政大機構典藏-National Chengchi University Institutional Repository(NCCUR):Item 140.119/146563

政大機構典藏-National Chengchi University Institutional Repository(NCCUR):Item 140.119/146563

English | 正體中文 | 简体中文 | Post-Print筆數 : 27 | 全文筆數/總筆數 : 113311/144292 (79%)
造訪人次 : 50927175 線上人數 : 919

RC Version 6.0 © Powered By DSPACE, MIT. Enhanced by NTU Library IR team.

搜尋範圍

查詢小技巧：

您可在西文檢索詞彙前後加上"雙引號"，以獲取較精準的檢索結果

若欲以作者姓名搜尋，建議至進階搜尋限定作者欄位，可獲得較完整資料

進階搜尋

主頁 ‧ 登入 ‧ 上傳 ‧ 說明 ‧ 關於政大典藏 ‧ 管理

到手機版

政大機構典藏 > 社會科學學院 > 應用經濟與社會發展英語碩士學位學程 (IMES) > 學位論文 > Item 140.119/146563

請使用永久網址來引用或連結此文件: https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/146563

題名:	衡量發展之外森林依賴性的迷思：以 Prey Lang 森林為例 Measuring Forest Dependence Outside the Development Myth: A Case in the Prey Lang Forest
作者:	小愷以璜 Calle, Juan Esteban Berrio
貢獻者:	吳考甯 Courtney Work 小愷以璜 Juan Esteban Berrio Calle
關鍵詞:	生長度減少資產價值貧困經濟可持續性經濟成長環境經濟學生活水平森林依賴 Degrowth Real Wealth Poverty Economic Sustainability Economic Growth Environmental Economics Standard of Living Forest Dependence
日期:	2023
上傳時間:	2023-08-02 14:02:46 (UTC+8)
摘要:	這個碩士學位的研究基於「去成長」（degrowth）理論，該理論批評了經濟增長的範式，並認為源自新自由主義政策和經濟學的發展和市場一體化是不可持續的。這些政策影響了發展中國家依賴森林提供的貨物和服務來全面或部分維持自身的森林依賴型社區的財富、貧困和與環境的關係。為了理解貧困、財富和效用，我們需要分析不同組織、政府和多邊組織使用的衡量標準和定義。通過對世界銀行發展報告的數據挖掘，我們可以揭示它們的政策如何受到發展敘事和自然資源概念與利用方式的變化所影響，包括在發展中國家借助非政府組織和國際組織進行土地徵用和資源開採等可疑行為（Work 等，2022 年，第5 頁）。主要的論點使用了"森林依賴指數"（Forest Dependency Index，FDI）（Nerfa 等，2020 年）來展示發展政策如何與新自由主義增長理論相一致，導致土地和資源被徵用，從而影響了依賴森林資源的弱勢社區的財富。FDI 是通過使用"貧困與環境全球數據集"（Poverty and Environment global dataset，PEN）和"柬埔寨人口普查農業調查"（Cambodia Inter-Censal Agricultural Survey，CIAS）的數據來計算的。樣本包括來自磅同省、桔井省、上丁省、柏威夏省的家庭，因為這些省份是普雷朗森林（Prey Lang Forest）所在地區。由於政府和其他國際組織推動的刺激經濟增長的政策，在過去的二十年里，普雷朗森林遭受了巨大的森林砍伐，這對周圍和森林內的依賴森林的家庭，尤其是歸族人，產生了影響。隨著他們被吸納到市場中作為減輕貧困和開發該地區的解決方案，他們的財富、生活方式和生計迅速消失。研究結果顯示，家庭採集森林產品的情況出現了顯著下降，採集任何森林產品的家庭比例從 2008 年的 67%下降到 2019 年的 15%。平均森林收入下降了 80%，在考慮物價因素時，整體家庭平均收入下降了 6.76%。家庭收入下降的主要原因是森林採集的減少，主要是由於非法砍伐和森林砍伐，導致了森林產品的供應減少，需要更多的人力資源進行採集。實際收入的下降意味著 2019 年家庭的狀況比 2008 年更糟糕，降低了他們的購買力，以及通過森林產品補充市場收入的能力。柬埔寨的資源驅動型發展政策推動了總體生產，並獲得國際組織在脫貧方面的支持。然而，研究結果顯示，這些政策降低了實際收入，並削弱了靠近普雷朗森林的家庭對森林的依賴，導致他們生計的下降。這突顯了一種關於發展的錯誤觀念，即認為僅靠經濟增長就能帶來財富。該研究的結果使用 FDI 指標來揭示在柬埔寨等發展中國家的資源徵用和新殖民主義，同時揭示了對森林依賴度測量的數據缺乏。研究提供了替代性方法來取代以收入為導向的方法，如 RFI，強調政府機構、多邊組織和外國資本如何掩蓋並推行新殖民叙述。在政策方面，政府應該取消對普雷朗森林資源小規模使用的限制，讓社區能夠自給自足並保護其文化。限制大型資本通過伐木和採礦特許權來消耗森林資源。柬埔寨政府應該採用一種測量森林依賴度的方法，以更全面的方式衡量貧困，使其能夠真正展示除了收入貧困以外的其他貧困形式。柬埔寨應該探索不那麼依賴原始天然資源（如木材）的替代工業發展途徑。 This master`s degree work is rooted in the theory of degrowth, which is a set of ideas that criticize the paradigm of economic growth and argue the unsustainability of development and market integration derived from neoliberal policies and economics. These policies have affected the wealth, poverty, and relationship with the environment of forest-dependent communities in developing countries that sustain themselves fully or partially on the goods and services provided by the forest. To understand poverty, wealth, and utility, we need to analyze their measurements and definitions used by different organizations, governments, and multilateral organizations. Data mining of World Bank development reports can reveal how their policies, including dubious acts of land appropriation and resource extraction in developing countries with the help of NGOs and international organizations (Work et al., 2022, p. 5), are influenced by the changing narrative of development and the concept and use of natural resources. The main argument uses the Forest Dependency Index (FDI) (Nerfa et al., 2020) to show how development policies aligned with neoliberal growth theory led to land and resource appropriation, affecting the wealth of vulnerable communities that depend on forest resources. The FDI is calculated using data from the Poverty and Environment global dataset (PEN) and the Cambodia Inter-Censal Agricultural Survey (CIAS). The sample consists of households in Kampong Thom, Kratie, Steung Treng, and Preah Vihear, as these provinces are where the Prey Lang Forest is located. Due to policies promoted by the government and other international organizations to stimulate economic growth, the Prey Lang Forest has suffered enormous deforestation in the last twenty years, which has affected forest-dependent households around and inside the forest, particularly the Kuy people. Their wealth, ways of life, and livelihoods have rapidly disappeared as they are absorbed into the market as a solution to alleviate poverty and develop the area. The results show a significant decline in forest product collection by households, with the percentage of households collecting any forest products decreasing from 67% in 2008 to 15% in 2019. The average forest income decreased by 80%, and the total average household income declined by 6.76% when considering prices. The primary cause of the decline in household income was the reduction in forest collection, mainly due to illegal logging and deforestation, which decreased the supply of forest products and required more human resources for collection. The decline in real income implies a worse situation for households in 2019 than in 2008, reducing their acquisition power and their ability to supplement their market income through forest products. The resource-driven development policy in Cambodia has boosted overall production and