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    題名: 孔子學院在美國的成就與缺失：比較研究的觀點
    Achievements and Failures of the Confucius Institutes in the United States: A Comparative Study
    作者: 李建佑
    Lee, Chien-You
    貢獻者: 李明
    Lee, Ming
    李建佑
    Lee, Chien-You
    關鍵詞: 孔子學院
    中國
    美國
    中美關係
    公眾外交
    軟實力
    比較研究
    Confucius Institute
    China
    United States of America
    Sino-US Relations
    Public Diplomacy
    Soft Power
    Comparative Study
    日期: 2023
    上傳時間: 2023-08-02 12:56:40 (UTC+8)
    摘要: 近年來，隨著中國的崛起以及美中間的權力角逐，作為中國語言文化推廣及公眾外交機構的孔子學院已成為國際舞台上的重要議題。本研究旨在分析孔子學院在美國的成就與缺失，透過內容分析方法探討相關資料，同時從比較研究的角度考察美國孔子學院與德國、泰國孔子學院之間的異同。研究結果顯示，作為教育機構方面，孔子學院在美國取得了許多成就。從中國的角度觀察，這些成就包括滿足美國人民學習中文的需求、增進美國人民對中國語言及文化的瞭解，以及促進中美兩國的教育及文化交流合作。而從美國的角度觀察，孔子學院提供了美國學生學習中文和接觸中國的機會、協助美國高等教育機構加速國際化並獲取中國資源，同時支援美國政府發展外語教育的目標。然而，作為公眾外交工具，美國的孔子學院卻存在著不少缺失。對中國而言，孔子學院未能進一步提升美國中文教育的品質、改善中國在美國大眾心目中的形象，以及加深中美之間的友好關係。對美國而言，孔子學院可能侵害美國高等教育的學術自由、威脅美國軟實力的發展，甚至可能存在情報竊取的風險。此外，本研究藉由公眾外交、攻勢現實主義以及社會建構主義等理論的應用，發現美國孔子學院的發展成敗關鍵在於中美關係和美國對中國的認知。
    The Confucius Institute has gained significant attention on the international stage amidst escalating tensions between China and the United States. This study aims to assess the achievements and failures of Confucius Institutes in the United States by employing content analysis to extract insights from various sources. It also utilizes a comparative study to examine the similarities and differences of Confucius Institutes in the United States, Germany, and Thailand. The findings of this study reveal that Confucius Institutes have achieved considerable success as educational organizations in the United States. For China, they have satisfied demand of Americans for Chinese language learning, enhanced their understanding of Chinese language and culture, and strengthened educational and cultural exchange and cooperation between China and the United States. For the United States, Confucius Institutes have provided individuals with better opportunities to learn Chinese and engage with China, facilitated the internationalization of universities and offered them access to Chinese resources, and supported the government in improving foreign language education. However, the Confucius Institutes have failed to function as effective tools of China’s public diplomacy in the United States. For China, they have not succeeded in enhancing the quality of Chinese education, improving China’s image among the American general public, and deepening friendly relationships between China and the US. For the United States, Confucius Institutes have raised concerns regarding the academic freedom within US higher education institutions, the potential threat to US soft power, and the possibility of intelligence breaches. Furthermore, employing the theories of public diplomacy, offensive realism, and constructivism, this study identifies that the survival of Confucius Institutes in the United States is primarily determined by Sino-US relations and the perceptions of the United States towards China.
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    National Association of Scholars. “How Many Confucius Institutes are in the United States?” Accessed March 20, 2023. https://www.nas.org/blogs/article/how_many_confucius_institutes_are_in_the_united_states.
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    Observatory of Economic Complexity. “China.” Accessed April 10, 2023. https://oec.world/en/profile/country/chn.
    Observatory of Economic Complexity. “Germany.” Accessed April 10, 2023. https://oec.world/en/profile/country/deu.
    Observatory of Economic Complexity. “Thailand.” Accessed April 10, 2023. https://oec.world/en/profile/country/tha.
