English  |  正體中文  |  简体中文  |  Post-Print筆數 : 27 |  Items with full text/Total items : 113311/144292 (79%)
Visitors : 50939338      Online Users : 924
RC Version 6.0 © Powered By DSPACE, MIT. Enhanced by NTU Library IR team.
Scope Tips:
  • please add "double quotation mark" for query phrases to get precise results
  • please goto advance search for comprehansive author search
  • Adv. Search
    HomeLoginUploadHelpAboutAdminister Goto mobile version
    政大機構典藏 > 商學院 > 資訊管理學系 > 學位論文 >  Item 140.119/146569
    Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/146569


    Title: 探討虛擬網紅的感知獨特性與代言內容的感知原創性對品牌形象之影響
    The effects of perceived uniqueness of a CGI influencer and perceived originality of his/her endorsement on brand image
    Authors: 張少綺
    Chang, Shao-Chi
    Contributors: 彭志宏
    Peng, Chih-Hung
    張少綺
    Chang, Shao-Chi
    Keywords: 虛擬網紅
    社會臨場感理論
    感知獨特性
    感知原創性
    感知品牌創新
    品牌形象
    CGI Influencers
    Social Presence Theory
    Perceived Uniqueness
    Perceived Originality
    Perceived Brand Innovativeness
    Brand Image
    Date: 2023
    Issue Date: 2023-08-02 14:04:05 (UTC+8)
    Abstract: 近年來在行銷領域上出現了由電腦生成的虛擬網紅,這些 CGI 虛擬網紅擁有逼真的外表、動作和性格,就如同人類網紅一般,正快速獲得更多追隨者,吸引多間知名企業加入虛擬網紅行銷,然而現有的文獻鮮少比較人們對於人類網紅與 CGI 虛擬網紅之間的反應差異。
    過往的研究發現使用者在社群媒體的參與感與互動連結性息息相關,因此本研究基於社會臨場感理論,探討企業選擇 CGI 虛擬網紅進行代言行銷並提供獨特個人見解時,是否使消費者感知品牌創新,進而影響對品牌形象的看法。
    本研究採用 2x2 的實驗設計,探討網路紅人的感知獨特性與代言內容的感知原創性對於感知品牌創新的影響,以及兩者之間的交互作用如何影響觀眾的感知品牌創新,進而影響品牌形象。
    研究結果表明,網紅的感知獨特性和代言內容的感知原創性對於消費者感知品牌創新皆有正面影響,且兩者之間存在交互效果,感知品牌創新對品牌形象也具有正面影響。近一步探究感知品牌創新的中介效果發現,感知品牌創新部分中介網紅的感知獨特性對品牌形象的影響,然而,感知品牌創新完全中介代言內容的感知原創性對品牌形象的影響。
    In recent years, computer-generated imagery (CGI) influencers have emerged in the marketing field. These CGI influencers possess lifelike appearances, movements, and personalities, similar to human influencers. They are rapidly gaining more followers and attracting numerous well-known companies to participate in virtual influencer marketing. However, existing literature is scarce in comparing the differences in people`s reactions to human influencers and CGI influencers.
    Previous research has found that users` engagement and interactivity on social media are closely related. Therefore, based on the social presence theory, this study explores whether companies` use of CGI influencers for endorsement marketing and providing unique personal insights influences consumers` perceived brand innovativeness and subsequently affects brand image.
    The study employs a 2x2 experimental design to investigate the impact of the perceived uniqueness of the influencer and the perceived originality of their endorsement content on consumers` perceived brand innovativeness. The study also examines how the interaction between these two factors influences the audience`s perception of brand innovation, ultimately affecting brand image.
    The results of the study indicate that both the perceived uniqueness of the influencer and the perceived originality of the endorsement content have a positive impact on consumers` perceived brand innovativeness. Furthermore, there is an interaction effect between these two factors, influencing consumers` perceived brand innovativeness, which in turn has a positive effect on brand image. Further investigation into the mediating effects of perceived brand innovativeness reveals that perceived brand innovativeness partially mediates the influence of the influencer`s perceived uniqueness on brand image, while perceived brand innovativeness completely mediates the influence of the perceived originality of the endorsement content on brand image.