gained support from international organizations for poverty reduction. However, the results reveal that these policies have decreased real income and weakened households` forest dependence near Prey Lang Forest, leading to a decline in their livelihoods. This highlights the fallacy of the development myth that promises wealth solely through economic growth. The study`s findings use the FDI measurement to expose resource appropriation and neocolonialism in developing countries like Cambodia, revealing a lack of data on forest dependence measurements. It provides alternative ethodologies to income-oriented approaches like the RFI, highlighting how government institutions, multilateral organizations, and foreign capital conceal and perpetrate neocolonial narratives. In terms of policy, the government should lift restrictions on the small-scale use of Prey Lang Forest resources, enabling communities to sustain themselves and preserve their culture. Limit big capital`s consumption of forest resources through logging and mining concessions. The government of Cambodia should adopt a methodology that measures forest dependence so as to measure poverty in a more holistic way that allows it to truly show poverty in other ways than just income poverty. Cambodia should explore alternative avenues of industrialization that are less reliant on raw natural resources like timber.
參考文獻:	Adamson, P. (2012). Measuring Child Poverty: New league tables of child poverty in the world’s rich countries. United Nations Children’s Fund. https://www.unicef- irc.org/publications/pdf/rc10_eng.pdf Agrawal, A., Cashore, B., Hardin, R., Shepherd, G., Benson, C., & Miller, D. (2013). United Nations Forums on Forests: Economic Contributions of Forests. United Nations Forums on Forests. https://www.un.org/esa/forests/wp- content/uploads/2015/12/EcoContrForests.pdf Alkire-Foster Method \| OPHI. (n.d.). https://ophi.org.uk/research/multidimensional- poverty/alkire-foster-method/ Alkire, S., & Santos, M. E. (2010). Acute Multidimensional Poverty: A New Index for Developing Countries. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1815243 Alkire, S. (2010). Human Development: Definitions, Critiques, and Related Concepts. Oxford Poverty & Human Development Initiative Working Paper, 38. Andrews, J. G., & Mulder, M. B. (2022b). Forest income and livelihoods on Pemba: A quantitative ethnography. World Development, 153, 105817. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2022.105817 Angelsen, A., & Wunder, S. (2005). Exploring the forest--poverty link: key concepts, issues and research implications. Center for International Forestry Research. https://www.cifor.org/knowledge/publication/1211 Angulo, R., Díaz, Y., & Pardo, R. (2016). The Colombian Multidimensional Poverty Index: Measuring Poverty in a Public Policy Context. Social Indicators Research, 127(1), 1–38. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-015-0964-z Arrow, K. J., Dasgupta, P., Goulder, L. H., Mumford, K. J., & Oleson, K. (2012). Sustainability and the measurement of wealth. Environment and Development Economics, 17(3), 317–353. http://www.jstor.org/stable/26265518 119 Asian Development Bank. (2002). Indigenous Peoples/Ethnic Minorities and Poverty Reduction: Cambodia. In Asian Development Bank. https://www.adb.org/publications/indigenous-peoples-ethnic-minorities-and- poverty-reduction-cambodia Bansard, J., & Schröder, M. (2021b). The Sustainable Use of Natural Resources: The Governance Challenge. International Institute for Sustainable Development. https://www.iisd.org/articles/deep-dive/sustainable-use-natural-resources- governance-challenge Barney, K. D. (2005). Customs, Concessionnaires and Conflict: Tracking Cambodia’s Forestry Commodity Chains and Export Links to China. In ResearchGate. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/277714260_Customs_Concessionnaires _and_Conflict_Tracking_Cambodia%27s_Forestry_Commodity_Chains_and_Export_Links_to_China Bayrak, M. M., & Marafa, L. M. (2016). Ten Years of REDD+: A Critical Review of the Impact of REDD+ on Forest-Dependent Communities. Sustainability, 8(7), 620. https://doi.org/10.3390/su8070620 Bellofiore, R. (2016). Marx after Hegel: Capital as Totality and the Centrality of Production. Belay, A., Recha, J. W., Woldeamanuel, T., & Morton, J. M. (2017). Smallholder farmers’ adaptation to climate change and determinants of their adaptation decisions in the Central Rift Valley of Ethiopia. Agriculture & Food Security, 6(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40066-017-0100-1 Belcher, B.M., & Vantomme, P. (2003). What isn`t an NTFP? The International Forestry Review, 5(2), 161-168. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/43739890Binder, M. (2014). Subjective well-being capabilities: Bridging the gap between the capability approach and subjective well-being research. Journal of Happiness Studies, 15, 1197–1217. Blackwood, D., & Lynch, R. (1994). The measurement of inequality and poverty: A policy maker’s guide to the literature. World Development, 22(4), 567–578. Byron, N., & Arnold, M. (1999). What Futures for the People of the Tropical Forests? World Development, 27(5), 789–805. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0305- 750x(99)00025-x Callen, T. (2022.). Gross Domestic Product: An Economy’s All. International Monetary Fund. Retrieved 2022, from https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/basics/14_gdp.htm Cambodia: Supreme Court Dissolves Main Opposition Party. (2017, December 6). The Library of Congress. https://www.loc.gov/item/global-legal-monitor/2017-12-06/cambodia-supreme-court-dissolves-main-opposition-party/#:~:text=(Dec.,participation%20in%20any%20political%20activity. Cardoso, F. H., & Faletto, E. (1979). Dependency and Development in Latin America. Univ of California Press. Cavendish, W. (2000). Empirical Regularities in the Poverty-Environment Relationship of Rural Households: Evidence from Zimbabwe. World Development, 28(11), 1979–2003. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0305-750x(00)00066-8 Chen, D. (2018, January 24). Cambodia’s low rate of unemployment doesn’t tell whole story, report finds. Phnom Penh Post. https://www.phnompenhpost.com/national/cambodias-low-rate-unemployment-doesnt-tell-whole-story-report-finds Cheng, S. H., Ahlroth, S., Onder, S., Shyamsundar, P., Garside, R., Kristjanson, P. M., McKinnon, M. C., & Miller, D. (2017). What is the evidence for the contribution of forests to poverty alleviation? A systematic map protocol. Environmental Evidence, 6(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13750-017-0088-9 Chhatre, A., & Agrawal, A. (2009). Trade-offs and synergies between carbon storage and livelihood benefits from forest commons. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 106(42), 17667–17670. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0905308106 Chhair, S., & Ung, L. (2013). Economic history of industrialization in Cambodia PDFLogo. WIDER Working Paper No. 2013/134, https://www.econstor.eu/handle/10419/93708. 121 https://www.econstor.eu/handle/10419/93708Clark, J. (1886). The Philosophy of Wealth: Economic Principles Newly Formulated. Ginn. Cronin, C. (2013, January 29). Underdog Emerging: Cambodia’s Development in the 21st Century. E-International Relations. https://www.e-ir.info/2009/07/20/underdog- emerging-cambodias-development-in-the-21st-century/ Conniff, R. (2018, February 20). Greenwashed Timber: How Sustainable Forest Certification Has Failed. Yale E360. https://e360.yale.edu/features/greenwashed- timber-how-sustainable-forest-certification-has-failed Cotula, L., Oya, C., Codjoe, E. A., Eid, A., Kakraba-Ampeh, M., Keeley, J., Kidewa, A. L., Makwarimba, M., Seide, W. M., Nasha, W. O., Asare, R., & Rizzo, M. (2014). Testing Claims about Large Land Deals in Africa: Findings from a Multi-Country Study. Journal of Development Studies, 50(7), 903–925. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220388.2014.901501 Daly, H. E. (1996c). Beyond Growth: The Economics of Sustainable Development. Beacon Press. Daly, H. E. (2007). Ecological Economics and Sustainable Development, Selected Essays of Herman Daly (Advances in Ecological Economics series). Edward Elgar Publishing. Degrowth. (n.d.). A History of Degrowth. Degrowth. Retrieved 2022, from: https://degrowth.info/about/history-of-degrowth De Guenin, J., Bastiat, F., & Hart, D. A. (2017). Economic Sophisms and “What Is Seen and What Is Not Seen.” https://muse.jhu.edu/book/58881 The Demographic and Health Survey Program. (n.d.). Wealth Index Construction. https://dhsprogram.com/topics/wealth-index/Wealth-Index-Construction.cfm Dickinson, E. (2011). GDP: A brief history. Foreign Policy. https://foreignpolicy.com/2011/01/03/gdp-a-brief-history/ Ear, S. (2013). Aid Dependence in Cambodia: How Foreign Assistance Undermines Democracy. Journal of Southeast Asian Economies, 30(2), 233. https://doi.org/10.1355/ae30-2k Ear, S. (2013). Cambodia’s Garment Industry: A Case Study in Governance. Journal of Southeast Asian Economies, 30(1), 91–105. http://www.jstor.org/stable/43264662 122 Ellison, D. W., Bishop, K., & Bishop, K. (2012). On the forest cover–water yield debate: from demand‐ to supply‐side thinking. Global Change Biology, 18(3), 806–820. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2011.02589.x Escobar, A. (2012). Encountering Development: The Making and Unmaking of the Third World. Princeton University Press. Eskelinen, T. (2011). Relative Poverty. Encyclopedia of Global Justice, 942–943. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-9160-5_182 European Commission. (2016). European Semester. Eurostat. (n.d.). Glossary: Income approach. Retrieved 2022, from https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics- explained/index.php?title=Glossary:Income_approach Fairhead, J., Leach, M., & Scoones, I. (2012). Green Grabbing: a new appropriation of nature? Journal of Peasant Studies, 39(2), 237–261. https://doi.org/10.1080/03066150.2012.671770 Foucault, M., & Sheridan, A. (1975). Discipline & Punish: The Birth of the Prison. Vintage Books. Frank, A. G., & F. (1967). Capitalism and Underdevelopment in Latin America. NYU Press. GDP per capita (current US$) - Cambodia. (n.d.). World Bank Open Data. Retrieved April 24, 2023, from https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.CD?locations=KH Gini, C. (1921). Measurement of Inequality of Incomes. The Economic Journal, 31(121), 124. https://doi.org/10.2307/2223319 Global Forest Watch. (2023). Interactive Map. https://shorturl.at/gqrst Global Initiative Against Transnational Organized Crime. (2021). Forest Crimes in Cambodia : Rings of illegality in Prey Lang Wildlife Sanctuary. In https://globalinitiative.