Loading...
|
Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item:
https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/143848
|
| Title: | 緊急公衛危機下的視覺化溝通策略–以2022年台灣Omicron變異株事件為例
Visual Communication Strategies in Public Health Emergencies– the 2022 SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Variant in Taiwan as an Example |
| Authors: | 李例嬛
Lee, Li-Huan |
| Contributors: | 李怡志
Li, I-Chih
李例嬛
Lee, Li-Huan |
| Keywords: | 政府公衛機構
緊急公衛危機
危機和緊急風險溝通
視覺溝通
Government public health agency
Emergency public health crisis
Crisis and Emergency Risk Communication
Visual communication |
| Date: | 2022 |
| Issue Date: | 2023-03-09 18:40:11 (UTC+8) |
| Abstract: | 傳統的風險溝通，如酒駕、慢性病、藥物濫用等，多可在較長期、緩慢背
景下進行，傳播者有足夠時間規劃與測試訊息，使其傳播效果最佳化，面對如 COVID-19 這類緊急公衛危機的迫切性，如何將過往慢性風險溝通形式，轉化 成可迅速改變人們態度行為的訊息訴求，將是一大挑戰。
危機傳播強調回應公眾對訊息需求的即時性‧但危機發生時也可能有額外 風險，需要透過有效的說服性訊息應對危機的緊迫性，這使得風險和危機傳播 有融合的必要性。為了在緊迫、威脅和高度不確定性的背景下有效溝通， Reynolds 和 Seeger(2005)提出危機和緊急風險溝通理論模型(Crisis and Emergency Risk Communication, CERC)，以提供緊急公衛危機有效的指引。
COVID-19 爆發後，社交媒體上混雜大量疫情資訊，為了更有效地在社交 媒體上與公眾溝通，各國政府公衛組織多以更易於理解且可快速分享的視覺化 內容傳播，其影響力並不低於新聞文本或是純文字的推文，卻未被充分探討。 鑑於上述理論和實證的缺失，本研究以 2022 年台灣 Omicron 變異株危機為例， 借鑑 CERC 的理論框架，探討政府公衛部門在疫情不同階段的溝通策略，能否 讓公眾理解並有效應對這場公衛危機。
本研究發現政府公衛機構在訊息主題上，並無因應疫情變化，調整其訊息
內容，多停留在疫情初期的防疫宣導，未即時提供更符合公眾當前需求的主題;在視覺形式上，政府公衛機構多以文字卡呈現，缺乏能讓公眾快速理解並提高其風險感知的圖表，且常以明顯視覺符號，如紅字、粗體引導公眾關注較不重要的資訊，或刻意以不明顯字體使公眾無法察覺特定資訊的可能性。
本研究在視覺層面的分析補足過往 CERC 理論中僅提供訊息指引的限制， 並以 Omicron 變異株的風險和危機特徵為例，提出未來政府公衛機構在緊急公 衛危機期間視覺化溝通策略上的建議。
Traditional risk communication, such as drunk driving, chronic diseases, and drug abuse, can be carried out in a longer-term and slower context where communicators have enough time to plan and test messages to optimize their effectiveness.
Crisis communication emphasizes the immediacy of responding to the public`s need for information. The need to respond to the urgency of a crisis through effective persuasive messaging makes it necessary to integrate risk and crisis communication. To communicate effectively in a context of urgency, threat, and high uncertainty, Reynolds and Seeger (2005) proposed the Crisis and Emergency Risk Communication (CERC) theoretical model to provide effective guidance for emergency public defense crises. To communicate more effectively with the public on social media after the outbreak of COVID-19, public health organizations in various countries have been using visual content that is easier to understand and can be shared quickly, with no less impact than news texts or text-only tweets but has not been fully explored. Because of these theoretical and empirical deficiencies, this study uses the 2022 Omicron strain crisis in Taiwan as an example and draws on the theoretical framework of CERC to investigate whether the communication strategies of government public health departments at different stages of the epidemic can enable the public to understand and effectively respond to this public health crisis.
This study found that government public health agencies did not adjust their message contents in response to the changes of the epidemic, and mostly stayed at the initial stage of the epidemic to promote epidemic prevention, without providing topics that could better meet the current needs of the public. They often use obvious visual symbols, such as red letters and bold fonts, to guide the public to focus on less important information, or deliberately use obscure fonts to make the public unaware of the possibility of specific information.