    Reference: Aaker, D. A. (1996). Measuring brand equity across products and markets. California management review, 38(3).
    Akdevelioglu, D., & Kara, S. (2020). An international investigation of opinion leadership and social media. Journal of Research in Interactive Marketing.
    Algharabat, R., Rana, N. P., Dwivedi, Y. K., Alalwan, A. A., & Qasem, Z. (2018). The effect of telepresence, social presence and involvement on consumer brand engagement: An empirical study of non-profit organizations. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 40, 139-149.
    Andrews, M., & Kim, D. (2007). Revitalising suffering multinational brands: an empirical study. International marketing review.
    Arsenyan, J., & Mirowska, A. (2021). Almost human? A comparative case study on the social media presence of virtual influencers. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 155, 102694.
    Arsenyan, J., Mirowska, A., & Piepenbrink, A. (2023). Close encounters with the virtual kind: Defining a human-virtual agent coexistence framework. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 193, 122644.
    Bell, S. J., & Eisingerich, A. B. (2007). The paradox of customer education: Customer expertise and loyalty in the financial services industry. European Journal of Marketing.
    Bhattacharya, C. B., & Sen, S. (2003). Consumer–company identification: A framework for understanding consumers’ relationships with companies. Journal of marketing, 67(2), 76-88.
    Biocca, F., & Harms, C. (2002). Defining and measuring social presence: Contribution to the networked minds theory and measure. Proceedings of PRESENCE, 2002, 7-36.
    Biocca, F., Harms, C., & Burgoon, J. K. (2003). Toward a more robust theory and measure of social presence: Review and suggested criteria. Presence: Teleoperators & Virtual Environments, 12(5), 456-480.
    Brexendorf, T. O., Bayus, B., & Keller, K. L. (2015). Understanding the interplay between brand and innovation management: findings and future research directions. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 43(5), 548-557.
    Bryman, A., & Cramer, D. (1999). Quantitative data analysis with SPSS release 8 for Windows: a guide for social scientists. Taylor & Francis US.
    Casaló, L. V., Flavián, C., & Ibáñez-Sánchez, S. (2020). Influencers on Instagram: Antecedents and consequences of opinion leadership. Journal of Business Research, 117, 510-519.
    Chan, M. (2018). The 25 most influential people on the internet. Time. In.
    Chaplin, L. N., & Roedder John, D. (2005). The development of self-brand connections in children and adolescents. Journal of Consumer research, 32(1), 119-129.
    Cui, G., Lockee, B., & Meng, C. (2013). Building modern online social presence: A review of social presence theory and its instructional design implications for future trends. Education and information technologies, 18, 661-685.
    Cyr, D., Hassanein, K., Head, M., & Ivanov, A. (2007). The role of social presence in establishing loyalty in e-service environments. Interacting with computers, 19(1), 43-56.
    da Silva Oliveira, A. B., & Chimenti, P. (2021). " Humanized Robots": A Proposition of Categories to Understand Virtual Influencers. Australasian Journal of Information Systems, 25.
    Danneels, E., & Kleinschmidtb, E. J. (2001). Product innovativeness from the firm`s perspective: Its dimensions and their relation with project selection and performance. Journal of Product Innovation Management: An International Publication of the Product Development & Management Association, 18(6), 357-373.
    De Veirman, M., Cauberghe, V., & Hudders, L. (2017). Marketing through Instagram influencers: the impact of number of followers and product divergence on brand attitude. International journal of advertising, 36(5), 798-828.
    Dhar, R., & Sherman, S. J. (1996). The effect of common and unique features in consumer choice. Journal of Consumer research, 23(3), 193-203.
    Djafarova, E., & Rushworth, C. (2017). Exploring the credibility of online celebrities` Instagram profiles in influencing the purchase decisions of young female users. Computers in Human Behavior, 68, 1-7.
    Dwivedi, A., Nayeem, T., & Murshed, F. (2018). Brand experience and consumers’ willingness-to-pay (WTP) a price premium: Mediating role of brand credibility and perceived uniqueness. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 44, 100-107.
    Eisingerich, A. B., & Bell, S. J. (2008). Perceived service quality and customer trust: does enhancing customers` service knowledge matter? Journal of service research, 10(3), 256-268.
