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| Title: | 試論我國建構數位身分法制之框架 —從金融場景出發
On the framework of constructing the legal system of digital identity in Taiwan —starting from the financial scenarios |
| Authors: | 連忻
Lien, Hsin |
| Contributors: | 臧正運
Tsang, Cheng-Yun
連忻
Lien, Hsin |
| Keywords: | 數位身分
數位身分證
數位身分識別
身分驗證
信物
eIDAS 規則
可信任的數位身分法案
負責任創新
Digital Identity
E-ID Card
Digital Identification
Authentication
Credential
EIDAS Regulation
Trusted Digital Identity Bill 2021
Responsible Innovation |
| Date: | 2023 |
| Issue Date: | 2023-07-06 15:17:38 (UTC+8) |
| Abstract: | 人與人交易與互動的基礎是「信任」，而信任很大程度由「知道對方你(妳)是誰」開展，隨著電子商務發展與近年 COVID-19 疫情的侵襲，時至今日許多經濟活動的互動和交易都已不在實體環境中進行，而於數位、線上的環境中完成，如何在這樣的情境中維繫前述信任，須仰賴有效的數位身分識別，而數位身分識別的效率與效能關鍵在於能否充分運用數位身分。
金融服務是許多社會經濟活動的命脈，也因此在前述當今互動和交易高度數位化的時代，金融服務的申辦與近用是否能有效運用數位身分顯得至關重要。本文觀察我國金管會近八年的政策脈動，雖有逐步重視金融領域下數位身分識別議題之趨勢，但就現行規範面而言仍存在許多困境，而就解方而言，本文認為應建構屬於我國金融領域的數位身分法制。
比較法上，本文參考近年積極推動數位身分法制的歐盟與澳洲二法域，借助比較法和文獻分析法，觀察比較法制的「數位身分規範方式」、「數位身分生態系範圍的劃定」、「法制本身之內涵」、「生態系中參與者各自的義務與責任」和「監理機關如何監理參與者」等環節，再輔以學理上負責任創新(Responsible Innovation)的研究取徑作為補充性觀點，本文嘗試提出我國建構金融領域下的數位身分法制，其具體應涵括哪些面向與內容，有哪些輔助法制健全治理數位身分生態系的因子，並簡述本文認為我國發展數位身分法制路徑之建議，以期為我國數位金融注入另一股活水。
The basis of our daily transactions and interactions is “trust” and trust is largely underlined by “knowing who you are”. With the development of e-commerce and the wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in recent years, many of our economic transactions and interactions are no longer taking place in a physical environment, but in the digital and online environment. How to maintain the aforementioned trust in such scenarios relies on effective digital identification, and the efficiency and effectiveness of digital identification heavily depend on fully utilized digital identity.
Financial services are the lifeline of many socio-economic activities, and therefore, in today`s highly digital era, it is crucial to ensure that people can effectively utilize digital identities whenever they apply for and access financial services. This thesis stocktakes Financial Supervisory Commission’s (FSC) policies regarding digital identification in the past eight years. Although there is a trend that FSC has gradually emphasized the issue of digital identification in the financial sector, there are still many difficulties in terms of current laws. As for the solution, this thesis argues that we shall construct our digital identity legislation in the financial sector in Taiwan.
From the view of comparative jurisprudence, this thesis refers to the two jurisdictions, those are the European Union and Australia, which have actively promoted their digital identity legislations in recent years. By comparative jurisprudence and literature analysis, I observe “how to regulate digital identities”, “delineation of the scope of the digital identity ecosystem”, “the contents of digital identity legislation”, “responsibilities and liabilities of participants in the ecosystem”, and “how supervisory authorities supervise participants” in those two jurisdictions. Furthermore, the thesis refers “Responsible Innovation” research approach as a complementary perspective. In the end, the thesis attempts to propose the construction of digital identity legislation in the financial sector in Taiwan, including specific aspects and contents, factors that support the sound governance of the digital identity ecosystem, and briefly outlines the suggestions for the development of the digital identity ecosystem in Taiwan. |