The visual analysis in this study complements the limitations of previous CERC theories that only provide information guidance, and uses the risk and crisis characteristics of the Omicron variant as an example to suggest future visual communication strategies for governmental public health agencies during emergency public health crisis. |
| Reference: | An, S.-K., & Cheng, I.-H. (2010). Crisis communication research in public relations journals: Tracking. The Handbook of Crisis Communication, 65. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781444314885.ch3
Ancker, J. S., Senathirajah, Y., Kukafka, R., & Starren, J. B. (2006). Design Features of Graphs in Health Risk Communication: A Systematic Review. Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association, 13(6), 608–618. https://doi.org/10.1197/jamia.M2115
Andrade, E. L., Barrett, N. D., Edberg, M. C., Rivera, M. I., Latinovic, L., Seeger, M. W., Goldman, -Hawes Ann, & Santos, -Burgoa Carlos. (2020). Mortality reporting and rumor generation: An assessment of crisis and emergency risk communication following. Journal of International Crisis and Risk Communication Research, 3(1), 15–47. https://doi.org/10.3316/INFORMIT.101283164195893
Avery, E. J., & Kim, S. (2009). Anticipating or Precipitating Crisis? Health Agencies May Not be Heeding Best Practice Advice in Avian Flu Press Releases. Journal of Public Relations Research, 21(2), 187–197. https://doi.org/10.1080/10627260802557449
Bakhtiar, R., Hilda, H., Duma, K., & Yudia Riries Choiru, P. (2020). Relationship between understanding of COVID-19’s infographics and the efforts to prevent COVID-19 transmission. Journal of Community Empowerment for Health, 67-76. https://doi.org/10.22146/jcoemph.56749
Barbazza, E., Ivanković, D., Wang, S., Gilmore, K. J., Poldrugovac, M., Willmington, C., Larrain, N., Bos, V., Allin, S., Klazinga, N., & Kringos, D. (2021). Exploring Changes to the Actionability of COVID-19 Dashboards Over the Course of 2020 in the Canadian Context: Descriptive Assessment and Expert Appraisal Study. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 23(8), e30200. https://doi.org/10.2196/30200
Berg, D. M., Robb, S., Toth, E. L., & Heath, R. L. (1992). Crisis management and the “paradigm” case. Rhetorical and Critical Approaches to Public Relations II, 93-110.
Blackwell, A. F. (1997). Correction: A picture is worth 84.1 words. In Proceedings of the first ESP student workshop, 15-22.
Bostrom, A., Anselin, L., & Farris, J. (2008). Visualizing Seismic Risk and Uncertainty. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1128(1), 29–40. https://doi.org/10.1196/annals.1399.005
127
Brock, S. E., Sandoval, J., & Lewis, S. (2001). Preparing for crises in the schools: A manual for building school crisis response teams. John Wiley & Sons Inc.
Burnett, J. J. (1998). A strategic approach to managing crises. Public relations review, 24(4), 475-488. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0363-8111(99)80112-X
Chryst, B., Marlon, J., Van Der Linden, S., Leiserowitz, A., Maibach, E., & Roser- Renouf, C. (2018). Global warming’s “Six Americas Short Survey”: Audience segmentation of climate change views using a four question instrument. Environmental Communication, 12(8), 1109-1122.
https://doi.org/ 10.1080/17524032.2018.1508047
Connelly, N. A., & Knuth, B. A. (1998). Evaluating Risk Communication: Examining Target Audience Perceptions About Four Presentation Formats for Fish Consumption Health Advisory Information. Risk Analysis, 18(5), 649–659. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1539-6924.1998.tb00377.x
Coombs, W. T. (2007). Protecting organization reputations during a crisis: The development and application of situational crisis communication theory. Corporate Reputation Review, 10(3), 163–176. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.crr.1550049
Coombs, W. T., & Holladay, S. J. (2002). Helping crisis managers protect reputational assets: Initial tests of the situational crisis communication theory. Management Communication Quarterly, 16(2), 165–186. https://doi.org/10.1177/089331802237233
Coombs, W. T., & Holladay, S. J. (2011). The handbook of crisis communication. John Wiley & Sons.
