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    題名: 數位平台相關媒體著作權法及公平交易法相關爭議的探討
    Digital Platform-Based Media and Its Copyright/Competition Law-related Issues
    作者: 陳昱儒
    Chen, Yu-Ju
    貢獻者: 劉孔中
    陳昱儒
    Chen, Yu-Ju
    關鍵詞: 人工智慧
    媒體著作權
    數位平台
    平台模式
    數據
    演算法
    數位市場法
    著作權法
    公平交易法
    新聞媒體議價法
    數位經濟競爭政策白皮書
    AI
    ChatGPT
    Artificial Intelligence
    media copyright
    digital platforms
    platform models
    data
    algorithms
    Copyright Law
    Fair Trade Act
    Digital Markets Act
    News Media Bargaining Code
    White Paper on Competition Policy in the Digital Economy
    日期: 2023
    上傳時間: 2023-09-01 14:48:34 (UTC+8)
    摘要: 新聞媒體肩負著「形成公共意見的媒介，具有監督政府行使公權力、影響國家政策」的重要功能，數位平台挑戰傳統新聞媒體的角色，改變媒體生態，其已成為民眾獲得新聞主要來源，數位平台將新聞媒體業者所產出的內容吸引用戶，再藉由廣告銷售方式，將網路流量「變現」，導致新聞媒體業者收入銳減，此種情況在新興科技AI應用下，相關著作權權益歸屬爭議處於建構階段的現況下，傳統新聞媒體業者產出的創作無法得到保障。鑑於新聞內容具有高度的公共財性質，如不對新聞媒體－重要的新聞內容產製者提供一定的制度設計保障，任由數位平台業者搭便車，勢將影響新聞媒體業者的收入、影響新聞媒體製播新聞、投入言論市場的意願，為此，本文著眼於數位平台運用新興科技與平台模式，並在強大的網路效應致生著作權法及公平交易法爭議下，提出法律觀點與建議，包括：於第四章，探討數位平台相關媒體著作權爭議時，提出以新聞媒體多元及數位平台產業價值鏈角度共同切入提出解決方案；於第五章，就數位平台與新聞媒體議價制度爭議，分析重要國家立法例，並對兩位立法委員已提出之草案及澳洲之《新聞媒體議價法令》進行比較後，提出「著作權法」與「競爭法」觀點共建的台灣模式版本。於第六章，透過對歐盟《數位市場法》及台灣《數位經濟政策白皮書》的分析，建議「建立（事前及事後）層級化的「數位競爭」體制，包括：相應的調修《公平交易法》及《白皮書》，加入事前規範的產業規範（如數據及演算法制度），以確保數位平台上的參與者都有公平競爭的機會。綜上，希望本文在數位平台相關著作權法及公平交易法爭議中，提供更全面的觀點，保護媒體多元，共創新聞自由與媒體價值。
    News media bears the crucial functions of "shaping public opinion, supervising government exercise of public authority, and influencing national policies." Digital platforms challenge the traditional roles of news media, altering the media landscape. They have become the primary source of news for the public. Digital platforms attract users with content produced by news media outlets and monetize web traffic through advertising sales, leading to significant declines in revenue for news media entities. In this context, amid ongoing debates over Copyright and Ownership Rights in the realm of emerging AI technology applications, traditional news media creators struggle to secure their creations. Given the highly public nature of news content, if adequate safeguards aren`t provided for key news content producers against digital platforms capitalizing without contribution, it could impact the revenue of news media entities and influence their willingness to create and broadcast news, as well as participate in the marketplace of ideas.
    