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49. 金融總會（12/20/2018），金融建言白皮書-主管機關回應意見彙總，https://www.tfsr.org.tw/Uploads/files/107年白皮書-主管機關回應意見彙總-更新.pdf。
50. 金融總會（08/26/2019），108年金融建言白皮書，頁30，https://www.tfsr.org.tw/Uploads/files/108%E5%B9%B4%E9%87%91%E8%9E%8D%E5%BB%BA%E8%A8%80%E7%99%BD%E7%9A%AE%E6%9B%B8-2019_08_26.pdf。
51. 金融總會（12/24/2019），108年金融建言白皮書-主管機關回應意見彙總，頁18，https://www.tfsr.org.tw/Uploads/files/108%E5%B9%B4%E9%87%91%E8%9E%8D%E5%BB%BA%E8%A8%80%E7%99%BD%E7%9A%AE%E6%9B%B8-%E4%B8%BB%E7%AE%A1%E6%A9%9F%E9%97%9C%E5%9B%9E%E6%87%89%E6%84%8F%E8%A6%8B%E5%BD%99%E7%B8%BD.pdf。
52. 金融總會，金融科技共創平台啟動儀式暨記者會，https://www.tfsr.org.tw/Home/AboutTFSR3?Kind=%E9%87%91%E8%9E%8D%E7%A7%91%E6%8A%80%E5%85%B1%E5%89%B5%E5%B9%B3%E5%8F%B0%E5%95%9F%E5%8B%95%E5%84%80%E5%BC%8F%E6%9A%A8%E8%A8%98%E8%80%85%E6%9C%83&sKind=%E9%87%91%E8%9E%8D%E7%A7%91%E6%8A%80%E5%85%B1%E5%89%B5%E5%B9%B3%E5%8F%B0%E5%95%9F%E5%8B%95%E5%84%80%E5%BC%8F%E6%9A%A8%E8%A8%98%E8%80%85%E6%9C%83。
53. 金融總會（07/25/2022），金融科技共創平台監理科技組工作成果，https://www.tfsr.org.tw/Uploads/files/%E7%9B%A3%E7%90%86%E7%A7%91%E6%8A%80%E7%B5%84%E5%B7%A5%E4%BD%9C%E6%88%90%E6%9E%9C(1).pdf。
54. 金融總會（10/10/2021），110年金融建言白皮書，https://www.tfsr.org.tw/Uploads/files/110%E5%B9%B4%E9%87%91%E8%9E%8D%E5%BB%BA%E8%A8%80%E7%99%BD%E7%9A%AE%E6%9B%B8-2021_10_19.pdf。
55. 金融總會（02/10/2022），110年金融建言白皮書-主管機關回應意見彙總，https://www.tfsr.org.tw/Uploads/files/110%E5%B9%B4%E9%87%91%E8%9E%8D%E5%BB%BA%E8%A8%80%E7%99%BD%E7%9A%AE%E6%9B%B8-%E4%B8%BB%E7%AE%A1%E6%A9%9F%E9%97%9C%E5%9B%9E%E6%87%89%E6%84%8F%E8%A6%8B%E5%BD%99%E7%B8%BD.pdf。
56. 政大金融科技研究中心（02/18/2022），「多元之數位身分驗證機制含電子簽章研究案期中研究成果座談說明會」簡報，http://www.ftrc.nccu.edu.tw/wordpresseng/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/%E6%94%BF%E5%A4%A7PMO_0218%E7%B0%A1%E5%A0%B1%E7%B8%BD%E6%AA%94-1.pdf。
57. 政大金融科技研究中心（07/14/2022），「多元之數位身分驗證機制案期末研究成果說明會」簡報，http://www.ftrc.nccu.edu.tw/wordpresseng/?event=%e5%a4%9a%e5%85%83%e4%b9%8b%e6%95%b8%e4%bd%8d%e8%ba%ab%e5%88%86%e9%a9%97%e8%ad%89%e6%a9%9f%e5%88%b6%e5%90%ab%e9%9b%bb%e5%ad%90%e7%b0%bd%e7%ab%a0%e7%a0%94%e7%a9%b6%e6%a1%88%e6%9c%9f%e6%9c%ab%e7%a0%94。
58. 保發中心，電子保單認證及存證業務簡介，https://www.tii.org.tw/tii/insurance/insurance10/。
59. 國家發展委員會（國發會），歐盟個人資料保護規則本文部分（引自聯徵中心出版品），https://www.ndc.gov.tw/Content_List.aspx?n=F98A8C27A0F54C30。
60. 國泰世華KOKO，FAQ常見問題，https://www.kokobank.com/BANK/Teach/Faq。
61. 保險局（11/18/2021），訂定「保險業辦理遠距投保及保險服務業務應注意事項」，https://www.ib.gov.tw/ch/home.jsp?id=45&parentpath=0,3&mcustomize=onemessages_view.jsp&dataserno=202111180001&dtable=Law。
62. 第一銀行，顧客Q&A，https://www.firstbank.com.tw/sites/fcb/touch/1565687625665。
63. 渣打銀行，非個人戶開戶應備資料（2018/12版），https://av.sc.com/tw/content/docs/tw-openaccount-e.pdf。
64. 植根法律網，保險業辦理電子商務應注意事項http://www.rootlaw.com.tw/LawHistory.aspx?LawID=A040390061030000-1110530。
65. 新竹市東區戶政事務所（02/26/2018），自然人憑證手冊，https://e-household.hccg.gov.tw/ch/home.jsp?id=96&parentpath=0,14,94。
