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    题名: 初探非同質化代幣之法律議題—以著作權法為中心
    A Preliminary Study on Non-Fungible Token: A focus on Copyright Law
    作者: 陳楨
    Chen, Jhen
    贡献者: 宋皇志
    Sung, Huang-Chih
    陳楨
    Chen, Jhen
    关键词: 著作權
    非同質化代幣
    加密貨幣
    區塊鏈
    超連結
    避風港
    Copyright
    Non-Fungible Tokens (Nfts)
    Cryptocurrency
    Blockchain
    Hyperlink
    Safe Harbor
    日期: 2023
    上传时间: 2023-07-06 16:23:23 (UTC+8)
    摘要: 儘管非同質化代幣（Non-Fungible Token, NFT）在市場上掀起熱潮，但背後的法律基礎與適用仍未明朗，尤其與著作權相關的爭議頻傳，故本文欲以NFT的技術與商業實例為對象，探討NFT之著作權法律議題。
    本文首先探討NFT與其內容的著作權法律關係，透過學說與實務案例的研究發現，普遍對於NFT本身與NFT內容兩者之權利並無掛勾有所共識，換言之當買受人購買到NFT時並無必然取得NFT內容之著作權利。有所爭議者為當NFT內容受著作權保護但未經著作權人同意而被鑄造成NFT時，鑄造者是否會構成著作權侵害？為解答此問題本文深入NFT鑄造的過程與技術，發現其與設置超連結行為的相似性，並以我國、美國、歐洲三地法律見解對設置超連結的著作權侵權案例進行類比，嘗試解答鑄造NFT所生的著作權侵權爭議。
    接著本文延伸探討至NFT交易生態中NFT內容的著作權法律關係，以NFT專案與NFT交易平台兩大角色為切入點。前者以NFT專案對NFT內容的著作權授權條款為對象進行分析，嘗試類型化NFT專案與NFT購買者的可能著作權利義務關係，並實際案例檢視可能的利弊；後者以現行我國、美國、歐洲的避風港法規作為框架，分析NFT交易平台對NFT內容的著作權政策，觀察各大平台規劃之NFT內容著作權法律關係與可能法律風險，並提出平台在法律要求外進一步的主動作為，以供其他市場參與者參考。
    最後本文綜合以上議題，分別對NFT交易生態中的買家、專案方（賣家）與交易平台進行建議，期待能在快速變動的NFT市場中，提供些許指引。
    Despite the NFT market hype, there is still uncertainty surrounding the legal aspects of NFTs and copyright. This article focuses on NFT technology and business case to discuss the copyright issues related to NFTs.
    Firstly, this article explores the legal relationship between NFTs and their underlying content. Through the study of scholarly opinions and court opinions, it is found that there is a consensus that buying an NFT does not imply acquiring the copyright of its underlying content. But there is controversy regarding whether the buyer of an NFT would infringe copyright when they mint an NFT using copyrighted content without obtaining the copyright holder`s permission. To address this issue, this article delves into the process and technology of NFT minting, finding similarities to the act of setting hyperlinks. By drawing analogies from copyright infringement cases involving hyperlinks in Taiwan, the United States, and Europe, this article attempts to resolve the potential copyright infringement disputes arising from NFT minting.
    Furthermore, this article extends the discussion to the copyright relationships of NFTs’ underlying content within the NFT trading market, focusing on two key roles: NFT projects and NFT trading platforms. Regarding the former, this article analyzes the copyright licensing terms of NFT projects, attempting to categorize the possible copyright relationships and obligations of NFTs’ underlying content between NFT project owners and NFT buyers. As for the latter, this article analyzes the copyright policies of NFT trading platforms within the existing safe harbor regulations in Taiwan, the United States, and Europe. This analysis observes the copyright relationships and potential legal risks of NFTs’ underlying content between NFT trading platforms and NFT projects while suggesting proactive actions for platforms to take beyond legal requirements.
    In conclusion, this article provides recommendations for buyers, project owners (sellers), and platforms participating in the NFT market, aiming to offer some guidance in this rapidly evolving landscape.