Council, N. R. (1989). Improving Risk Communication. https://doi.org/10.17226/1189
Covello, V. T. (2006). Risk communication and message mapping: A new tool for communicating effectively in public health emergencies and disasters. Journal of Emergency Management, 4(3), 25–40. https://doi.org/10.5055/jem.2006.0030
Covello, V. T., Peters, R. G., Wojtecki, J. G., & Hyde, R. C. (2001). Risk communication, the West Nile virus epidemic, and bioterrorism: Responding to the commnication challenges posed by the intentional or unintentional release of a pathogen in an urban setting. Journal of Urban Health, 78(2), 382–391. https://doi.org/10.1093/jurban/78.2.382
Dalrymple, K. E., Young, R., & Tully, M. (2016). “Facts, Not Fear”: Negotiating Uncertainty on Social Media During the 2014 Ebola Crisis. Science Communication, 38(4), 442–467. https://doi.org/10.1177/1075547016655546
128
Delp, C., & Jones, J. (1996). Communicating information to patients: The use of cartoon illustrations to improve comprehension of instructions. Academic Emergency Medicine, 3(3), 264–270. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1553-2712.1996.tb03431.x
Dong, E., Du, H., & Gardner, L. (2020). An interactive web-based dashboard to track COVID-19 in real time. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 20(5), 533–534. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30120-1
Eckerman, I. (2005). The Bhopal saga: Causes and consequences of the world’s largest industrial disaster. Universities press.
Elgammal, N. (2021). COVID-19 Crisis Communication: The Strategic Use of Instagram Messages by the Bahraini Ministry of Health in Light of the Crisis and Emergency Risk Communication Model (CERC). 31, 22.
Eppler, M. J., & Aeschimann, M. (2009). A Systematic Framework for Risk Visualization in Risk Management and Communication. Risk Management, 11(2), 67–89. https://doi.org/10.1057/rm.2009.4
Fang, H., Xin, S., Pang, H., Xu, F., Gui, Y., Sun, Y., & Yang, N. (2022). Evaluating the effectiveness and efficiency of risk communication for maps depicting the hazard of COVID-19. Transactions in GIS, 26(3), 1158–1181. https://doi.org/10.1111/tgis.12814
Fearn-Banks, K. (2001). Crisis communication: A review of some best practices. Handbook of Public Relations, 479–485. https://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781452220727
Fissi, S., Gori, E., & Romolini, A. (2022). Social media government communication and stakeholder engagement in the era of Covid-19: Evidence from Italy. International Journal of Public Sector Management, 35(3), 276–293. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJPSM-06-2021-0145
Fortin, J. M., Hirota, L. K., Bond, B. E., O’Connor, A. M., & Col, N. F. (2001). Identifying patient preferences for communicating risk estimates: A descriptive pilot study. BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making, 1(1), 1–11.
Gaudino, J. L., Fritsch, J., & Haynes, B. (2017). “If You Knew What I Knew, You’d Make the Same Decision”: A Common Misperception Underlying Public Relations Campaigns? In Public relations theory (pp. 299–308). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781351225748-17
129
Gisondi, M. A., Barber, R., Faust, J. S., Raja, A., Strehlow, M. C., Westafer, L. M., & Gottlieb, M. (2022). A deadly infodemic: Social media and the power of COVID-19 misinformation. Journal of medical Internet research, 24(2), e35552. https://doi.org/10.2196/35552
Golding, D., Krimsky, S., & Plough, A. (1992). Evaluating risk communication: Narrative vs. Technical presentations of information about radon. Risk Analysis, 12(1), 27–35.
Goldstein, B. D. (2005). Advances in Risk Assessment and Communication. Annual Review of Public Health, 26(1), 141–163. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.publhealth.26.021304.144410
Griffin, R. J., Dunwoody, S., & Neuwirth, K. (1999). Proposed model of the relationship of risk information seeking and processing to the development of preventive behaviors. Environmental Research, 80(2), S230–S245.
Hadden, S. G. (1989). Institutional Barriers to Risk Communication. Risk Analysis, 9(3), 301–308. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1539-6924.1989.tb00995.x
HagenLoni, NeelyStephen, ScharfRyan, & E, K. (2020). Social Media Use for Crisis and Emergency Risk Communications During the Zika Health Crisis. Digital Government: Research and Practice. https://doi.org/10.1145/3372021
Hollands, J. G., & Spence, I. (1992). Judgments of change and proportion in graphical perception. Human Factors, 34(3), 313–334.
Ivanković, D., Barbazza, E., Bos, V., Brito Fernandes, Ó., Jamieson Gilmore, K., Jansen, T., Kara, P., Larrain, N., Lu, S., Meza-Torres, B., Mulyanto, J., Poldrugovac, M., Rotar, A., Wang, S., Willmington, C., Yang, Y., Yelgezekova, Z., Allin, S., Klazinga, N., & Kringos, D. (2021). Features Constituting Actionable COVID-19 Dashboards: Descriptive Assessment and Expert Appraisal of 158 Public Web-Based COVID-19 Dashboards. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 23(2), e25682. https://doi.org/10.2196/25682
Ju, Y., Lim, J., Shim, M., & You, M. (2015). Outrage Factors in Government Press Releases of Food Risk and Their Influence on News Media Coverage. Journal of Health Communication, 20(8), 879–887. https://doi.org/10.1080/10810730.2015.1018602
Kaplan, R. M., Hammel, B., & Schimmel, L. E. (1985). Patient information processing and the decision to accept treatment. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 1(1), 113–120.