    Office of the United States Trade Representative. “The People’s Republic of China.” Accessed March 15, 2023. https://ustr.gov/countries-regions/china-mongolia-taiwan/peoples-republic-china.
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    Pew Research Center. “Global Indicators Database: China Image, Opinion of China, United States.” Accessed April 20, 2023. https://www.pewresearch.org/global/database/indicator/24/country/us.
    Thai Websites. “Thailand Tourism Statistics for 2022: Arrivals by Countries and Regions of Origin.” Accessed April 10, 2023. https://www.thaiwebsites.com/tourists-nationalities-Thailand.asp.
    The Confucius Institute Munich. “Confucius Institutes in Germany: Organisations and Tasks.” Accessed April 10, 2023. https://www.konfuzius-muenchen.de/fileadmin/documents/Positionspapier_Konfuzius-Institute_4.8.20.pdf.
    The World Bank. “GDP (current US$) - China.” Accessed March 15, 2023. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.CD?locations=CN.
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    William & Mary. “Study Abroad.” Accessed March 15, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20190812071534/https://www.wm.edu/as/modernlanguages/chinese/studyabroad/index.php.
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    [Chinese Sources]

    1. Periodicals
    Chao, Chien-min (趙建民) and Chih-chia Hsu (許志嘉). 2009. “Zhonggong disidai lingdao jiti de ‘hexieshijiequan’: lilun yu yihan” (中共第四代領導集體的「和諧世界觀」：理論與意涵, China’s Harmonious World: Theory and Significance). Yuanjingjijinhuijikan (遠景基金會季刊, Prospect Quarterly) (Taipei), vol. 10, no. 1, January, pp. 1-44.
    Cheng, You-ping (鄭又平) and Yen-chi Lin (林彥志). 2008. “Zhongguo ‘zouchuqu zhanlue’ zhi fenxi: kuashiji zhongguo jingji de zhuanbian” (中國「走出去戰略」之分析：跨世紀中國經濟的轉變, An Analysis of China’s ‘Go Global Strategy’: China’s Economic Transformation in the 21st Century). Zhanwang yu tansuo (展望與探索, Prospect & Exploration) (New Taipei), vol. 6, no. 8, August, pp. 45-62.
    Duan, Yi (段奕). 2008. “Yingshili-ruanshilililun kuangjiaxia de yuyan: wenhua guojituiguang yu kongzixueyuan” (硬實力-軟實力理論框架下的語言：文化國際推廣與孔子學院, Language-Culture International Promotion and Confucius Institute: Under the Theoretical Framework of Hard Power-Soft Power). Fudanjiaoyuluntan (復旦教育論壇, Fudan Education Forum) (Shanghai), vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 48-51.
    Guo, Fugeng (郭扶庚). 2007. “Kongzixueyuan: zhongguo ‘ruanshili’ de biaozhi” (孔子學院：中國「軟實力」的標誌, Confucius Institutes: China’s Soft Power Symbol). Dongbei zhichuang (東北之窗, Window of the Northeast) (Liaoning), vol. 10, pp. 56-57.
    Han, Zhaoying (韓召穎). 2011. “Kongzixueyuan yu zhongguo gonggongwaijiao” (孔子學院與中國公共外交, Confucius Institute and China’s Public Diplomacy). Gonggongwaijiao jikan (公共外交季刊, Public Diplomacy Quarterly) (Beijing), vol. 3, Autumn, pp. 14–20.
    Ji, Lili (汲立立). 2012. “Chuantong wenhua yu zhongguo gonggongwaijiao” (傳統文化與中國公共外交, Traditional Culture and China’s Public Diplomacy). Wuhan kejidaxue xuebao shehuikexue ban (武漢科技大學學報社會科學版, Journal of Wuhan University of Science and Technology Social Science Edition) (Sichuan), vol. 14, no. 3, June, pp. 327-330.