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Forest-crimes-in- Cambodia-Rings-of-illegality-in-Prey-Lang-Wildlife-Sanctuary-GITOC- 2021.pdf. Retrieved April 14, 2023, from https://globalinitiative.net/wp- content/uploads/2021/03/Forest-crimes-in-Cambodia-Rings-of-illegality-in-Prey- Lang-Wildlife-Sanctuary-GITOC-2021.pdf Greenpeace International. (2021, March 10). Certification schemes such as FSC are greenwashing forest destruction - Greenpeace International. https://www.greenpeace.org/international/press-release/46802/certification-schemes-such-as-fsc-are-greenwashing-forest-destruction/ Harrison, G. (2022). Green and growth — can we have both? GreenBiz. Retrieved 2022, from https://www.greenbiz.com/article/green-and-growth-can-we-have-both Harvey, D. (2007). Neoliberalism as Creative Destruction. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 610(1), 21–44. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002716206296780 Hawken, P. (1993). The Ecology of Commerce: A Declaration of Sustainability. Heltberg, R., Arndt, T. C., & Nagothu, U. S. (2000). Fuelwood Consumption and Forest Degradation: A Household Model for Domestic Energy Substitution in Rural India. Land Economics, 76(2). doi:10.2307/3147225. Hettne, B. (2010). Development and Security: Origins and Future. Security Dialogue, 41(1), 31–52. https://doi.org/10.1177/0967010609357040 Ingalls, M., Dwyer, M. B. 2016. Missing the forest for the trees?: Navigating the trade-offs between mitigation and adaptation under REDD. Climatic Change, 136 (2): 353- 366. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10584-016-1612-6 Ingalls, M., Meyfroidt, P., To, P. X., Kenney-Lazar, M., & Epprecht, M. (2018). The transboundary displacement of deforestation under REDD+: Problematic intersections between the trade of forest-risk commodities and land grabbing in the Mekong region. Global Environmental Change-Human and Policy Dimensions, 50, 255–267. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2018.04.003 Institute for Research on Poverty. (n.d.). How is poverty measured? – INSTITUTE FOR RESEARCH ON POVERTY – UW–Madison. Retrieved 2022, from: shorturl.at/gIJTZ International Labour Organization. (2012, July 19). The challenge of getting a job in Cambodia. International Labour Organization. https://www.ilo.org/global/about- the-ilo/mission-and-objectives/features/WCMS_185074/lang--en/index.htm Jagger, P., Luckert, M. K., Duchelle, A. E., Lund, J. F., & Sunderlin, W. D. (2014). Tenure and Forest Income: Observations from a Global Study on Forests and Poverty. World Development, 64, S43–S55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2014.03.004 Jobson, R. C. (2020). The Case for Letting Anthropology Burn: Sociocultural Anthropology in 2019. American Anthropologist, 122(2), 259–271. https://doi.org/10.1111/aman.13398 Kenton, W. (2021, May 25). Reaganomics: What It Was, Major Goals, and Long-Term Impact. Investopedia. Retrieved 2022, from: https://www.investopedia.com/terms/r/reaganomics.asp Kiernan, B. (2000). Bringing the Khmer rouge to justice. Human Rights Review. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12142-000-1024-9 Kiernan, B. (2004). How Pol Pot Came to Power: colonialism, nationalism, and communism in Cambodia, 1930-1975. Yale University Press. Kiernan, B. (1996). The Pol Pot Regime: Race, Power, and Genocide in Cambodia Under the Khmer Rouge, 1975-79. Yale University Press. Klein, N. (2014). The Shock Doctrine: The Rise of Disaster Capitalism. Penguin UK. Klein, N. (2014). This Changes Everything: Capitalism vs the Climate. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-1451697391. Kronman, A. T. (1980) "Wealth Maximization as a Normative Principle," Journal of Legal Studies: Vol. 9: No. 2, Article 3. Available at: https://chicagounbound.uchicago.edu/jls/vol9/iss2/3 Krugman, P. (2008, January 21). Debunking the Reagan Myth. The New York Times. Retrieved 2022, from https://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/21/opinion/21krugman.html Latouche, S. (1996). The Westernization of the World: Significance, Scope and Limits of the Drive Towards Global Uniformity. Polity. Malinowski, B. (1939). The Group and the Individual in Functional Analysis. American Journal of Sociology, 44(6), 938–964. https://doi.org/10.1086/218181 Mat Zin, R. (2011). Poverty eradication and income distribution (1st ed.) [E-book]. Routledge. Retrieved 2022, from https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780203802410-20/poverty- eradication-income-distribution-ragayah-haji-mat-zin Mastini, R. (2017). Degrowth: the case for a new economic paradigm. OpenDemocracy. Retrieved 2022, from: https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/degrowth-case-for- constructing-new-economic-paradigm/ Metcalf, S. (2017). Neoliberalism: the idea that swallowed the world. The Guardian. Retrieved 2022, from: https://www.theguardian.com/news/2017/aug/18/neoliberalism-the-idea-that-changed-the-world Michail, N. (2018, May 3). Certification schemes are holding back true sustainability, says report. https://www.foodnavigator.com/Article/2018/05/03/Certification-schemes-are-holding-back-true-sustainability-says-report Mill, J. S. (1848). Principles of Political Economy (I): Production," History of Economic Thought Books, McMaster University Archive for the History of Economic Thought, volume 1, number mill1848-1. Milne, S. (2015). Cambodia’s Unofficial Regime of Extraction: Illicit Logging in the Shadow of Transnational Governance and Investment. Critical Asian Studies, 47(2), 200–228. https://doi.org/10.1080/14672715.2015.1041275 Milne, S., Kimchoeun, P., & Sullivan, M. J. (2015). Shackled to nature? The post-conflict state and its symbiotic relationship with natural resources. Conservation and Development in Cambodia: Exploring Frontiers of Change in Nature, State and Society., 46–68. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315887302-11 Milne, S., & Mahanty, S. (2015). Conservation and Development in Cambodia: Exploring frontiers of change in nature, state, and society. Routledge. Moffat, M. (2019, April). Essential Economics Terms: Kuznets Curve - Controversial Trickle-Down Theory of Economic Development. ThoughtCo. Retrieved 2022, from: https://www.thoughtco.com/kuznets-curve-in-economics- 1146122#:~:text=Critics%20say%20that%20the%20Kuznets,between%20countri es%20in%20the%20dataset. Montefrio, M. J. F., & Dressler, W. H. (2016). The Green Economy and Constructions of the “Idle” and “Unproductive” Uplands in the Philippines. World Development, 79, 114–126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2015.11.009 Natarajan, N., Newsham, A., Rigg, J., & Suhardiman, D. (2022). A sustainable livelihoods framework for the 21st century. World Development, 155, 105898. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2022.105898 Neef, A., Touch, S., & Chiengthong, J. (2013). The Politics and Ethics of Land Concessions in Rural Cambodia. Journal of Agricultural & Environmental Ethics, 26(6), 1085–1103. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10806-013-9446-y Nerfa, L., Rhemtulla, J. M., & Zerriffi, H. (2020). Forest dependence is more than forest income: Development of a new index of forest product collection and livelihood resources. World Development, 125, 104689. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2019.104689 Newton, P. O., Miller, D., Byenkya, M. a. A., & Agrawal, A. (2016). Who are forest-dependent people? A taxo nomy to aid livelihood and land use decision-making in forested regions. Land Use Policy, 57, 388–395. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2016.05.032 Office of Inspector General of the United States Agency of International Development. (2016, April). Audit of USAID/Cambodia’s Supporting Forests and Biodiversity Project. https://oig.usaid.gov/sites/default/files/2018-06/5-442-16-002-p.pdf Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (n.d-a). Gross National Income. Retrieved 2022, from https://data.oecd.org/natincome/gross-national- income.htm Osborne, M. (1994). Sihanouk: Prince of Light, Prince of Darkness. University of Hawaii Press. Ostrom, E. (1990). Governing the Commons: The Evolution of Institutions for Collective Action. Cambridge University Press. Padwe, J. (2020). Disturbed Forests, Fragmented Memories: Jarai and Other Lives in the Cambodian Highlands. University of Washington Press. 127 Paine, T. (1776). Common sense and other writings. Oxford University Press. Parsons, L. (2022). Strategic environmental ignorance: Antipolitical knowledge gaps from drought measurement to adaptation in Cambodia. Environmental Science & Policy, 136, 261–269. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2022.06.011 Paudel, D., Tiwari, K. R., Raut, N., Bajracharya, R. M., Bhattarai, S., Sitaula, B. K., & Thapa, S. (2022). What affects farmers in choosing better agroforestry practice as a strategy of climate change adaptation? An experience from the mid-hills of Nepal. Heliyon, 8(6), e09695. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09695 Paulson, S., & Paulson-Smith. (2021, May). Degrowth: Less Resource Use for More Wellbeing and Resilience. Georgetown Journal of International Affairs. Retrieved 2022, from: https://gjia.georgetown.edu/2021/05/09/degrowth-less-resource-use- for-more-wellbeing-and-resilience/ Pauly, M., Crosse, W., & Tosteson, J. (2022). High deforestation trajectories in Cambodia slowly transformed through economic land concession restrictions and strategic execution of REDD+ protected areas. Scientific Reports, 12, 17102. doi:10.1038/s41598-022-17877-5. Perman, R., & Stern, D. I. (2003). Evidence from panel unit root and cointegration tests that the Environmental Kuznets Curve does not exist. Australian Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics, 47(3), 325–347. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8489.00216 Prey Lang Community Network. (2018). The Status of Prey Lang: 8th Monitoring Report. In Prey Lang Community Network. https://preylang.net/resources/monitoring-reports/ Qi, D., & Wu, Y. (2015). A multidimensional child poverty index in China. Children and Youth Services Review, 57, 159–170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2015.08.011 Quijano, A. (2000). Coloniality of Power and Eurocentrism in Latin America. International Sociology, 15(2), 215–232. https://doi.org/10.1177/0268580900015002005 Rahnema, M., & Bawtree, V. (1997). The Post-development Reader. London : Zed Books ; Halifax, N.S. : Fernwood. Reid, W. (2005). Millennium Ecosystem Assessment Synthesis Report. Ribot, J. C., & Peluso, N. L. (2009). A Theory of Access. Rural Sociology, 68(2), 153–181. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1549-0831.2003.tb00133.x Rist, G. (2014). The History of Development: From Western Origins to Global Faith. Zed Books Ltd. Robson, K. (1992). Accounting numbers as “inscription”: Action at a distance and the development of accounting. Accounting, Organizations and Society, 17(7), 685– 708. https://doi.org/10.1016/0361-3682(92)90019-o Rostow, W. W. (1963). The Stages of Economic Growth: A Non-communist Manifesto. Royal Government of Cambodia. (2006). National Strategic Development Plan 2006-2010. In Open Developmetn Cambodia. https://data.opendevelopmentcambodia.net/library_record/nsdp-2006-2010 Saad-Filho, A., & Johnston, D. (2005). Introduction. In A. Saad-Filho & D. Johnston (Eds.), Neoliberalism: A Critical Reader (pp. 1–6). Pluto Press. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt18fs4hp.4 Sagar, A. D., & Najam, A. (1998). The human development index: a critical review. Ecological Economics, 25(3), 249–264. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0921-8009(97)00168-7 Saunders, P. (2002), The Ends and Means of Welfare: Coping with Economic and Social Change in Australia, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press xiii 300 pp., £18.95 pbk, £50.00 hbk. Journal of Social Policy, 32(3), 473-475. doi:10.1017/S0047279403297105 Scheidel, A., & Work, C. (2018). Forest plantations and climate change discourses: New powers of ‘green’ grabbing in Cambodia. Land Use Policy, 77, 9–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2018.04.057 Schwartzman, D. (2012). A Critique of Degrowth and its Politics. Capitalism Nature Socialism, 23(1), 119–125. https://doi.org/10.1080/10455752.2011.648848 Schmelzer, M., Vetter, A., & Vansintjan, A. (2022). The Future is Degrowth: A Guide to a World Beyond Capitalism. Adfo Books. Scott, J. C. (2017). Against the Grain: A Deep History of the Earliest States (Reprint ed.). Yale University Press. Scott, J. C. (1998). Seeing like a State: How Certain Schemes to Improve the Human Condition Have Failed [E-book]. Yale University Press. Sekulova, F., Kallis, G., Rodríguez-Labajos, B., & Schneider, F. (2013). Degrowth: from theory to practice. Journal of Cleaner Production, 38, 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2012.06.022 Sen, A. K. (1999). Development as freedom. Oxford University Press. Sen, A. (1983). Poor, Relatively Speaking . Oxford Economic Papers, 35(2), 153–169. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.oep.a041587 Sen A. (1994) Why Does Poverty Persist in Rich Countries? In: Guidicini P, Pieretti G Urban Poverty and Human Dignity. Milan: Franco Angeli. Shekhar, S. (2018). The idea of development: A critique of human development index. Nationa Law School of India University. Retrieved from: https://www.academia.edu/35393594/The_Idea_of_Development_A_Critique_of_Human_Development_Index Smith, A. (1776). An inquiry into the nature and causes of the wealth of nations. OxfordUniversity Press. Soeung, B. (2022, August 11). Campaigns, criminalisation and concessions: indigenous land rights in Cambodia-New Mandala. New Mandala. https://www.newmandala.org/campaigns-criminalisation-and-concessions-indigenous-land-rights-in-cambodia/ Springer, S. (2010). Cambodia’s Neoliberal Order: Violence, Authoritarianism, and the Contestation of Public Space. Routledge. Steger, M. B., & Roy, R. K. (2010). Neoliberalism: A Very Short Introduction (1st ed.). Oxford University Press. McCulla, S., and Smith, S. (2015, December). Measuring the Economy: A Primer on GDP and the National Income and Product Accounts. Bureau of Economic Analysis, U.S. Department of Commerce. https://www.bea.gov/resources/methodologies/measuring-the-economy Stiglitz, J. E., & Walsh, C. E. (2015). Economics. WW Norton & Company. Strotmann, H., & Volkert, J. (2016). Multidimensional Poverty Index and Happiness. Journal of Happiness Studies, 19(1), 167–189. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-016- 9807-0 Sunderlin, W. D., Angelsen, A., Belcher, B., Burgess, P., Nasi, R., Santoso, L., & Wunder, S. (2005). Livelihoods, forests, and conservation in developing countries: An Overview. World Development, 33(9), 1383–1402. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2004.10.004 Swain, R. B. (2018). A Critical Analysis of the Sustainable Development Goals. Springer International Publishing EBooks, 341–355. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319- 63007-6_20 Swift, P. N. (2013). Changing ethnic identities among the Kuy in Cambodia: Assimilation, reassertion and the making of Indigenous identity. Asia Pacific Viewpoint, 54(3), 296–308. https://doi.org/10.1111/apv.12025 Taylor, P. M. (2006). Cambodia: Forest Concession Management and Control Pilot Project (Credit No. 3365-KH and Trust Fund. 26419JPN). In World Bank. https://www.inspectionpanel.org/sites/www.inspectionpanel.org/files/ip/PanelCas es/36-Investigation%20Report%20%28English%29.pdf Thaler, R. H., & Sunstein, C. R. (2009). Nudge: Improving decisions about health, wealth, and happiness. Yale University Press. Thavat, M. (2011). The tyranny of taste: The case of organic rice in Cambodia. Asia Pacific Viewpoint, 52(3), 285–298. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8373.2011.01458.x Transparency International Cambodia. (2014). Corruption and Cambodia’s Governance System: The Need for Reform. In Transparency International Cambodia. https://images.transparencycdn.org/images/2014_NISCambodia_EN.pdf Trzcinski, L. M., & Upham, F. K. (2014). Creating Law from the Ground Up: Land Law in Post-Conflict Cambodia. Asian Journal of Law and Society, 1(1), 55–77. https://doi.org/10.1017/als.2013.3 Tsing, A. (2000). Inside the Economy of Appearances. Public Culture, 12(1), 115–144. https://doi.org/10.1215/08992363-12-1-115 Tuttle, C. A. (1891). The Wealth Concept. a Study in Economic Theory. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 1(4), 615–634. https://doi.org/10.1177/000271629100100408 United Nations. (2003). Cambodian Millennium Development Goals. https://evaw-global- database.unwomen.org/en/countries/asia/cambodia/2003/cambodian-millennium-development-goals#:~:text=The%20Cambodian%20Millennium%20Development%20Goals,V AW%20and%20children%20by%202015 United Nations Development Programme. 2020. Human Development Reports. Retrieved from http://hdr.undp.org/en/humandev United Nations Development Programme. 1990. Human Development Report 1990: Concept and Measurement of Human Development. New York. United Nations Development Programme. (n.d.). Sustainable Development Goals. UNDP. Retrieved March 4, 2023, from https://www.undp.org/sustainable-development-goals United Nations. (n.d.-a). Ending Poverty. Retrieved 2022, from https://www.un.org/en/global-issues/ending-poverty United Nations. (n.d.-b). The 2021 Global Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) \| Human Development Reports. Retrieved 2022, from https://hdr.undp.org/en/2021-MPI United Nations. (2019). Human Development Index (HDI). Retrieved from https://www.un.org/development/desa/dspd/2019/06/human-development-index- hdi/ United States Agency for International Development. (2014, November). Mid-Term Performance Evaluation of the Supporting Forests and Biodiversity (SFB) Project. https://www.climatelinks.org/resources/mid-term-performance-evaluation- supporting-forests-and-biodiversity-sfb-project United States Agency for International Development. (2018). Supporting Forests and Biodiversity Final Report 2012-2018. Winrock International. https://www.usaid.gov/sites/default/files/documents/1861/SFB_Final_Report.pdf United States Federal Reserve (1932). National Income, 1929 – 1932. Letter from the acting secretary of commerce transmitting in response to senate resolution No. 220 132 (72D Cong.) A report on National Income, 1929 – 1932. Retrieved from: https://fraser.stlouisfed.org/title/national-income-1929-1932-971 Ura, K., Alkire, S., Zangmo, T., & Wangdi, K. (2012). A Short Guide to Gross National Happiness Index. Wallerstein, I. M., & Wallerstein, S. R. I. (2004). World-systems Analysis: An Introduction. Duke University Press. Widyono, B. (n.d.). The Spectre of the Khmer Rouge over Cambodia. United Nations: UN Chronicle. Retrieved March 3, 2023, from https://www.un.org/en/chronicle/article/spectre-khmer-rouge-over-cambodia Wijekoon, R., Sabri, M. F., & Paim, L. (2021). Poverty: A Literature Review of the Concept, Measurements, Causes and the Way Forward. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 11(15). https://doi.org/10.6007/ijarbss/v11-i15/10637 Work, C. (2017). Forest Islands and Castaway Communities: REDD+ and Forest Restoration in Prey Lang Forest. Forests, 8(2), 47. https://doi.org/10.3390/f8020047 Work, C., & Schneidel, A. (2016). Large-scale forest plantations for climate change mitigation? New frontiers of deforestation and land grabbing in Cambodia. Global Governance/Politics, Climate Justice & Agrarian/Social Justice: Linkages and Challenges, 1–13. https://www.eur.nl/sites/corporate/files/11- ICAS_CP_Scheidel_and_Work.pdf Work, C., Theilade, I., & Thuon, T. (2022). Under the canopy of development aid: illegallogging and the shadow state. The Journal of Peasant Studies. https://doi.org/10.1080/03066150.2022.2103794 World Bank. (n.d.-a). Measuring Poverty. Retrieved 2022, from https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/measuringpoverty#1 World Bank. (n.d.-a). Metadata Glossary. Retrieved 2022, from https://databank.worldbank.org/metadataglossary/jobs/series/SI.POV.GINI#:~:tex t=Furthermore%20it%20is%20possible%20for,relative%2C%20not%20absolute %2C%20wealth. World Bank. (2017). Sustaining strong growth for the benefit of all : a systematic country diagnostic. In World Bank. https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents- reports/documentdetail/620151496155751423/cambodia-sustaining-strong- growth-for-the-benefit-of-all-a-systematic-country-diagnostic Yemiru, T., Roos, A., Campbell, B. C., & Bohlin, F. (2010). Forest incomes and poverty alleviation under participatory forest management in the Bale Highlands, Southern Ethiopia. International Forestry Review, 12(1), 66–77. https://doi.org/10.1505/ifor.12.1.66
描述:	碩士國立政治大學應用經濟與社會發展英語碩士學位學程(IMES) 110266026
資料來源:	http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0110266026
資料類型:	thesis
顯示於類別:	[應用經濟與社會發展英語碩士學位學程 (IMES)] 學位論文