    Eisingerich, A. B., & Rubera, G. (2010). Drivers of brand commitment: A cross-national investigation. Journal of International Marketing, 18(2), 64-79.
    Ekinci, Y., Dawes, P. L., & Massey, G. R. (2008). An extended model of the antecedents and consequences of consumer satisfaction for hospitality services. European Journal of Marketing.
    Escalas, J. E., & Bettman, J. R. (2005). Self-construal, reference groups, and brand meaning. Journal of Consumer research, 32(3), 378-389.
    Fakhreddin, F., Foroudi, P., & Ghahroudi, M. R. (2021). The bidirectional complementarity between market orientation and launch proficiency affecting new product performance. Journal of Product & Brand Management.
    Farivar, S., Wang, F., & Yuan, Y. (2021). Opinion leadership vs. para-social relationship: Key factors in influencer marketing. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 59, 102371.
    Fournier, S. (1998). Consumers and their brands: Developing relationship theory in consumer research. Journal of Consumer research, 24(4), 343-373.
    Franke, N., & Schreier, M. (2008). Product uniqueness as a driver of customer utility in mass customization. Marketing Letters, 19(2), 93-107.
    Gajanova, L., Majerova, J., & Nadanyiova, M. (2020). The impact of influencers on the decision-making process regarding the purchase of the brand product. Business, Management and Economics Engineering, 18(2), 282-293.
    Gentina, E., Shrum, L., & Lowrey, T. M. (2016). Teen attitudes toward luxury fashion brands from a social identity perspective: A cross-cultural study of French and US teenagers. Journal of Business Research, 69(12), 5785-5792.
    Goldsmith, R. E., & Clark, R. A. (2008). An analysis of factors affecting fashion opinion leadership and fashion opinion seeking. Journal of fashion marketing and management: an international journal.
    Gong, L. (2008). How social is social responses to computers? The function of the degree of anthropomorphism in computer representations. Computers in Human Behavior, 24(4), 1494-1509.
    Grant, J. (2011). The brand innovation manifesto: How to build brands, redefine markets and defy conventions. John Wiley & Sons.
    Gunawardena, C. N. (1995). Social presence theory and implications for interaction and collaborative learning in computer conferences. International journal of educational telecommunications, 1(2), 147-166.
    Guthrie, S. (2020). Virtual influencers: More human than humans. In Influencer Marketing (pp. 271-285). Routledge.
    Hair, J. F. J., Anderson, R. E., Tatham, R. L. & Black, W. C. . (1992). Multivariate data analysis with reading (3rd ed.). Macmillan Publising Company.
    Hair, N., Clark, M., & Shapiro, M. (2010). Toward a classification system of relational activity in consumer electronic communities: the moderators’ tale. Journal of Relationship Marketing, 9(1), 54-65.
    Hall, K. (2016). The importance of authenticity in influencer marketing. Retrieved from the Business, 2.
    Hanus, M. D., & Fox, J. (2015). Persuasive avatars: The effects of customizing a virtual salesperson׳ s appearance on brand liking and purchase intentions. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 84, 33-40.
    Herzog, H. (1963). Behavioral science concepts for analyzing the consumer. Marketing and the behavioral sciences, 3(1), 76-86.
    Hewer, P., Brownlie, D., & Kerrigan, F. (2013). ‘The exploding plastic inevitable’:‘Branding being’, brand Warhol & the factory years. Scandinavian Journal of Management, 29(2), 184-193.
    Hinz, O., & Spann, M. (2008). The impact of information diffusion on bidding behavior in secret reserve price auctions. Information systems research, 19(3), 351-368.
    Jin, S.-A. A. (2009). Modality effects in second life: The mediating role of social presence and the moderating role of product involvement. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 12(6), 717-721.
    Johnson, B. K., Potocki, B., & Veldhuis, J. (2019). Is that my friend or an advert? The effectiveness of Instagram native advertisements posing as social posts. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 24(3), 108-125.
    Kadekova, Z., & Holienčinova, M. (2018). Influencer marketing as a modern phenomenon creating a new frontier of virtual opportunities. Communication Today, 9(2).
