政大機構典藏-National Chengchi University Institutional Repository(NCCUR):Item 140.119/146528

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题名:	被告子女之兒童最佳利益與量刑政策 An Analysis of the Best Interests of the Child in Sentencing Decisions Concerning Parents Facing Criminal Sanctions in Taiwan
作者:	林慈偉 Lin, Tzu-Wei
贡献者:	何賴傑 Her, Lai-Jier 林慈偉 Lin, Tzu-Wei
关键词:	父母及主要照顧者兒童最佳利益量刑量刑框架南非憲法法院S v M案判決兒童不與父母分離之權利替代監禁社會正義共生危害餘補義務 Parents and Primary Caregivers Best Interests of the Child Sentencing Sentencing Framework S v M Judgment (2007) of Constitutional Court of South Africa Rights not to be Separated from Parents of Children Alternatives to Imprisonment Social Justice Symbiotic Harms Residual Obligations
日期:	2023
上传时间:	2023-08-02 13:53:32 (UTC+8)
摘要:	本文首先指出，法院就父母或主要照顧者被告科刑以及因此所造成之分離對於受其撫育兒童的負面、創傷影響，以及兒童最佳利益作為世界國際人權的普遍原則下，如何依此議論兒童最佳利益與量刑間的法制問題。本文釐清了人權規範框架下，就父母或主要照顧者被告之量刑決定與兒童最佳利益間之人權規範基礎、適用範圍、兒童最佳利益評判，以及程序性保障等概念內涵，並從澳大利亞、英格蘭和威爾斯、美國、南非等國家或區域之實踐借鏡，其中，特別著重譽有「最佳實踐」的南非經驗，亦即從南非憲法法院S v M案判決以兒童主體視角下的量刑思維以及其普通法院判決等分析，指出對於父母或主要照顧者被告的量刑置於兒童主體視角下之可能操作模式及常見的問題點。接著，回到台灣現況，在《兒童權利公約》內國法化以及台灣各級法院陸續於刑案量刑中考慮到兒童最佳利益等背景下，以台灣最高法院裁判就量刑考量兒童最佳利益之判決分析以及台灣政府就《兒童權利公約》歷來國家報告及國際審查意見嬗遞得知，台灣就親權者刑事量刑判斷的討論才剛開始起步，而若要再繼續往前走，其方向應係回歸台灣本土刑事法脈絡中釐清兒童最佳利益作為量刑因子之正當性、於量刑架構下的定位，以及如何落實於解釋論及立法論設計等。再者，啟發於懲罰社會學當中就父母與子女間的共生危害關係、國家就其刑罰投下所生對無辜波及之餘補義務、社會正義概念，乃至從「罪犯-國家」二元到「刑罰政策-監獄-社會」關係，本文探尋刑事量刑中考量兒童最佳利益之實體理由，並主張將被告子女的利益納入考量有其必要性，因為法院之量刑決定本身所造成的社會成本及危害，以及對於父母或主要照顧者被告之監禁甚或判處死刑等懲罰會形成現實上的父母與子女分離乃至死刑的永久分離，而這樣的一個決定正來自於科刑的國家司法機關即法院，此際不論是從國家義務或社會正義觀點，法院於量刑環節上即無從迴避其對於被告投下刑罰決定時應思量對於被告子女等受到無辜波及者的所有影響。依此視野繼續考察台灣法院實務見解就兒童最佳利益於量刑中考慮之理據，本文認為兒童最佳利益作為獨立量刑因子有其正當性及理由所在。並在罪刑相當脈絡下，透過應報、效益主義下就兒童利益納入刑罰理論的正反意見，再檢視兒童利益在量刑中的正當性。本文據此主張，在現行法解釋論下，應將兒童最佳利益置於有別於刑法第57條所稱一切情狀而成為另一獨立因子予以審酌，此處的兒童利益於量刑框架中，並不是犯罪行為人責任或其個人情狀之判斷，而是基於被告子女主體視角，避免社會不正義、避免傷及無辜，意識到刑罰對於整體社會更為廣泛的影響、節制刑罰使用以及兒童權益方法等政策考量。最後，國家機關是否有決心，通過量刑決定中承認被告子女之兒童權利及其最佳利益，以減少這類兒少的被邊緣化及負面影響，取決於我國法制正式承認及重視量刑對於被告子女影響的程度。依此，本文一方面於解釋論上，以兒童權利視角析論落實CRC相關解釋並將其架接至我國刑事法脈絡下相關量刑法律規定時應有的思考路徑，即主張法院於量刑時，除應看見其量刑決定是否將波及因家長觸犯法律而受影響之兒童之外，應常態性地充分考慮到不同刑種或刑度對於被告子女的影響，盡可能地選擇非監禁刑罰以替代監禁，並在既有的刑罰架構下，有意識地將兒童最佳利益作為一種解釋方法，詮釋既存的刑事法制，以確保兒童利益被看見，並確實按照兒童權利委員會相關解釋隨案評判兒童最佳利益；另方面，於立法論上，本文也提出兒童最佳利益量刑條款等涉及實體、程序面向之修法建議。 Firstly, this paper illustrated the negative and traumatic impact on children caused by the court of sentencing decisions concerning parents or primary caregivers. It also explores the legal issues regarding balancing the child’s best interests as per international human rights standards and the sentencing of the parents or caregivers. The paper clarifies the conceptual framework of human rights norms, including the human rights basis, applicability, assessment of the child’s best interests, and procedural safeguards about sentencing decisions for parents or primary caregivers within the framework of human rights norms. This paper also draws insights from the practices of countries or regions such as Australia, England and Wales, the United States, and South Africa. It mainly focuses on the renowned “best practice” of South Africa, which involves analyzing the sentencing perspectives from the child`s viewpoint as the subject in cases such as S v M in the Constitutional Court of South Africa and the decisions of its local courts. This analysis aims to identify potential operational models and common issues in sentencing parents or primary caregivers from the subjective perspective of the child. Coming back to Taiwan, with the implementation of the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) provisions, the consideration of the best interests of the child being featured in all levels of Taiwanese courts in their criminal sentencing, verdict analyses published by the Supreme Court, and State Reports on the implementation of the CRC, and it can be seen that the discussion on the criminal sentencing of custodial parents in Taiwan has only just begun. This article will clarify the legitimacy of considering the child`s best interest as a factor in sentencing under Taiwanese domestic criminal law. This involves determining its position within the sentencing framework and how to implement it in terms of interpretative and legislative design. Furthermore, inspired by the field of penalty