文件中的檔案:

檔案	描述	大小	格式	瀏覽次數
602601.pdf		2265Kb	Adobe PDF2	135	檢視/開啟

在政大典藏中所有的資料項目都受到原著作權保護.

社群 sharing

著作權政策宣告 Copyright Announcement

1.本網站之數位內容為國立政治大學所收錄之機構典藏，無償提供學術研究與公眾教育等公益性使用，惟仍請適度，合理使用本網站之內容，以尊重著作權人之權益。商業上之利用，則請先取得著作權人之授權。
The digital content of this website is part of National Chengchi University Institutional Repository. It provides free access to academic research and public education for non-commercial use. Please utilize it in a proper and reasonable manner and respect the rights of copyright owners. For commercial use, please obtain authorization from the copyright owner in advance.

2.本網站之製作，已盡力防止侵害著作權人之權益，如仍發現本網站之數位內容有侵害著作權人權益情事者，請權利人通知本網站維護人員(nccur@nccu.edu.tw)，維護人員將立即採取移除該數位著作等補救措施。
NCCU Institutional Repository is made to protect the interests of copyright owners. If you believe that any material on the website infringes copyright, please contact our staff(nccur@nccu.edu.tw). We will remove the work from the repository and investigate your claim.

DSpace Software Copyright © 2002-2004 MIT & Hewlett-Packard / Enhanced by NTU Library IR team Copyright © - 回饋