    Kahai, S. S., & Cooper, R. B. (2003). Exploring the core concepts of media richness theory: The impact of cue multiplicity and feedback immediacy on decision quality. Journal of management information systems, 20(1), 263-299.
    Kalpokas, I. (2021). Problematising reality: the promises and perils of synthetic media. SN Social Sciences, 1(1), 1-11.
    Kaplan, M. D. (2009). The relationship between perceived innovativeness and emotional product responses: a brand oriented approach. Innovative Marketing, 5(1).
    Keller, K. L. (1993). Conceptualizing, measuring, and managing customer-based brand equity. Journal of marketing, 57(1), 1-22.
    Keller, K. L., Apéria, T., & Georgson, M. (2008). Strategic brand management: A European perspective. Pearson Education.
    Klein, L. R. (2003). Creating virtual product experiences: The role of telepresence. Journal of interactive Marketing, 17(1), 41-55.
    Koay, K. Y., Cheung, M. L., Soh, P. C.-H., & Teoh, C. W. (2021). Social media influencer marketing: the moderating role of materialism. European Business Review.
    Kreijns, K., Xu, K., & Weidlich, J. (2022). Social presence: Conceptualization and measurement. Educational Psychology Review, 34(1), 139-170.
    Kucukemiroglu, S., & Kara, A. (2015). Online word-of-mouth communication on social networking sites: An empirical study of Facebook users. International journal of commerce and management.
    Kunz, W., Schmitt, B., & Meyer, A. (2011). How does perceived firm innovativeness affect the consumer? Journal of Business Research, 64(8), 816-822.
    Lamberton, C., & Stephen, A. T. (2016). A thematic exploration of digital, social media, and mobile marketing: Research evolution from 2000 to 2015 and an agenda for future inquiry. Journal of marketing, 80(6), 146-172.
    Lassar, W., Mittal, B., & Sharma, A. (1995). Measuring customer‐based brand equity. Journal of consumer marketing.
    Lee, K.-M., & Nass, C. (2005). Social-psychological origins of feelings of presence: Creating social presence with machine-generated voices. Media Psychology, 7(1), 31-45.
    Lei, X., Ye, T., & Abimbola, T. (2013). The role of branding capability for innovative companies: Stock market reactions to new product announcement. Nankai Business Review International.
    Lin, Y.-H., Lin, F.-J., & Wang, K.-H. (2021). The effect of social mission on service quality and brand image. Journal of Business Research, 132, 744-752.
    Lowenthal, P. R. (2009). Social presence. In Encyclopedia of Distance Learning, Second Edition (pp. 1900-1906). IGI Global.
    Lu, B., Fan, W., & Zhou, M. (2016). Social presence, trust, and social commerce purchase intention: An empirical research. Computers in Human Behavior, 56, 225-237.
    Martin, G. S., & Brown, T. J. (1991). In search of brand equity: the conceptualization and measurement of the brand impression construct.
    Martínez, E., Montaner, T., & Pina, J. M. (2009). Brand extension feedback: The role of advertising. Journal of Business Research, 62(3), 305-313.
    Maslach, C., Stapp, J., & Santee, R. T. (1985). Individuation: Conceptual analysis and assessment. Journal of personality and social psychology, 49(3), 729.
    McDermott, C. M., & O`Connor, G. C. (2002). Managing radical innovation: an overview of emergent strategy issues. Journal of Product Innovation Management: An International Publication of the Product Development & Management Association, 19(6), 424-438.
    Mendola, M. A. (2014). Blogging in the fashion industry: A descriptive study of the use of the two-step flow communications theory by professional and citizen bloggers to become opinion leaders.
    Mirowska, A., & Arsenyan, J. (2023). Sweet escape: The role of empathy in social media engagement with human versus virtual influencers. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 174, 103008.
    Mitra, S., & Jenamani, M. (2020). OBIM: A computational model to estimate brand image from online consumer review. Journal of Business Research, 114, 213-226.
    Moldovan, S., Goldenberg, J., & Chattopadhyay, A. (2011). The different roles of product originality and usefulness in generating word-of-mouth. International Journal of Research in Marketing, 28(2), 109-119.
    Morency, C. (2018). Meet Fashion`s First Computer-Generated Influencer. The Business of Fashion, Feb.