66. 鉅亨網（10/28/2021），〈觀察〉純網銀想掀鯰魚效應 尚須專業法人開戶放行，https://news.cnyes.com/news/id/4756209。
67. 鉅亨網（11/16/2021），數位存款開戶數達943萬戶 金管會再祭兩大鬆綁，https://news.cnyes.com/news/id/4772187。
68. 鉅亨網（03/16/2022），疫情改變消費習慣 今年美國消費者線上支出估突破1兆美元，https://news.cnyes.com/news/id/4833674。
69. 經濟日報（09/15/2021），因應疫情 六保險業試辦遠距投保，https://money.udn.com/money/story/5613/5746551?from=edn_referralnews_story_ch12017。
70. 經濟日報（03/08/2022），純網銀規劃試辦房貸業務，https://money.udn.com/money/story/122229/6147556。
71. 廖敏全，行動寬頻業者開放電子身分識別 申辦電信服務監理報告，NCC NEWS，14卷1期，https://nccnews.com.tw/202002/ch2a.html。
72. 臺灣網路認證公司，金融用戶憑證管理中心憑證實務作業基準，https://www.twca.com.tw/upload/saveArea/filePage/20211129/ea00be4b14d647bc99e4bb19e83bcb16/ea00be4b14d647bc99e4bb19e83bcb16.pdf。
73. 臺灣網路認證公司（07/05/2021），Mobile ID行動身分認證及數位簽署解決方案，https://www.fintechspace.com.tw/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/05-%E8%87%BA%E7%B6%B2_Mobile-ID%E8%A1%8C%E5%8B%95%E8%BA%AB%E5%88%86%E8%AA%8D%E8%AD%89%E5%8F%8A%E6%95%B8%E4%BD%8D%E7%B0%BD%E7%BD%B2.pdf。
74. 數位發展部，數位發展部單位預算，https://www-api.moda.gov.tw/File/Get/bCA8eZL5ipKZ4kD。
75. 數位發展部政府網站營運交流平台，易用性測試（Usability test），https://www.webguide.nat.gov.tw/News_Content.aspx?n=531&s=3005。
76. 數位發展部資通安全署（08/27/2022），關鍵基礎設施資安防護，https://moda.gov.tw/ACS/operations/ciip/650。
77. 聯卡中心，信用卡輔助持卡人身分驗證平台，https://www.nccc.com.tw/wps/wcm/connect/zh/home/BusinessOperations/CardBusiness/CardVerificationPlatform。
78. 聯合新聞網，追台灣最新疫情 看即時數據圖表，https://udn.com/news/covid19/COVID19_Taiwan。
79. 聯合新聞網（06/21/2022），保險業前5月獲准業務試辦4件最積極 監理沙盒慘掛零，https://udn.com/news/story/7239/6405021。
80. 趨勢科技Trend Micro，何謂網路釣魚攻擊？，https://www.trendmicro.com/zh_tw/what-is/phishing/phishing-attacks.html。
81. 趨勢科技部落格（09/28/2017），企業資安:如何防範中間人 (MitM) 攻擊?，https://blog.trendmicro.com.tw/?p=52362&fbclid=IwAR1ViNtXZnzRaO4XBvQTHtISyyDcoOvlOpnWQTaKzGUYWdcYeEiOX-frI6c。
82. 趨勢科技部落格（01/02/2019），【2019 年資安預測】被偷的帳號都被拿來做什麼?累積里程、製造假評論、灌票…(6-1)，https://blog.trendmicro.com.tw/?p=58391#more-58391。
83. Leadership（11/03/2016），ISO/IEC 27001：2022 資訊安全管理系統 Information Security Management System , ISMS，https://www.isoleader.com.tw/home/iso-coaching-detail/ISO27001。
84. Inside (04/29/2021)，廣告越準我越怕？科技巨頭隱私新政下的台灣網民調查出爐，數位廣告未來往哪走？，https://www.inside.com.tw/article/23343-ad2-digitalad-insight。
85. iThome（11/26/2020），【政府FIDO應用實例】內政部TW FidO介接便民服務與公務系統，讓國人登入政府服務簡易又安全，https://www.ithome.com.tw/news/141254。
86. iThome (01/12/2021)，【2021資安大預測】趨勢7：法規遵循｜臺灣資安法及個資法都面臨修法壓力，https://www.ithome.com.tw/news/142118。
87. Yahoo!新聞（05/11/2023），反對推動換發數位身分證 58人告內政部敗訴，https://tw.news.yahoo.com/%E5%8F%8D%E5%B0%8D%E6%8E%A8%E5%8B%95%E6%8F%9B%E7%99%BC%E6%95%B8%E4%BD%8D%E8%BA%AB%E5%88%86%E8%AD%89-58%E4%BA%BA%E5%91%8A%E5%85%A7%E6%94%BF%E9%83%A8%E6%95%97%E8%A8%B4-041707967.html
七、 其他
1. 政大金融科技研究中心監理科技創新實驗室主辦「Digital Transformation of Regulatory Institutions Academic Salon」研討會，會中Jermy Prenio和Louise Malady的發言，2021年11月3日。
2. 臧正運教授於2022年6月22日赴澳移地研究專訪Shannon Peterson之內容轉述。
英文資料（按第一作者姓氏字母排序）
一、 書籍
1. GUPTA, PRANAY & T. MANDY THAM, FINTECH: THE NEW DNA OF FINANCIAL SERVICES (2019).
二、 專書論文
1. Arner, Douglas W., Ross P. Buckley & Dirk A. Zetzsche, Open Banking, Open Data and Open Finance: Lessons from the European Union, in: OPEN BANKING (Linda Jeng eds. 2021), 37.