To address these concerns, this article focuses on the use of emerging technologies and platform models by digital platforms. Amidst controversies surrounding Copyright Law and Fair-Trade practices, it presents legal viewpoints and suggestions. This includes exploring solutions from the perspectives of news media diversity and the digital platform industry value chain when addressing media-related Copyright disputes in Chapter Four. In Chapter Five, it analyzes vital national legislation. It compares proposed drafts from two legislators along with Australia`s " News Media and Digital Platforms Mandatory Bargaining Code", offering a Taiwanese model that incorporates viewpoints from Copyright Law and Competition Law. Chapter Six suggests establishing a hierarchical "Digital Competition" framework based on an analysis of the EU`s "Digital Markets Act" and Taiwan`s " White Paper on Competition Policy in the Digital Economy." This entails adjusting the "Fair Trade Act" and "White Paper," introducing preemptive industry regulations to ensure fair competition opportunities for participants on digital platforms.
    In conclusion, this article aims to offer a comprehensive perspective on controversies related to Copyright and Fair-Trade practices concerning digital platforms. It strives to safeguard media diversity and foster journalistic freedom and media value.
    參考文獻: 中文文獻
    一、書籍
    １ 魏裕昌，「第1章 資訊傳播的興起與發展」，收於柯舜智主編，資訊傳播概說，翰蘆圖書出版有限公司，頁17-30（2017）。
    ２ 傑弗瑞.帕克（Geoffrey Parker），馬歇爾.范艾爾史泰恩（Marshall Van 　　　Alstyne），桑吉.喬德利（Sangeet Paul Choudary），李芳齡譯，平台經濟模式：從啟動、獲利到成長的全方位攻略，天下雜誌（2016）。
    ３ 麥可.庫蘇馬諾（Michael A. Cusumano），安娜貝爾.高爾（Annabelle Gawer），大衛.尤菲（David B. Yoffie），陳琇玲譯，平台策略，商周出版社（2020）。
    ４ 余卓軒、陳威如，平台革命：席捲全球社交、購物、遊戲、媒體的商業模式創新，商周出版（2013）。
    ５ 柯舜智，「第3章 傳播媒體變遷與資訊科技發展」，收於柯舜智主編，資訊傳播概說，翰蘆圖書出版有限公司，頁49-66（2017）。
    ６ 蕭文生，「第二章大眾傳播媒體之概念及發展」，傳播法基礎理論與實務，元照出版社，頁9-27（2023）。
    ７ 陳家駿，「AI智慧歷來三個階段之技術發展與最新之趨勢」，《AI人工智慧vs智慧財產權》，元照出版社，頁3-40（2022）。
    ８ 馮震宇，「歐盟著作權指令體制與相關歐盟法院判決之研究」，國際比較下我國著作權法之總檢討，收自劉孔中主編，台北中央研究院法律學研究所專書(19)，頁491-543（2014）。
    ９ 趙國棟、許正中、徐昊、糜萬軍著，產業互聯網，機械工業出版社（2015）。
    １０ 蔡明誠，智慧權法原理，元照出版社（2023）。
    二、期刊/論文
    １ 劉孔中，「新聞媒體多元與反壟斷之法制探討」，公平交易季刊，第22卷第3期，頁1-44（2014）。
    ２ 劉孔中，「貿易戰、大數據與演算法」，月旦法學雜誌，第303期，頁74-91（2020）。
    ３ 陳柏良，「AI 時代之分裂社會與民主─以美國法之表意自由與觀念市場自由競理論為中心」，月旦法學雜誌，第302期，頁109-126（2020）。
    ４ 阮韻蒨，「以雙邊市場角度分析搜尋引擎的相關市場」，公平交易季刊，第26卷第1期，頁49-73（2018）。
    ５ 馮震宇，「從人類創作到 AI 創作：智財權權利主體與權利歸屬之挑戰」，元照出版公司，總號：212，頁34-43（2020）。
    ６ 馮震宇，「AI 也有著作權！？AI 創作超越人類，著作權將歸屬「人類」還是「AI」，能力雜誌，財團法人中國生產力中心，202212，頁94-100（2022）。
    ７ 周昆璋、廖執善、蔣旭政，「人工智慧科技在臺灣新聞傳播領域之運用與發展」，臺灣東亞文明研究學刊，第18卷第1期（總第35期），頁43-88（2021）。
    ８ 馮震宇，「合理使用標準不一，著作權修法當解藥」，能力雜誌，財團法人中國生產力中心，201807，頁106-112（2018）。
    ９ 蔡惠如，「著作權合理使用概括規定之回顧與前瞻」，智慧財產權月刊，第209期，頁4-25（2015）。
    １０ 胡心蘭，「美國最高法院Google v. Oracle 案評析」，月旦法學雜誌（No.319），頁115-131（2021）。
    １１ 胡心蘭，「從近期案例剖析美國著作權法合理使用原則新發展」，中正財經法學（No.22），元照出版社，頁1-65（2021）。
    １２ 王立達，「數位時代的新聞生機：媒體與平台議價協商之法制模式評估與選擇」，台灣法律人，第15期，頁48-68（2022）。
    三、法院判決
    １ 台北高等行政法院 101 年度訴更一字第 66 號判決。
    ２ 大陸(2019)粵0305民初14010號判決。
    四、函釋
    １ 智慧局電子郵件字第1111031號函。
    ２ 智慧局電子郵件字第1120220號函。
    ３ 大法官釋字第六一三號理由書。
    ４ 大法官釋字第六八九號理由書。
    五、網路資源
    １ 「什麼是平台」，參考「Prof. Ling-Chieh Kung」（孔令傑）Youtube頻道，URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QRxK4wtYvlw。