    Li, Ruiqing (李瑞晴). 2008. “Haiwai kongzixueyuan fazhan qianxi” (海外孔子學院發展淺析, Short Analysis of the Development of Overseas Confucius Institutes). Bagui qiaokan (八桂僑刊, Overseas Chinese Journal of Bagui) (Guangxi), vol. 3, March, pp. 52–56.
    Lu, Yu-nu (呂郁女) and Chung-chian Teng (鄧中堅). 2008. “Zhongguo dalu ruanquanli de fazhan yu yingxiang” (中國大陸軟權力的發展與影響, The Development and Impact of China’s Soft Power). Quanqiu zhengzhi pinglun (全球政治評論, Review of Global Politics) (Taichung), no. 21, January, pp. 1-18.
    Wang, Ping (王平). 2006. “Cong kongzixueyuan de sheli kan zhonghuawenhua yu waiyujiaoxue” (從孔子學院的設立看中華文化與外語教學, Confucius Institute: Traditional Chinese Culture and Foreign Language Teaching). Zhaoqing xueyuan xuebao (肇慶學院學報, Journal of Zhaoqing University) (Guangdong), vol. 27, no. 6, December, pp. 86-88.
    Wu, Ying (吳瑛). 2012. “Zhongguo wenhua duiwaichuanbo xiaoguo yanjiu: dui wuguo shiliusuo kongzixueyuan de diaocha” (中國文化對外傳播效果研究：對5國16所孔子學院的調查, On the International Communication Effects of Chinese Culture: Survey of Sixteen Confucius Institutes in Five Countries). Zhejiang shehuikexue (浙江社會科學, Zhejiang Social Sciences) (Zhejiang), no. 4, April, pp. 144-151.

    2. News or Magazine Articles
    Cao, Chengyuan (曹晟源) and Zihang Xia (夏子航). 2010. “3520wan zhongbiao: kongzixueyuan wangzhan shishangzuigui” (3520萬中標：孔子學院網站史上最貴, 35.2 Million Bid: the Most Expensive Confucius Institute Website). Meirijingjixinwen (每日經濟新聞, National Business Daily), January 22. https://m.nbd.com.cn/articles/2010-01-22/264253.html.
    Du, Junling (杜軍玲). 2011. “Kongzixueyuan ‘wenhua shizhe’: rang shijie duoyidian xiangzhi” (孔子學院「文化使者」：讓世界多一點相知, Confucius Institutes as ‘Cultural Ambassadors’: Promoting Mutual Understanding in the World). Renminzhengxiebao (人民政協報, CPPCC Daily), September 15. https://www.chinanews.com/cul/2011/09-15/3330742.shtml.
    Tian, Yanhui (田延輝). 2014. “Kongzixueyuan: cong wenhuazhichuang dao xinlingzhiqiao” (孔子學院：從文化之窗到心靈之橋, Confucius Institute: From the Cultural Window to the Spiritual Bridge). Guangmingribao (光明日報, Guangming Daily), September 28. http://cpc.people.com.cn/n/2014/0928/c87228-25748685.html.
    Wang, Jing (王晶). 2007. “Wuqiannian wenming weihe budi haolaiwu? jiuda yuanyin daozhi ruanshili buzu” (五千年文明為何不敵好萊塢？九大原因導致軟實力不足, Why Five Thousand Years of Civilization Loses to Hollywood? Nine Factors Lead to the Lack of Soft Power). Zhongguoribao (中國日報, China Daily), March 4. http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/2007npc/2007-03/04/content_819103.htm.
    Wang, Zhe (王喆). 2008. “Kongzixueyuan zhutui shijie liaojie zhongguo” (孔子學院助推世界了解中國, Confucius Institute Helps the World to Understand China). Zhongguoyufeizhou (中國與非洲, Chinafrica), March 12. http://www.chinafrica.cn/chinese/jl/txt/2008-03/12/content_104268.htm.