2. Owen, Richard, Jack Stilgoe, Phil Macnaghten, Mike Gorman, Erik Fisher & Dave Gusten, A Framework for Responsible Innovation, in RESPONSIBLE INNOVATION: MANAGING THE RESPONSIBLE EMERGENCE OF SCIENCE AND INNOVATION IN SOCIETY 27, 31 (Richard Owen, John Bessant & Maggy Heintz ed., 2013).
3. Toth, Kalman C., Ann Cavoukian & Alan Anderson-Priddy, Privacy by Design Identity Architecture Using Agents and Digital Identities, in PRIVACY TECHNOLOGIES AND POLICY (Luís Antunes, Maurizio Naldi, Giuseppe F. Italiano, Kai Rannenberg & Prokopios Drogkaris eds., 2020).
三、 期刊
1. Anand, Nishant & Irina Brass, Responsible innovation for digital identity systems, 3 DATA & POLICY E35 (2021).
2. Braun, Dietmar, Organising the political coordination of knowledge and innovation policies, 35 SCIENCE AND PUBLIC POLICY 227 (2008).
3. Kaiser, David & Jonathan D. Moreno, Self-censorship is not enough, 492 NATURE 345 (2012).
4. Lips, Miriam, Rethinking citizen – government relationships in the age of digital identity: Insights from research, 15 INFORMATION POLITY 273 (2010).
5. Rashid, Naeha, Deploying the Once-Only Policy: A Privacy-Enhancing Guide for Policymakers and Civil Society Actors, ASH CENTER FOR DEMOCRATIC GOVERNANCE AND INNOVATION POLICY BRIEFS SERIES (2020), https://ash.harvard.edu/files/ash/files/deploying-once-only-policy.pdf?m=1605912398.
6. Stilgoe, Jack, Richard Owen & Phil Macnaghten, Developing a framework for responsible innovation, 42 RESEARCH POLICY 1568 (2013).
7. Sullivan, Clare, Digital identity – From emergent legal concept to new reality, 34 COMPUTER LAW & SECURITY REVIEW 723 (2018).
8. Tsang, Cheng-Yun & Ping-Kuei Chen, Understanding policy diffusion mechanism of financial regulatory innovation: the experience of Taiwan, 30(1) ASIA PACIFIC LAW REVIEW 21 (2020).
9. Van der Bruggen, Koos, Possibilities, Intentions and Threats: Dual Use in the Life Sciences Reconsidered, 18 SCI. ENG. ETHICS 741 (2012).
10. Weart, Spencer, Scientists with a secrect, 29 PHYSICS TODAY 23 (1976).
四、 國際組織及政府官方文件
1. AFI, Fintech for financial inclusion: a framework digital financial transformation (2018), https://ssrn.com/abstract=3245287.
2. Atick, Joseph J., Digital identity: The essential guide, ID4AFRICA (2014), https://www.id4africa.com/main/files/Digital_Identity_The_Essential_Guide.pdf.
3. Australian Government, Relationship Authorisation Manager (RAM) User Guide, 3, https://www.publicaccountants.org.au/media/2582031/ATO_RAM-User-Guide_vfinal_v20.pdf.
4. Australian Government Digital Identity, TDIF 01 - Glossary of Abbreviations and Terms (Mar. 2022), https://www.digitalidentity.gov.au/sites/default/files/2022-03/TDIF%2001%20Glossary%20-%20Release%204.6%20%28Doc%20Version%201.5%29.pdf.
5. Australian Government Digital Identity, Your guide to the Digital Identity legislation (Oct. 1, 2021), https://www.digitalidentity.gov.au/sites/default/files/2021-10/Your%20guide%20to%20the%20Digital%20Identity%20legislation.pdf.
6. Bank for International Settlements [BIS], BIS Annual Economic Report 2021 (2021), https://www.bis.org/publ/arpdf/ar2021e3.pdf.
7. Commission implementing regulation (EU) 2015/1502 of 8 September 2015 on setting out minimum technical specifications and procedures for assurance levels for electronic identification means pursuant to Article 8(3) of Regulation (EU) No 910/2014 of the European Parliament and of the Council on electronic identification and trust services for electronic transactions in the internal market, OJ [2015] L 235/7, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32015R1502&from=ES.
8. Commission Proposal for Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council amending Regulation (EU) No 910/2014 as regards establishing a framework for a European Digital Identity, Explanatory Memorandum, COM (2021) 281 final (Mar. 6, 2021).
9. Commission Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council on measures for a high common level of cybersecurity across the Union, repealing Directive (EU) 2016/1148, Explanatory Memorandum, COM (2020) 823 final (Dec. 16 2020).
10. Di Castri, Simone, Stefan Hohl, Arend Kulenkampff & Jermy Prenio, The suptech generations, FSI INSIGHTS ON POLICY IMPLEMENTATION, NO 19 (Oct. 2019), https://www.bis.org/fsi/publ/insights19.pdf.
11. Di Mira, Eugenio (Gene), Digital Identification Methods and Testing for AML Programs, CAMS-AUDIT ADVANCED CERTIFICATION WHITE PAPER (2021), https://www.acamstoday.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/DiMira-Digital-ID-Define-Test-Whitepaper.pdf.
