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    題名: 負擔或是資產？母職與政治參與之關聯
    A Burden or an Asset ? The Relationship between Motherhood and Political Participation
    作者: 葉如緣
    Yeh, Ju-Yuan
    貢獻者: 楊婉瑩
    Yang, Wan-Ying
    葉如緣
    Yeh, Ju-Yuan
    關鍵詞: 母職
    政治參與
    交叉壓力
    女性主義
    Motherhood
    Political Participation
    Cross-pressure
    Feminism
    日期: 2022
    上傳時間: 2023-03-09 18:41:46 (UTC+8)
    摘要: 女性主義詩人Rich (1976) 在其《女人所生》一書中對母職概念提出兩種意義，就社會層面而言，母職體制作為外力，以各種制度或政策形成強制性規範女性；就個人層面而言，母職經驗作為個人經驗，則可以激發出母親們新的個人特質與能力並且充權（empower）女性。換言之，作為母親對女性而言並非僅只於負面的影響，同時也會帶來正面的啟發，而這一種潛藏於母職之中的矛盾性，則同時為我帶來了研究的誘因與動機，想進一步探詢在政治參與之中母職及其特殊性所帶來的影響。
    因此本研究將以量化分析，台灣女性政治參與之中母職身分之差異現象、成因以及影響。描繪出母職女性的政治參與輪廓，並從中建構出母職女性政治參與之類型，以歸納出女性於母職交織性之下政治參與之模式與行為。
    透過兩個「線性迴歸模型」 (linear regression model)，本文分析2019年間之629名女性，觀察母職身份會對其政治參與所造成之影響。研究發現，母職經驗確實會對政治參與產生影響，女性並非一「均質」群體，因身份因素，母職女性更傾向參與具有個人性與地區性的隱性政治參與，而身份因素，亦增強了母職女性於政治參與上的能動性。此外，社會體制議會對政治參與造成影響，傳統規範所產生的交叉壓力，使得在必須揭露自身立場的顯性政治參與上，產生了必須察言觀色的「不敢」；而隱性政治參與的特性，則降低了傳統倫理規範對女性的影響。而當母職經驗與母職體制同時對政治參與作用時，為了維繫母職與主體性的平衡，母職女性於政治參與上不再屈就「政治不活動」，取而代之採取「活動不政治」策略，將隱性政治參與作為替代性選擇。
    母職對女性的作用，是為政治參與的資產亦或為負擔？一如 Rich (1976)所言，事實上母職體制對於女性的政治參與而言確實會帶來負債一般的作用，使女性受制於家庭；反之，母職經驗對於女性政治參與而言卻宛如資產一般，促使女性走出家庭。換言之，母職既為資產，亦為負擔。只要政治參與的場域正確，看似負擔的母職，也能成為女性不可多得的資產。
    Rich(1976), as a feminist poet, had brought up two meanings of motherhood in his book” Of Woman Born”. From social perspectives, institution of motherhood as an external force, stipulates women by systems or policies; from personal perspectives, experience of mothering as a personal experience, can rather inspire mothers to gain new characteristics and capability. Also, personal experience empowers women.
    In other words, women, as being mothers, obtain not only negative impact but also positive inspiration. The ambivalent characteristics of motherhood have become my study incentives and motivation, which urge me to inquire deeply into the special impact of motherhood in the field of political participation.
    Using quantitative analysis, this study observes the difference between women being mothers or women who are not in female political participation in Taiwan. The study also depicts the contour of the political participation of mothers, and further constructs and classifies the types of the political participation of mothers. Even more, it concludes the mode and behavior of the political participation of mothers under intersectionality.
    By using two linear regression models, this study analyzes 629 women in 2019. It observes how motherhood as an identity would cause impacts on female political participation. The study reveals that experience of mothering has an effect on female political participation. Women are not a homogenous population. Based on the difference in identity, women with motherhood prefer “recessive” political participation, which is more personal, or regional. Besides, motherhood as an identity consolidates the motivation in female political participation. On the other hand, the social system has an effect on political participation. Traditional social norms which generate cross-pressure forces women to be afraid of revealing themselves in “dominant” political participation. At the same time, the characteristics of recessive political participation lower the restriction of traditional social norms of women.
    As experience of mothering and institution of motherhood concurrently play roles on political participation, mothers would not compromise themselves to be “inactive in politics”, but to be “active in non-politics”. Besides, they prefer recessive political participation as an alternative choice.
    Motherhood an asset or a burden to female political participation? As Rich(1976) has mentioned, institution of motherhood would certainly be a debt to drag women’s feet in the family. But, on the contrary, experience of mothering would be an asset in female political participation, which prompts women to walk out of the family. Namely, motherhood is a burden and also an asset to female political participation. As long as the field of political participation is appropriate, the seemingly burdensome motherhood can become an exceptional asset to women.
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