in sociology which examines the harmful coexisting relationship between parents and children, the residual obligations of the State resulting from its imposition of punishment, concepts of social justice, and the shift from a binary “offender – state” relationship to a triad “criminal justice policy - prison – society” relationship, this paper explores the substantive justifications for considering the best interests of the child in criminal sentencing, and argues that it is necessary to incorporate the interests of the defendant’s children into consideration; from the perspective of both state obligations and social justice, the court cannot avoid considering all the impacts on those innocently affected, such as the defendant’s children, when imposing punishment, given that the social costs and harm caused by the court’s sentencing decisions, including imprisonment or even the death penalty which can result in the practical permanent separation of parents and children, stems from the sentencing decisions of the judicial authorities, namely the courts. From this perspective, this paper continues to examine the practical views of Taiwanese courts regarding the consideration of the best interests of the child in sentencing, including possible affirmations or denials based on social justice or preventive perspectives. Based on this analysis, the author presents arguments for the permissibility of the child’s best interests as a sentencing factor and even as an independent sentencing factor. Additionally, within the context of proportionality between crime and punishment, the paper explores the arguments for and against incorporating children’s interests into the theory of punishment from retribution and utilitarian perspectives. It examines the compatibility of children’s interests in sentencing. This paper advocates considering the best interests of children outside of Article 57 of the Criminal Code. But it also proposes an interpretation path based on the current legal framework. The interests of the child in this context are not merely about assessing the responsibility or personal circumstances of the offender but are based on the subjective perspective of the defendant’s children. This approach aims to avoid social injustice and harm to the innocent. It acknowledges the broader impact of punishment on society as a whole and the policy considerations that regulate the use of punishment. Finally, by recognizing the rights of the defendant’s children and their best interests in sentencing decisions, efforts can be made to reduce the marginalization and negative impact on these children. Whether or not there is a determination to do so depends on the extent to which our legal system officially recognizes and values the impact of sentencing on the defendant`s children. In this regard, this paper focuses on interpretative aspects. It discusses the thought process required to implement relevant interpretations of the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) and to bridge the applicable sentencing laws within the context of our criminal justice system. This paper argues that from a human rights perspective, the court shall consider the children directly affected by the sentencing decision and the potential impact on the defendant’s children when imposing a sentence. It suggests that non-custodial alternatives should be chosen whenever possible and that within the existing framework of penalties, the child’s best interests shall be consciously interpreted as a method of interpretation within the criminal justice system. This ensures that children’s interests are considered and that the best interests of the child are assessed following the relevant interpretations provided by the Committee on the Rights of the Child. Furthermore, from a legislative perspective, this paper proposes the addition of a sentencing provision based on the best interests of the child, such as the inclusion of Article 112-2 in the Protection of Children and Youths Welfare and Rights Act, which may promulgate the inclusion of consideration of the best interests of the child in sentencing.
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