12. Digital Transformation Agency [DTA], Trusted Digital Identity Framework 02 – Overview (Mar. 2022), https://www.digitalidentity.gov.au/sites/default/files/2022-03/TDIF%2002%20Overview%20-%20Release%204.6%20%28Doc%20Version%201.3%29.pdf.
13. DTA, About us, https://www.dta.gov.au/about-us#mission.
14. DTA, Annual Report 2017-2018 (Sep. 28, 2018), https://www.dta.gov.au/sites/default/files/files/Annual%20reports/18459%20DTA%20-%20Annual%20Report%202017%E2%80%9318-wcag%20(3).pdf.
15. DTA, Fourth release of the Trusted Digital Identity Framework (May 4, 2020), https://www.dta.gov.au/news/fourth-release-trusted-digital-identity-framework.
16. Directive 95/46/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 24 October 1995 on the protection of individuals with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data, OJ [1995] L281/31, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=uriserv%3AOJ.L_.1995.281.01.0031.01.ENG&toc=OJ%3AL%3A1995%3A281%3ATOC.
17. Directive 1999/93/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 December 1999 on a Community framework for electronic signatures, OJ [2000] L 13/12, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=celex%3A31999L0093#.
18. Directive (EU) 2016/1148 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 6 July 2016 concerning measures for a high common level of security of network and information systems across the Union，https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A32016L1148.
19. Draft Report on the proposal for a regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council amending Regulation (EU) No 910/2014 as regards establishing a framework for a European Digital Identity, PE732.707v01-00 (May. 5 2022).
20. European Data Protection Board [EDPB], The Belgian data protection authority imposes a fine of € 10,000 (Sep. 19, 2019), https://edpb.europa.eu/news/national-news/2019/belgian-data-protection-authority-imposes-fine-eu-10000_en.
21. EDPB, Dutch DPA: CP&A receives fine for violating privacy of sick employees (Jun. 9, 2021), https://edpb.europa.eu/news/national-news/2021/dutch-dpa-cpa-receives-fine-violating-privacy-sick-employees-0_en.
22. Electronic identification schemes notified pursuant to Article 9(1) of Regulation (EU) No 910/2014 of the European Parliament and of the Council on electronic identification and trust services for electronic transactions in the internal market, OJ [2018] C401/7, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=uriserv:OJ.C_.2018.401.01.0007.01.ENG&toc=OJ:C:2018:401:FULL.
23. E-Estonia, Factsheet: Cyber security, https://e-estonia.com/wp-content/uploads/cyber-security-factsheet-aug2022.pdf.
24. FATF, Guidance on Digital Identity (2020), https://www.fatf-gafi.org/media/fatf/documents/recommendations/Guidance-on-Digital-Identity.pdf.
25. FATF, The FATF Recommendations (2012), https://www.fatf-gafi.org/media/fatf/documents/recommendations/pdfs/FATF%20Recommendations%202012.pdf
26. GDPR Hub, Rb. Amsterdam - C/13/687315 / HA RK 20-207, https://gdprhub.eu/index.php?title=Rb._Amsterdam_-_C/13/687315_/_HA_RK_20-207#Facts.
27. G20 & GPFI, G20 High-Level Principles for Digital Financial Inclusion, (2016), https://www.gpfi.org/sites/gpfi/files/G20%20High%20Level%20Principles%20for%20Digital%20Financial%20Inclusion.pdf
28. International Organization for Standardization [ISO], ISO/IEC 29115:2013(E), Information technology — Security techniques — Entity authentication assurance framework.
29. ISO, ISO/IEC 2382-37:2017, https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:std:iso-iec:2382:-37:ed-2:v1:en:term:3.9.2.
30. MyGovID, myGovID Privacy Policy (Aug. 2021), https://www.mygovid.gov.au/mygovid-privacy-policy.
31. National Institute of Standards and Technology [NIST], NIST Special Publication (SP) 800-63A Digital Identity Guidelines: Enrollment and Identity Proofing, https://pages.nist.gov/800-63-3-Implementation-Resources/63A/referees/.
32. NIST, NIST 800-63 (b) Digital Identity Guidelines: Authentication and Lifecycle Management, https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-63b.pdf.
33. NIST, blockchain technology overview (2018), https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/ir/2018/NIST.IR.8202.pdf
34. OECD, Digital Identity Management: Enabling Innovation and Trust in the Internet Economy (2011), https://www.oecd.org/sti/ieconomy/49338380.pdf.
35. Police and Border Guard Board [PBGB], Estonian eID scheme: ID card, https://ec.europa.eu/cefdigital/wiki/download/attachments/62885749/EE%20eID%20LoA%20mapping%20-%20ID%20card.pdf.
36. PBGB, Estonian eID scheme: Mobiil-ID, https://ec.europa.eu/digital-building-blocks/wikis/download/attachments/62885749/EE%20eID%20LoA%20mapping%20-%20Mobiil-ID.pdf?version=1&modificationDate=1531759816924&api=v2.
37. Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council amending Regulation (EU) No 910/2014 as regards establishing a framework for a European Digital Identity - General approach, 14959/22 (Nov. 25 2022).