    Yang, Fang (楊芳). 2015. “Hanxuejia mashufen tan ‘hanyure’ beihoude taiguojiaoyu” (漢學家馬淑芬談「漢語熱」背後的泰國教育, Sinologist Ma Shufen Discusses Thai Education behind ‘Chinese Fever’). Renminwang (人民網, People’s Daily Online), July 14. http://culture.people.com.cn/n/2015/0714/c172318-27303757.html.
    Yang, Guiqing (楊桂青). 2013. “Kongzixueyuan gei shijie dailaishenme” (孔子學院給世界帶來什麼, What does the Confucius Institute Bring to the World). Zhongguojiaoyubao (中國教育報, China Education Daily), December 9. https://www.edu.cn/edu/yiwujiaoyu/201312/t20131209_1049858.shtml.
    Yao, Yi (易杳). 2004. “Hanyu jueqi: shiniannei bixue 2050 zhan hulianwang yuwen 40%” (漢語崛起：10年內必學 2050占互聯網語文40%, The Rise of Chinese Language: Must Learn within 10 Years and will Count for 40% of Internet Language). Xinhuawang (新華網, Xinhua Net), June 10. http://news.sohu.com/2004/06/10/94/news220469494.shtml.
    Xiao, Ting (肖亭). 2007. “Meiguo nanjiazhou diqu diyisuo kongzixueyuan zai luoshanji” (美國南加州地區第一所孔子學院在洛杉磯, The First Confucius Institute in South California Located in Los Angeles). Zhongguoribao (中國日報, China Daily), August 17. http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/hqzg/2007-08/17/content_6031713.htm.
    Xu, Danei (徐達內). 2012. “Meitizhaji: kongzi he renquan” (媒體札記：孔子和人權, Media Notes: Confucius and Human Rights). Jinrongshibao zhongwenwang (金融時報中文網, Financial Times Chinese Online), May 25. https://www.ftchinese.com/story/001044741.
    Zheng, Bijian (鄭必堅). 2003. “Zhongguo hepingjueqi xindaolu he yazhou de weilai” (中國和平崛起新道路和亞洲的未來, New Path of China’s Peaceful Rise and the Future of Asia). Xinhuawang (新華網, Xinhua Net), November 24. http://news.sina.com.cn/c/2003-11-24/12541176473s.shtml.

    3. Website Contents
    Hanban (漢辦). “Changjianwenti” (常見問題, FAQ). Accessed February 1, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20190626214115/http://www.hanban.org/node_6460.htm.
    Hanban (漢辦). “Guanyu kongzixueyuan/ketang” (關於孔子學院/課堂, About Confucius Institutes and Confucius Classrooms). Accessed February 10, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20210113044953/http://www.hanban.org/confuciousinstitutes/node_10961.htm.
    Hanban (漢辦). “Xiangmu zijin qidong zijin shenqingshu” (項目資金啟動資金申請書, Annual and Initial Funds Application Form). Accessed December 1, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20200627235511/http://resnew.chinese.cn/hanban/kongzixueyuan/xiangmuzijinshenqingshu.doc.
    Ministry of Education of the People’s Republic of China (中華人民共和國教育部). “Guowai hanyujiaoxue qingkuangjianjie” (國外漢語教學情況簡介, Introduction to Foreign Chinese Language Teaching Situation). Accessed February 1, 2023. http://www.moe.gov.cn/jyb_xwfb/xw_zt/moe_357/s3579/moe_1017/tnull_10584.html.
    Zhejiang Federation of Returned Overseas Chinese (浙江省歸國華僑聯合會). “’Hanyure’ zai meiguo chixushengwen yi zoujin pingchangbaixing” (「漢語熱」在美國持續升溫 已走進平常百姓, ‘Hanyure’ Heats Up Constantly in the US, Entering Ordinary People Lives). Accessed March 15, 2023. http://www.zjsql.com.cn/index.php?m=content&c=index&a=show&catid=101&id=9268.
    描述: 碩士
    國立政治大學
    國際研究英語碩士學位學程(IMPIS)
    108862002
    資料來源: http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0108862002
    資料類型: thesis
    顯示於類別:[國際研究英語碩士學位學程] 學位論文

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