    Mori, M. (1970). Bukimi no tani [The uncanny valley]. Energy, 7, 33.
    Moustakas, E., Lamba, N., Mahmoud, D., & Ranganathan, C. (2020). Blurring lines between fiction and reality: Perspectives of experts on marketing effectiveness of virtual influencers. 2020 International Conference on Cyber Security and Protection of Digital Services (Cyber Security),
    Muniz, A. M., & O`guinn, T. C. (2001). Brand community. Journal of Consumer research, 27(4), 412-432.
    Netemeyer, R. G., Krishnan, B., Pullig, C., Wang, G., Yagci, M., Dean, D., Ricks, J., & Wirth, F. (2004). Developing and validating measures of facets of customer-based brand equity. Journal of Business Research, 57(2), 209-224.
    Nowak, K. L., & Biocca, F. (2003). The effect of the agency and anthropomorphism on users` sense of telepresence, copresence, and social presence in virtual environments. Presence: Teleoperators & Virtual Environments, 12(5), 481-494.
    Ogara, S. O., Koh, C. E., & Prybutok, V. R. (2014). Investigating factors affecting social presence and user satisfaction with mobile instant messaging. Computers in Human Behavior, 36, 453-459.
    Osei-Frimpong, K., & McLean, G. (2018). Examining online social brand engagement: A social presence theory perspective. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 128, 10-21.
    Ottenbacher, M., & Gnoth, J. (2005). How to develop successful hospitality innovation. Cornell hotel and restaurant administration quarterly, 46(2), 205-222.
    Park, C. S., & Kaye, B. K. (2017). The tweet goes on: Interconnection of Twitter opinion leadership, network size, and civic engagement. Computers in Human Behavior, 69, 174-180.
    Park, C. W., Jaworski, B. J., & MacInnis, D. J. (1986). Strategic brand concept-image management. Journal of marketing, 50(4), 135-145.
    Park, N., Kee, K. F., & Valenzuela, S. (2009). Being immersed in social networking environment: Facebook groups, uses and gratifications, and social outcomes. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 12(6), 729-733.
    Peters, K., Kashima, Y., & Clark, A. (2009). Talking about others: Emotionality and the dissemination of social information. European Journal of Social Psychology, 39(2), 207-222.
    Rashid, R. M., Pitafi, A. H., Qureshi, M. A., & Sharma, A. (2022). Role of social commerce constructs and social presence as moderator on consumers` buying intentions during COVID-19. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 772028.
    Reichheld, F. F., & Sasser, W. E. (1990). Zero defeofions: Quoliiy comes to services. Harvard business review, 68(5), 105-111.
    Rice, R. E. (1993). Media appropriateness: Using social presence theory to compare traditional and new organizational media. Human communication research, 19(4), 451-484.
    Rogers, E. M., & Shoemaker, F. F. (1971). Communication of Innovations; A Cross-Cultural Approach.
    Schau, H. J., Muñiz Jr, A. M., & Arnould, E. J. (2009). How brand community practices create value. Journal of marketing, 73(5), 30-51.
    Schmitt, B. (1999). Experiential marketing. Journal of marketing management, 15(1-3), 53-67.
    Schumpeter, J. A. (1934). The Theory of Economic Development Cambridge Mass. First published in German in 1911SchumpeterThe theory of economic development1934.
    Shah, D., Rust, R. T., Parasuraman, A., Staelin, R., & Day, G. S. (2006). The path to customer centricity. Journal of service research, 9(2), 113-124.
    Sheldon, P., & Bryant, K. (2016). Instagram: Motives for its use and relationship to narcissism and contextual age. Computers in Human Behavior, 58, 89-97.
    Shiau, H.-C. (2014). The impact of product innovation on behavior intention: The measurement of the mediating effect of the brand image of Japanese Anime Dolls. The Anthropologist, 17(3), 777-788.
    Short, J., Williams, E., & Christie, B. (1976). The social psychology of telecommunications (Vol. 19). Wiley London.
    Tellis, G. J., Prabhu, J. C., & Chandy, R. K. (2009). Radical innovation across nations: The preeminence of corporate culture. Journal of marketing, 73(1), 3-23.