38. Regulation (EU) no 910/2014 of the European Parliament and of the council of 23 July 2014 on electronic identification and trust services for electronic transactions in the internal market and repealing Directive 1999/93/EC, OJ [2014] L 257/73, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=uriserv%3AOJ.L_.2014.257.01.0073.01.ENG.
39. Regulation (EU) 2016/679 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 April 2016 on the protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data, and repealing Directive 95/46/EC (General Data Protection Regulation)，https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32016R0679.
40. The Council of the European Union, Council configurations, https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/council-eu/configurations/.
41. The Council of the European Union, Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council amending Regulation (EU) No 910/2014 as regards establishing a framework for a European Digital Identity - General approach (Dec. 6, 2022), https://data.consilium.europa.eu/doc/document/ST-14959-2022-INIT/en/pdf.
42. The Council of the European Union, Transport, Telecommunications and Energy Council (Telecommunications) (Jun. 3 2022), https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/meetings/tte/2022/06/03/.
43. The European Commission, Communication from The Commission Consumer Financial Services Action Plan: Better Products, More Choice, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:52017DC0139.
44. The European Commission, Communication: Shaping Europe’s digital future (Feb. 19, 2020), https://commission.europa.eu/document/download/84c05739-547a-4b86-9564-76e834dc7a49_en?filename=communication-shaping-europes-digital-future-feb2020_en.pdf.
45. The European Commission, Commission Recommendation of 3.6.2021 on a common Union Toolbox for a coordinated approach towards a European Digital Identity Framework, https://ec.europa.eu/newsroom/dae/redirection/document/76610.
46. The European Commission, European Digital Identity Architecture and Reference Framework – Outline (Feb. 22, 2022), https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/library/european-digital-identity-architecture-and-reference-framework-outline.
47. The European Commission, Estonia eID notification form for electronic identity scheme under Article 9(5) of Regulation (EU) no. 910/2014, https://ec.europa.eu/digital-building-blocks/wikis/download/attachments/62885749/ESTONIAN%20eID%20NOTIFICATION%20FORM%20FOR%20ELECTRONIC%20IDENTITY%20SCHEME%20UNDER%20ARTICLE%209%20OF%20eIDAS%20REGULATION%20v1.1.pdf?version=1&modificationDate=1585726532858&api=v2.
48. The European Commission, Estonian ID Scheme: Mobiil-ID (Feb. 27, 2018), https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwiK64zOg-P8AhWEGogKHYMlCCwQFnoECBMQAQ&url=https%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Fdigital-building-blocks%2Fwikis%2Fdownload%2Fattachments%2F62885749%2FEE%2520eID%2520LoA%2520mapping%2520-%2520Mobiil-ID.pdf%3Fversion%3D1%26modificationDate%3D1531759816924%26api%3Dv2&usg=AOvVaw2KKcGuo4cpXAbJKVHd4wpG.
49. The European Commission, Inception impact assessment - Ares(2020)3899583 (Feb. 19, 2020), https://ec.europa.eu/info/law/better-regulation/have-your-say/initiatives/12528-EU-digital-ID-scheme-for-online-transactions-across-Europe_en.
50. The European Council, European Council conclusions, 1-2 October 2020 (Oct. 2, 2022), https://www.consilium.europa.eu/media/45910/021020-euco-final-conclusions.pdf.
51. The Council of the European Union, Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council amending Regulation (EU) No 910/2014 as regards establishing a framework for a European Digital Identity - Progress report (May 17, 2022), https://data.consilium.europa.eu/doc/document/ST-8701-2022-INIT/en/pdf.
52. The European Parliament, Handbook on the ordinary legislative procedure, (Sep., 2020), https://www.europarl.europa.eu/cmsdata/255709/OLP_2020_EN.pdf.
53. The European Parliament Legislative Train Schedule, Revision of the eIDAS Regulation – European Digital Identity (EUid), https://www.europarl.europa.eu/legislative-train/spotlight-JD22/file-eid.
54. The White House, National Strategy for Trust Identities in Cyberspace, https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/sites/default/files/rss_viewer/NSTICstrategy_041511.pdf.
55. World Bank, Principles on identification for sustainable development: toward the digital age (2018), https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/213581486378184357/pdf/Principles-on-Identification-for-Sustainable-Development-Toward-the-Digital-Age.pdf
56. World Bank Group, Estonia: A Successfully Integrated Population-Registration and Identity Management System, http://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/873061495178335850/pdf/115147-WP-EstoniaIDPopregistryIDcasestudyNovweb-PUBLIC.pdf.
57. World Bank Group & CCAF, The Global Covid-19 FinTech Regulatory Rapid Assessment Study (2020), https://www.jbs.cam.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/2020-ccaf-report-fintech-regulatory-rapid-assessment.pdf
58. World Bank Group & DIAL, Technology Landscape for Digital Identification (2018), https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/199411519691370495/Technology-Landscape-for-Digital-Identification.pdf.
59. World Bank Group, GSMA & SIA, Digital Identity: Toward Shared Principles for Public and Private Sector Cooperation, https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/600821469220400272/pdf/107201-WP-PUBLIC-WB-GSMA-SIADigitalIdentity-WEB.pdf.