    ２ 「OECD」組織及其運作，參考「台灣經濟部國際貿易局」網站，URL: https://www.trade.gov.tw/Pages/Detail.aspx?nodeID=4448&pid=725694。

    ３ 介紹主張「媒體即訊息」的加拿大通信理論家和教育家Marshall McLuham，參考「全球媒體研究室」，URL: https://globalmedia.fandom.com/wiki/Marshall_McLuhan。
    ４ 「財團法人台灣網路資訊中心」介紹和其產出的《2022台灣網路報告》，參考「財團法人台灣網路資訊中心」網站，URL: https://www.twnic.tw/about.php 及 https://report.twnic.tw/2022/。

    ５ 「台灣推動數位轉型三大關鍵：提升資訊素養、鼓勵創新科技、縮短數位落差」，2022年《台灣網路報告》(2022/07/21)，參考「財團法人台灣網路資訊中心網站」，URL: https://blog.twnic.tw/2022/07/21/23809/。

    ６ 「英國牛津大學路透新聞學研究所」介紹，參考該所官網，URL: https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/about-reuters-institute。

    ７ 《2022年數位新聞報告》，參考「英國牛津大學路透新聞學研究所」網站，URL: https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/sites/default/files/2022-06/Digital_News-Report_2022.pdf。

    ８ 「傳統媒體逐漸消逝 數位新聞興起 仍無法掩蓋閱聽人迴避新聞的事實」，卓越新聞電子報(2022/07/12)，參考「卓越新聞」網站，URL: https://www.feja.org.tw/65463。

    ９ 數位經濟競爭政策白皮書（摘要版），參考「公平交易委員會」網站，URL: https://www.ftc.gov.tw/upload/69386b2d-0e24-4938-847c-3b34dcfc2816.pdf。

    １０ 研究與顧問咨詢公司Gartner的介紹，參考「MBA智庫百科」網站，URL: https://wiki.mbalib.com/zh-tw/%E9%AB%98%E5%BE%B7%E7%BA%B3%E5%92%A8%E8%AF%A2%E5%85%AC%E5%8F%B8。

    １１ ChatGPT及其技術內涵，參考ChatGPT official website，URL: https://chat.openai.com/chat。


    １２ 張晏慈，「ChatGPT 與 AI 襲捲，對媒體經營、以及記者個人發展會帶來什麼影響？」參考自https://www.vocalmiddle.com/insights/news-service/chatgpt_4。

    １３ 「元數據」的定義，參考「MBA智庫百科」網站，URL: https://wiki.mbalib.com/zh-tw/%E5%85%83%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE。

    １４ 「Copyleft」介紹，參考「維基百科」網站，URL: https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/Copyleft, 最後拜訪日：2023/04/10。
    １５ 「範圍經濟」的定義，參考「維基百科」網站，URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economies_of_scope , 最後拜訪日：2022/06/30。
    １６ “Facebook就德國資料收集禁令贏得上訴”，retrieved from https://cn.wsj.com/articles/facebook%E5%B0%B1%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E6%94%B6%E9%9B%86%E7%A6%81%E4%BB%A4%E8%B5%A2%E5%BE%97%E4%B8%8A%E8%AF%89-11566863107。

    １７ Ryan, “【硬塞科技字典】什麼是DSP需求方平台/ SSP供應方平台/ DMP 數據管理平台？”(2016)，retrieved from“https://www.inside.com.tw/article/6655-what-is-dsp-ssp-dmp"。

    １８ 陳曉莉,「News Corp與Google建立3年的全球新聞合作協議」, 參考自https://www.ithome.com.tw/news/142776，最後拜訪日：2023/04/10。

    １９ 「新聞媒體議價法令」，參考「維基百科」網站，URL: https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E6%96%B0%E8%81%9E%E5%AA%92%E9%AB%94%E8%AD%B0%E5%83%B9%E6%B3%95%E4%BB%A4。

    ２０ 「谷歌威脅退出澳洲，微軟：已準備好取代其位置」，參考自自由財經（2021/02/01），https://ec.ltn.com.tw/article/breakingnews/3428515。
    ２１ Mashdigi，「Google針對台灣新聞業者量身打造共榮基金，以新台幣3億元推動在地新聞產業發展」，參考自Yahoo（2023/03/08），https://tw.sports.yahoo.com/news/google-has-created-a-co-prosperity-fund-tailored-for-taiwanese-journalists-promoting-the-development-of-the-local-news-industry-with-nt300-million-142832466.html。
    ２２ 澳洲和臉書為新聞付費槓上為何全世界都在看？中央通訊(2021/02/24)，參考自https://www.cna.com.tw/news/firstnews/202102240002.aspx。
    ２３ 立法委員林楚茵等41人之「新聞媒體與數位平台議價法草案」，參考自https://lis.ly.gov.tw/lygazettec/mtcdoc?PD100706:LCEWA01_100706_00056。

    ２４ 立法委員張廖萬堅等19人擬具「新聞媒體與數位平臺強制議價法草案」參考自https://lis.ly.gov.tw/lygazettec/mtcdoc?PD100704:LCEWA01_100704_00045。