    Thakur, R., Angriawan, A., & Summey, J. H. (2016). Technological opinion leadership: The role of personal innovativeness, gadget love, and technological innovativeness. Journal of Business Research, 69(8), 2764-2773.
    Thomas, V. L., & Fowler, K. (2021). Close encounters of the AI kind: Use of AI influencers as Brand endorsers. Journal of Advertising, 50(1), 11-25.
    Tian, K. T., Bearden, W. O., & Hunter, G. L. (2001). Consumers` need for uniqueness: Scale development and validation. Journal of Consumer research, 28(1), 50-66.
    Tsang, A. S., & Zhou, N. (2005). Newsgroup participants as opinion leaders and seekers in online and offline communication environments. Journal of Business Research, 58(9), 1186-1193.
    Vazquez-Brust, D. A., & Sarkis, J. (2012). Green growth: managing the transition to sustainable economies. In Green growth: Managing the transition to a sustainable economy (pp. 1-25). Springer.
    Vonkeman, C., Verhagen, T., & Van Dolen, W. (2017). Role of local presence in online impulse buying. Information & management, 54(8), 1038-1048.
    Vrontis, D., Makrides, A., Christofi, M., & Thrassou, A. (2021). Social media influencer marketing: A systematic review, integrative framework and future research agenda. International Journal of Consumer Studies, 45(4), 617-644.
    Wallendorf, M., & Arnould, E. J. (1988). “My favorite things”: A cross-cultural inquiry into object attachment, possessiveness, and social linkage. Journal of Consumer research, 14(4), 531-547.
    Wang, S. W. (2014). Do global airline alliances influence the passenger`s purchase decision? Journal of Air Transport Management, 37, 53-59.
    Weisberg, J., Te`eni, D., & Arman, L. (2011). Past purchase and intention to purchase in e‐commerce: The mediation of social presence and trust. Internet research, 21(1), 82-96.
    Weiss, A. M., Anderson, E., & Maclnnis, D. J. (1999). Reputation management as a motivation for sales structure decisions. Journal of marketing, 63(4), 74-89.
    Yalcinkaya, G., Calantone, R. J., & Griffith, D. A. (2007). An examination of exploration and exploitation capabilities: Implications for product innovation and market performance. Journal of International Marketing, 15(4), 63-93.
    Ying, T., Tang, J., Ye, S., Tan, X., & Wei, W. (2022). Virtual reality in destination marketing: telepresence, social presence, and tourists’ visit intentions. Journal of Travel Research, 61(8), 1738-1756.
    Zhang, Y. (2015). The impact of brand image on consumer behavior: A literature review. Open journal of business and management, 3(01), 58.
    Description: 碩士
    國立政治大學
    資訊管理學系
    110356005
    Source URI: http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0110356005
    Data Type: thesis
    Appears in Collections:[資訊管理學系] 學位論文

    Files in This Item:

    File Description SizeFormat
    600501.pdf1996KbAdobe PDF20View/Open


    All items in 政大典藏 are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved.


    社群 sharing

    著作權政策宣告 Copyright Announcement
    1.本網站之數位內容為國立政治大學所收錄之機構典藏,無償提供學術研究與公眾教育等公益性使用,惟仍請適度,合理使用本網站之內容,以尊重著作權人之權益。商業上之利用,則請先取得著作權人之授權。
    The digital content of this website is part of National Chengchi University Institutional Repository. It provides free access to academic research and public education for non-commercial use. Please utilize it in a proper and reasonable manner and respect the rights of copyright owners. For commercial use, please obtain authorization from the copyright owner in advance.

    2.本網站之製作,已盡力防止侵害著作權人之權益,如仍發現本網站之數位內容有侵害著作權人權益情事者,請權利人通知本網站維護人員(nccur@nccu.edu.tw),維護人員將立即採取移除該數位著作等補救措施。
    NCCU Institutional Repository is made to protect the interests of copyright owners. If you believe that any material on the website infringes copyright, please contact our staff(nccur@nccu.edu.tw). We will remove the work from the repository and investigate your claim.
    DSpace Software Copyright © 2002-2004  MIT &  Hewlett-Packard  /   Enhanced by   NTU Library IR team Copyright ©   - Feedback