unpublished master’s thesis]. National Tsing Hua University. Taiwan Academy of Banking and Finance (2020). Taiwan financial lives survey, 2020. Taipei, Taiwan: Taiwan Academy of Banking and Finance. Tao, H. L., Yin, C. C. & Hung, C. Y. (2015). Educational performance differences between groups of children with native or denizened parents in subsequent grades. Journal of Social Sciences and Philosophy, 27(2), 289-322. Teachman, J. D. (1987). Family background, educational resources, and educational attainment. American Sociological Review, 52(4), 548-557. Tran, V. C., Lee, J., & Huang, T. J. (2019). Revisiting the Asian second-generation advantage. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 42(13), 2248-2269. Tsai, S. L. (1998). The transition from school to work in Taiwan. In Y. Shavit & W. Müller (Eds.), From school to work: A comparative study of educational qualifications and occupational destinations (pp.443-470). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. Tsao, F. F. (1999). The languages spoken by the four major ethnic groups in Taiwan: Their history and present state. Hanxue Yanjiu (Chinese Studies), 17(2), 313-343. Tsay, R. M. (1999). A structural analysis of social mobility in Taiwan, the United States, and Japan. Taiwanese Journal of Sociology, 22, 83-125. Tseng, S. F. (2016). The study of the phenomenon of Fangliao immigrant residents’ children getting better academic performance in Taiwan. International Journal of Educational Science and Research, 6(3), 47-56. Tsou, T. R. (2022). Children of new immigrants in Taiwan: Educational mobility in adolescence. Research Square. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-2379637/v1 Tsou, T. R. (2023a). Exploring the socioeconomic status of adult children of new immigrants in Taiwan. International Journal of Humanities Education and Social Sciences, 2(4), 1443-1452. Tsou, T. R. (2023b). Diverse social mobility trajectories: Portrait of children of new immigrants in Taiwan. Social Sciences, 12(4), 226. UNESCO (2012). International Standard Classification of Education: ISCED 2011. Montreal, Canada: UNESCO Institute for Statistics. Vertovec, S. (2010). Towards post-multiculturalism? Changing communities, conditions and contexts of diversity. International Social Science Journal, 61(199), 83-95. Wacquant, L. (2013). Symbolic power and group-making: On Pierre Bourdieu’s reframing of class. Journal of Classical Sociology, 13(2), 274-291. Wacquant, L. (2019). Bourdieu’s dyad: On the primacy of social space and symbolic Power. In J. Blasius, F. Lebaron, B. Le Roux, & A. Schmitz (Eds.), Empirical investigations of social space (pp. 15-21). Cham, Switzerland: Springer Nature. Wacquant, L., & Akçaoğlu, A. (2017). Practice and symbolic power in Bourdieu: The view from Berkeley. Journal of Classical Sociology, 17(1), 55-69. Wacquant, L. J. D. (1989). Towards a reflexive sociology: A workshop with Pierre Bourdieu. Sociological Theory, 7(1), 26-63. Wang, C. L., Cho, C. Y., & Chang, J. H. (2021). Indigenous status identification, educational secured admission, and ethnic identity development: The case study of the offspring from Han-Chinese/indigene intermarriage family. Kaohsiung Normal University Journal, 51, 25-47. Wang, C.Y., Huang, H. H., & He, S. J. (2012). Xinyimin jiating fumu jiaoyang zinu de wenti yu yinying celue zhi tantao 新移民家庭父母教養子女的問題與因應策略之探討 [Exploring parenting issues in new-immigrant families and corresponding solutions]. Journal of Family Education Bimonthly, 37, 28-40. Wang, Y. H. (2011). “My marital life is hard, but I am not pitiful!” Analyzing Southeast Asian immigrant wives’ lives in Taiwan through strengths perspective. NTU Social Work Review, 23, 93-136. Waters, M. C. (1990). Ethnic options: Choosing identities in America. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. Waters, M. C. (2000). Immigration, intermarriage, and the challenges of measuring racial/ethnic identities. American Journal of Public Health, 90(11), 1735. Waters, M. C. (2014). Ethnic identities in the future: The possible effects of mass immigration and genetic testing. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 37(5), 766-769. Wessendorf, S. (2014). ‘Being open, but sometimes closed’. Conviviality in a super-diverse London neighbourhood. European Journal of Cultural Studies, 17(4), 392-405. Willms, J. D. (2006). Variation in socioeconomic gradients among cantons in French- and Italian-speaking Switzerland: Findings from the OECD PISA. Educational Research and Evaluation, 12(2), 129-154. Wimmer, A. (2008). The making and unmaking of ethnic boundaries: A multilevel process theory. American Journal of Sociology, 113(4), 970-1022. Wise, A., & Velayutham, S. (2014). Conviviality in everyday multiculturalism: Some brief comparisons between Singapore and Sydney. European Journal of Cultural Studies, 17(4), 406-430. Wu, C. H., Ma, T. C., Lan, K. J., Fan, Y. S., & Huang,Y. T. (2015). Xinzhumin dierdai kuaguo jiuye kexingxing yanjiu 新住民第二代跨國就業可行性研究 [A study of the feasibility of transnational employment for the new second generation]. Taipei, Taiwan: Ministry of the Interior. Wu, C. J., & Tsai, M. C. (2009). A study of the relationship between cultural identification and school adjustment on immigrants’ children: As the examples of Yunlin County junior high school students. Journal of National Pingtung University of Education: Education, 33, 459-488. Wu, C. R., Wang, Y. J., Tsai, M. C., & Hsieh, W. H. (2016). Xinzhumin ji qi zinu shuangchong wenhua rentong ji qi yingxiang zhi yanjiu 新住民及其子女雙重文化認同及其影響之研究 [A study of the bicultural identification of new immigrants and their children and its impact]. Taipei, Taiwan: Ministry of the Interior. Wu, H. (2007). Family background and educational achievement in Taiwan: Changing trends in five cohorts. Journal of Population Studies, 34, 109-143. Wu, N. T. (2013). Ethnic differences in higher education attainment: Generation, tuition subsidies and public sector employment. Taiwanese Journal of Sociology, 52, 1-30. Wu, Y. I., & Hwang, Y. J. (2009). Are the achievements of mountain indigenous students lower than those of plain indigenous ones? The possible mechanisms of academic achievement gap among the indigenous tribes and the Han elementary school students in Taitung. Taiwan Journal of Sociology of Education, 9(1), 41-89. Wu, Y. M., & Ferng, H. M. (2007). The analysis of local language instruction formation and interviews of implemental situations. Journal of Pingtung University of Education, 26, 37- 72. Wu, Y. Y., & Tsai, C. C. (2014). Are they really lagging behind?: A three-year longitudinal comparison of academic performance between the Southeast Asian female immigrants’ children and the local children. Bulletin of Educational Research, 60(1), 77-113. Yang, C. Y. (2017). Taiwan’s New Southbound Policy and cultivation of proficient language speakers of Southeast Asian languages. Taiwan International Studies Quarterly, 13(4), 143-174. Yang, J. C. (2013). A study on the relationship among ethnic identity and self-esteem of the adolescents from new immigrant families in New Taipei City [Unpublished master’s thesis]. National Chengchi University. Yao, R. F. (2009). Investigation on mathematics learning of the children of immigrant women in three counties of Taiwan. Formosan Education and Society, 18, 71-99. Yeh, J. H. (2017). Xinyimin erdai wenhua rentong zhi xiangguan fenxi──yi taoyuanshi guanyinqu wei li 新移民二代文化認同之相關分析──以桃園市觀音區為例 [An analysis of the cultural identification of the second generation of new immigrants—Guanyin District, Taoyuan City as an example] [Unpublished master’s thesis]. National Central University. Yi, C. C., & Chang, Y. H. (2006). Attitudes toward having a foreign daughter-in-law: The importance of social contact. Taiwanese Sociology, 12, 191-232. Yin, C. C., Tao, H. L., & Hung, C. Y. (2012). The effects of cram school on the performance in the college entrance examination in Taiwan. Taiwan Economic Review, 40(1), 73-118. Zheng, X. R. (2016). The ethnic identity of Southeast Asian new-inhabitant children to their mothers-3 vocational high school students from Yunlin County case [Unpublished master’s thesis]. National Chung Cheng University. Zhou, M. (1992). Chinatown: The socioeconomic potential of an urban enclave. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
Description:	博士國立政治大學亞太研究英語博士學位學程(IDAS) 107265501
Source URI:	http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0107265501
Data Type:	thesis
Appears in Collections:	[International Program in Asia-Pacific Studies\n(IMAS/IDAS)] 學位論文

Files in This Item:

File	Description	Size	Format
550101.pdf		4963Kb	Adobe PDF2	131	View/Open

社群 sharing

Loading...