    參考文獻: 一、中文文獻
    期刊論文
    1. 陳宏志，區塊鏈科技應用對博物館數位著作蒐藏之影響與因應—以著作權代幣化後之可能法律議題為例，博物館學季刊，35.3，頁47-59，2021年。
    2. 李治安、羅方妤，著作權法中網路服務提供者責任避風港規範之研究研究成果報告，行政院國家科學委員會專題研究計畫，頁24-27，2011年10月。
    3. 林紘宇，元宇宙NFT的法律爭議－評析NFT權利定性及洗錢防制定位，會計研究月刊，437期，頁54 - 59，2022年4月。
    4. 郭戎晉，從 NFT 藝術品探討非同質化代幣於著作權法之適用，科技法學論叢，17期，頁113-154，2021年12月。
    5. 馮震宇，NFT 藝術品前世今生，能力雜誌，789期，頁98-105，2021年11月。
    法院判決
    1. 智慧財產及商業法院99年度刑智上訴字第61號刑事判決。
    2. 智慧財產及商業法院103年度刑智上易字第93號刑事判決。
    3. 智慧財產及商業法院104年度刑智上易字第76號刑事判決。
    4. 智慧財產及商業法院110年度刑智上易字第46號刑事判決。
    5. 最高法院109年度台上字第2616號刑事判決。
    6. 臺灣高等法院96年度上易字第2332號刑事判決。
    7. 杭州互聯網法院(2022)浙0192民初1008號。
    網路資源
    1. Frank，FRANK SHI，使用 Remix，OpenZeppelin 15 分鐘建立 NFT 智能合約，https://www.frank.hk/blog/nft-smart-contract（最後瀏覽日：2023/5/20）。
    2. KryptoCamp，智能合約與 Dapp 實戰讀書會 | 台灣區塊鏈大學聯盟 & 台大金融科技研究社 & KryptoCamp，https://course.kryptocamp.co/course/TBADapp（最後瀏覽日：2023/5/20）。
    3. The Z Institute，鏈新聞，ERC721R 合約實測！防 Rugpull 的合約竟然可以被用來 Rugpull！？， https://www.abmedia.io/20220413-the-difference-between-erc721-erc721a-erc721psi-erc721r（最後瀏覽日：2023/5/20）。
    4. 邱中岳，獨／他花40萬買NFT「永恆王」終身免停車費　突「撤站」秒傻眼，ETtoday新聞雲，https://www.ettoday.net/news/20220630/2284121.htm（最後瀏覽日：2023/5/20）。
    5. 經濟部智慧財產局著作權主題網，新修正著作權法第90條之4第3項之「通用辨識或保護技術措施」所指為何？網路服務提供者（ISP）應如何執行？，https://topic.tipo.gov.tw/copyright-tw/cp-472-859099-d0eaa-301.html（最後瀏覽日：2023/5/20）。
    二、外文文獻
    期刊論文
    1. Ayomide Awoyemi, An Intellectual Property Rights Perspective to Non Fungible Tokens, https://ssrn.com/abstract=4045496 (2022).
    2. Andres Guadamuz, The treachery of images: non-fungible tokens and copyright, 16 J. INTELLECT. PROP. L. PRACT. , 1367–1385, 1378 (2021).
    3. Bamakan, Seyed Mojtaba Hosseini, et al. , A decentralized framework for patents and intellectual property as nft in blockchain networks, RESEARCH SQUARE (forthcoming 2021), https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-951089/v1.
    4. Ben Chester Cheong‬, Application of Blockchain-enabled Technology: Regulating Non-fungible Tokens (NFTs) in Singapore, 2022 SING, L. GAZ. , 1, 3 (2022).
    5. Emily Behzadi, The Fiction of NFTs and Copyright Infringement, 170 U. PA. L. REV. ONLINE, 1, 4 (2022).
    6. Juliet M. Moringiello & Christopher K. Odinet, The property law of tokens, 74 FLA. L. REV. , 607, 615-16 (2022).
    7. Mark Conrad, Non-Fungible Tokens, Sports, and Intellectual Property Law Issues: A Case Study Applying Copyright, Trademark, and Right of Publicity Law to a Non-Traditional Ownership Vehicle, 32 J. LEGAL ASPECTS SPORT, 132, 137-38 (2022).
    8. Robert Herian, et al. , NFT–Legal Token Classification, EU BLOCKCHAIN OBSERVATORY & FORUM, 1, 2-3 (2021).
    9. Satoshi Nakamoto, Bitcoin: A peer-to-peer electronic cash system, DECENTRALIZED BUSINESS REVIEW, 1, 1-9 (2008).
    10. Tonya M. Evans, Cryptokitties, Cryptography, and Copyright, 47 AIPLA Q. J. , 219 (2019).
    法院判決
    1. Case C-466/12, Nils Svensson and Others v Retriever Sverige AB, ECLI:EU:C:2014:76.
    2. Case C-160/15, GS Media BV v Sanoma Media Netherlands BV and Others, ECLI:EU:C:2016:221.
    3. Pearson Education, Inc. v. Ishayev, 963 F.Supp.2d 239 (S.D.N.Y. 2013).
    4. Perfect 10, Inc. v. Amazon.com, Inc., 508 F.3d 1146 (9th Cir. 2007).
    5. Yuga Labs, Inc. v. Ryder Ripps, et al. (2:22-cv-04355).
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    描述: 碩士
    國立政治大學
    科技管理與智慧財產研究所
    109364206
    資料來源: http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0109364206
    数据类型: thesis
    显示于类别:[科技管理與智慧財產研究所] 學位論文

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