    ２５ 王立達教授提出的民間版《新聞媒體與數位平臺強制議價法草案》，參考自https://www.twjour.org/post/%E6%96%B0%E8%81%9E%E5%AA%92%E9%AB%94%E8%88%87%E6%95%B8%E4%BD%8D%E5%B9%B3%E8%87%BA%E5%BC%B7%E5%88%B6%E8%AD%B0%E5%83%B9%E6%B3%95%E8%8D%89%E6%A1%88-%E7%B8%BD%E8%AA%AA%E6%98%8E-1。

    ２６ 數位經濟競爭政策白皮書初稿版, https://www.ftc.gov.tw/upload/2b6494c2-72ba-429b-80a5-aec47005dcf1.pdf。

    ２７ 數位經濟競爭政策白皮書, https://www.ftc.gov.tw/upload/69386b2d-0e24-4938-847c-3b34dcfc2816.pdf。
    ２８ 公平會提出的「數位經濟競爭政策白皮書」初稿摘要版, retrieved from PowerPoint 簡報 (ftc.gov.tw)。

    英文文獻
    一、書籍
    １ Sukhodolov A.P., Bychkova A.M., Ovanesyan S.S., “Journalism Featuring Artificial Intelligence”, THEORY OF JOURNALISM AND MASS MEDIA, DOI: 10.17150/2308-6203.2019.8(4).647-667.
    二、期刊/論文
    １ Zoltan J. Acs, Abraham K. Song, László Szerb, David B. Audretsch & Éva Komlósi, “The evolution of the global digital platform economy: 1971–2021”, Small Business Economics 57, P1629–1659 （2021）.
    ２ Evans, David S. and Schmalensee, Richard, Markets with Two-Sided Platforms, COMPETITION LAW AND POLICY (ABA Section of Antitrust Law), Vol. 1, Chapter 28, 2008, Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=1094820（2008）.

    ３ Jinsu Kim and Namje Park, “Blockchain-Based Data-Preserving AI Learning Environment Model for AI Cybersecurity Systems in IoT Service Environments”, Appl. Sci. 2020, 10, 4718; doi:10.3390/app10144718（2020）.
    ４ Kung-Chung Liu, “Regulatory Issues of Data, Big Data and Algorithms”, p1-32（2023）.
    ５ Benjamin Sobel, “10 A Taxonomy of Training Data: Disentangling the Mismatched Rights, Remedies, and Rationales for Restricting Machine Learning”, Artificial Intelligence and Intellectual Property, (Jyh-An Lee (ed.), Reto Hilty (ed.), Kung-Chung Liu (ed.)), Oxford University Press（2021）.
    ６ Marijn Sax, Algorithmic News Diversity and Democratic Theory: Adding Agonism to the Mix, Digital Journalism, 10:10, 1650-1670（2022）.
    三、法院判決
    １ Google LLC v. Oracle Am., Inc. 141 S. Ct. 1163 (2021)
    ２ Authors Guild v. Google 721 F.3d 132 (2d Cir. 2015)
    四、網路資源 (last visited : April 10, 2023)
    １ “Rethinking Antitrust Tools for Multi-Sided Platforms”, retrieved from https://www.oecd.org/daf/competition/Rethinking-antitrust-tools-for-multi-sided-platforms-2018.pdf.

    ２ Susan Athey, Emilio Calvano, Joshua S. Gans, “The Impact of Consumer Multi-homing on Advertising Markets and Media Competition”, retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2016.2675 (2016).

    ３ “Top Strategic Technology Trends 2023” retrieved from https://management.ntu.edu.tw/CSIC/DB/Gartner.
    ４ AU,「Digital Platforms Inquiry－Preliminary report」, retrieved from https://www.accc.gov.au/system/files/Digital%20platforms%20inquiry.pdf.

    ５ “Copyright Registration Guidance: Works Containing Material Generated by Artificial Intelligence＂retrieved from　https://fingfx.thomsonreuters.com/gfx/legaldocs/byvrlmjlzve/AI%20COPYRIGHT%20notice.pdf.
    ６ EU, “Section 2 Output: AI-assisted versus AI-generated” retrieved from https://www.gevers.eu/blog/artificial-intelligence/artificial-intelligence-ai-the-qualification-of-ai-creations-as-works-under-eu-copyright-law/.

    ７ “3. Artificial intelligence and copyright law”,《Trends and developments in artificial intelligence－Challenges to the intellectual property rights framework : final report》retrieved from file:///C:/Users/Schwen%20Chen/Downloads/trends%20and%20developments%20in%20artificial%20intelligence-KK0220789ENN%20(2).pdf.
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    描述: 碩士
    國立政治大學
    科技管理與智慧財產研究所
    105364133
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