60. World Economic Forum [WEF], A Blueprint for Digital Identity, https://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_A_Blueprint_for_Digital_Identity.pdf.
五、 網路資料
1. Australian Government Digital Identity, Phase 1 – Legislation consultation, https://www.digitalidentity.gov.au/have-your-say/phase-1-digital-identity-legislation.
2. Australian Government Digital Identity, Phase 2 – Legislation consultation, https://www.digitalidentity.gov.au/have-your-say/phase-2-digital-identity-legislation.
3. Australian Government Digital Identity, Phase 3 – Legislation consultation, https://www.digitalidentity.gov.au/consultation/phase-3-legislation-consultation.
4. Australian Government Digital Identity, Trusted Digital Identity Framework (TDIF), https://www.digitalidentity.gov.au/tdif.
5. Australian Government Relationship Authorisation Manager [RAM], Manage authorisations, https://info.authorisationmanager.gov.au/manage-authorisations.
6. Cavoukian, Ann, Privacy by Design: The 7 Foundational Principles, https://www.ipc.on.ca/wp-content/uploads/resources/pbd-implement-7found-principles.pdf.
7. Centre on Regulation in Europe [CERRE], eIDAS 2.0: DIGITAL IDENTITY SERVICES IN THE PLATFORM ECONOMY, ISSUE PAPER (2022), https://cerre.eu/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/CERRE_Digital-Identity_Issue-Paper_FINAL-2.pdf.
8. Cyrilla, Analysing the impact of Digital ID frameworks on Marginalised Groups in Sub-Saharan Africa (2021), https://news.cyrilla.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/Analysing-The-impact-of-Digital-ID-frameworks-on-Marginalised-Groups-in-Sub-Saharan-Africa-18.01.2021-colums-1.pdf.
9. E-Estonia, Discovering the most widely used e-services (Jan. 18, 2020), https://e-estonia.com/speakers-corner-most-widely-used-e-services/.
10. E-Estonia, Ease of doing business, https://e-estonia.com/solutions/ease_of_doing_business/e-tax/.
11. E-Estonia, Estonia’s fully remote e-notary service – 1st state e-service of its kind in Europe (Nov. 17, 2021), https://e-estonia.com/estonias-fully-remote-e-notary-service-1st-state-e-service-of-its-kind-in-europe/.
12. E-Estonia, Factsheet: e-identity, https://e-estonia.com/wp-content/uploads/e-identity-factsheet-aug2022.pdf.
13. E-Estonia, Story, https://e-estonia.com/story/.
14. E-Estonia, This is the story of the world`s most advanced digital society, https://e-estonia.com/story/.
15. European Commission eIDAS Dashboard, National Accreditation Bodies and Conformity Assessments Bodies for QTSP/QTS, https://eidas.ec.europa.eu/efda/notification-tool/#/screen/browse/list/CAB_NAB.
16. Financial Services Consumer Panel, Consumer Panel Members, https://www.fs-cp.org.uk/who-is-on-the-panel.
17. Financial Services Consumer Panel, What is the Panel, https://www.fs-cp.org.uk/consumer-panel/what-panel.
18. Fredrikson, Christian, Year-end report January-December 2017, FINGERPRINTS CARD AB (Feb. 9, 2018), https://www.fingerprints.com/uploads/nasdaq/press-releases/2018/02/fingerprints-q4-2017-eng_final.pdf.
19. Gelb, Alan & Julia Clark, Identification for Development: The Biometrics Revolution, CENTER FOR GLOBAL DEVELOPMENT WORKING PAPER NO. 315 (2013), https://ssrn.com/abstract=2226594
20. Global Risk Institute, Data-sharing frameworks in financial services: discussing open banking regulation for Canada (2020), https://ssrn.com/abstract=2983066.
21. ID.ee, Authentication in e-services, https://www.id.ee/en/article/authentication-in-e-services/.
22. ID.ee, Mobile ID application and activation, https://www.id.ee/artikkel/mobiil-id-taotlemine/.
23. Information System Authority, Integration tools of eID, https://www.ria.ee/en/state-information-system/electronic-identity-eid-and-trust-services/integration-tools-eid.
24. Innovatics, false accept rate definition, https://www.innovatrics.com/glossary/false-accept-rate-far/.
25. Information System Authority, eID competence centre, https://www.ria.ee/en/state-information-system/electronic-identity-eid-and-trust-services/eid-competence-centre#ppa.
26. iTnews, myGovID goes live on Android OS (Oct. 9, 2019), https://www.itnews.com.au/news/mygovid-goes-live-on-android-os-532030.
27. Kalvet, Tarmo, The Estonian Information society developments since the 1990s, PRAXIS WORKING PAPER 29 (2007), https://praxis.ee/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/2007-Estonian-information-society-developments.pdf
28. Kitsing, Meelis, An Evaluation of E-Government in Estonia, paper prepared for the conference Internet, Politics and Policy 2010: An Impact Assessment conference at Oxford University, UK, on September 16-17, 2010, http://blogs.oii.ox.ac.uk/ipp-conference/sites/ipp/files/documents/IPP2010_Kitsing_1_Paper_0.pdf.
29. Kluwgant, Benjamin, AUSkey retires next month, replaced by new myGovID system, MYOB (Feb. 3, 2020), https://www.myob.com/au/blog/mygovid-arrives-replacing-auskey/.
30. M., Ghouse, Australian Government releases Framework for Digital Identity, LINKEDIN (Mar. 6, 2018), https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/australian-government-releases-framework-digital-ghouse-mohammad
31. McKinsey Global Institute, Digital identification: A key to inclusive growth (2019), https://www.mckinsey.com/~/media/McKinsey/Business%20Functions/McKinsey%20Digital/Our%20Insights/Digital%20identification%20A%20key%20to%20inclusive%20growth/MGI-Digital-identification-Report.ashx.
32. Metcalfe, Les, Building Capacities for Integration: The Future Role of the Commission, UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH (May. 13, 1996), http://aei.pitt.edu/827/1/1.htm.
33. Moseling, Brett, myGov ID & Relationship Authorisation Manager, CHEESEMAN APPLEGARTH & PARTNERS (Jan. 1, 2022), https://www.applegarth.com.au/post/mygov-id-relationship-authorisation-manager.
34. MyGovID, How to use it, https://www.mygovid.gov.au/how-use-it.
35. MyGovID, myGovID Terms of use – User (Aug. 2021), https://www.mygovid.gov.au/mygovid-terms-of-use-user.
36. MyGovID, Where to use it, https://www.mygovid.gov.au/where-to-use.
37. Owen, Richard, John Bessant & Maggy Heintz, Author Biography, in RESPONSIBLE INNOVATION: MANAGING THE RESPONSIBLE EMERGENCE OF SCIENCE AND INNOVATION IN SOCIETY (Apr. 2, 2013), https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/book/10.1002/9781118551424.
38. RAM, Authorised users and administrators, https://info.authorisationmanager.gov.au/authorised-users-and-administrators.
39. RAM, Business software user or provider, https://info.authorisationmanager.gov.au/business-software-user-or-provider.
40. RAM, Get started, https://info.authorisationmanager.gov.au/get-started.
41. RAM, Relationship Authorisation Manager privacy notice (Mar. 2022), https://info.authorisationmanager.gov.au/privacy-policy.
42. RAM, Set up authorisations, https://info.authorisationmanager.gov.au/set-up-authorisations.
43. SK ID solution, Legislation, https://www.skidsolutions.eu/en/repository/legislation/.
44. Smart-ID, E-services accessible with Smart-ID, https://www.smart-id.com/e-services/.
45. Standard Business Reporting, What is SBR?, https://www.sbr.gov.au/about-sbr/what-sbr.
46. Telia, How to subscribe to the Mobile ID service, https://www.telia.ee/abi/juhend/2013/mobiil-id-teenuse-tellimine-ja-aktiveerimine.
47. Telia, Mobile ID, https://www.telia.ee/era/lisateenused/mobiil-id/.
48. Thakkar, Danny, Top Five Biometrics (Face, Fingerprint, Iris, Palm and Voice) Modalities Comparison, BAYOMETRIC, https://www.bayometric.com/biometrics-face-finger-iris-palm-voice/.
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50. Thales, Trusted digital identity for everyone everything everyday (2021), https://www.thalesgroup.com/sites/default/files/database/document/2021-06/Thales-DIS-Digital-Identity.pdf.
51. UK Research and Innovation, Responsible innovation, https://www.ukri.org/about-us/policies-standards-and-data/good-research-resource-hub/responsible-innovation/.
52. Vassil, Kristjan, Estonian e-Government Ecosystem: Foundation, Applications, Outcomes, WORLD DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2016 (Jun. 2015), https://thedocs.worldbank.org/en/doc/165711456838073531-0050022016/original/WDR16BPEstonianeGovecosystemVassil.pdf.
53. Vergara, David, NIST Softens Guidance on SMS Authentication, ONESPAN BLOG (Oct. 24, 2017), https://www.onespan.com/blog/nist-softens-guidance-sms-authentication
54. We Are Social, Digital in 2018: World’s Internet Users Pass The 4 Billion Mark (Jan. 30, 2018), https://wearesocial.com/uk/blog/2018/01/global-digital-report-2018/.
55. Weinert, Alex, It`s Time to Hang Up on Phone Transports for Authentication, MICROSOFT (Nov. 10, 2020), https://techcommunity.microsoft.com/t5/microsoft-entra-azure-ad-blog/it-s-time-to-hang-up-on-phone-transports-for-authentication/ba-p/1751752.
56. xUpery, Two Countries / Two Decades / Two Outcomes: A brief comparison of e-government solutions in Estonia and Switzerland (Jan. 19, 2017), http://xupery.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/A-brief-comparison-of-e-government-solutions-in-Estonia-and-Switzerland.pdf. |
| Description: | 碩士
國立政治大學
法律學系
108651041 |
| Source URI: | http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0108651041 |
| Data Type: | thesis |
| Appears in Collections: | [法律學系] 學位論文
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