130
Kates, R. W., & Kasperson, J. X. (1983). Comparative risk analysis of technological hazards (a review). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 80(22), 7027- 7038. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.80.22.7027
Kearns, C., & Kearns, N. (2020). The role of comics in public health communication during the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Visual Communication in Medicine, 43(3), 139–149. https://doi.org/10.1080/17453054.2020.1761248
Kelman, H. C. (1961). Processes of opinion change. Public Opinion Quarterly, 25(1), 57–78. https://doi.org/10.1086/266996
Kinsky, E. S., Chen, L., & Drumheller, K. (2021). Crisis and Emergency Risk Communication: FEMA’s Twitter use during the 2017 hurricane season. Public Relations Review, 47(4), 102094. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2021.102094
Kjellgren, S. (2013). Exploring local risk managers’ use of flood hazard maps for risk communication purposes in Baden-Württemberg. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, 13(7), 1857–1872. https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-13-1857-2013
Lachlan, K. A., Spence, P. R., Lin, X., Najarian, K., & Del Greco, M. (2016). Social media and crisis management: CERC, search strategies, and Twitter content. Computers in Human Behavior, 54, 647–652. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2015.05.027
Leiss, W. (1996). Three Phases in the Evolution of Risk Communication Practice. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 545(1), 85–94. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002716296545001009
Lee, S. H., Pandya, R. K., Hussain, J. S., Lau, R. J., Chambers, E. A. B., Geng, A., ... & Junop, M. (2022). Perceptions of using infographics for scientific communication on social media for COVID-19 topics: a survey study. Journal of Visual Communication in Medicine, 45(2), 105-113.
Lipkus, I. M. (2007). Numeric, Verbal, and Visual Formats of Conveying Health Risks: Suggested Best Practices and Future Recommendations. Medical Decision Making, 27(5), 696–713. https://doi.org/10.1177/0272989X07307271
Lipkus, I. M., Crawford, Y., Fenn, K., Biradavolu, M., Binder, R. A., Marcus, A., & Mason, M. (1999). Testing Different Formats for Communicating Colorectal Cancer Risk. Journal of Health Communication, 4(4), 311–324. https://doi.org/10.1080/108107399126841
131
Lipkus, I. M., & Hollands, J. G. (1999). The Visual Communication of Risk. JNCI Monographs, 1999(25), 149–163. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.jncimonographs.a024191
Limaye, R. J., Sauer, M., Ali, J., Bernstein, J., Wahl, B., Barnhill, A., & Labrique, A. (2020). Building trust while influencing online COVID-19 content in the social media world. The Lancet Digital Health, 2(6), e277-e278.
Lu, J. (2020). Themes and Evolution of Misinformation During the Early Phases of the COVID-19 Outbreak in China—An Application of the Crisis and Emergency Risk Communication Model. Frontiers in Communication, 5. https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fcomm.2020.00057
Lwin, M. O., Lu, J., Sheldenkar, A., & Schulz, P. J. (2018). Strategic Uses of Facebook in Zika Outbreak Communication: Implications for the Crisis and Emergency Risk Communication Model. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15(9), 1974. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15091974
Malik, A., Khan, M. L., & Quan-Haase, A. (2021). Public health agencies outreach through Instagram during the COVID-19 pandemic: Crisis and Emergency Risk Communication perspective. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 61, 102346. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2021.102346
McComas, K. A. (2006). Defining moments in risk communication research: 1996- 2005. Journal of Health Communication, 11(1), 75–91. https://doi.org/10.1080/10810730500461091
Mileti, D. S., & Sorensen, J. H. (1990). Communication of emergency public warnings: A social science perspective and state-of-the-art assessment (No. ORNL- 6609). Oak Ridge National Lab., TN (USA).
Ophir, Y. (2018). Coverage of epidemics in American newspapers through the lens of the crisis and emergency risk communication framework. Health Security, 16(3), 147– 157. https://doi.org/10.1089/hs.2017.0106
Welhausen, C. A. (2015). Visualizing a non-pandemic: Considerations for communicating public health risks in intercultural contexts. Technical Communication, 62(4), 244-257.
WHO(2017). Communicating risk in public health emergencies: A WHO guideline for emergency risk communication (ERC) policy and practice. World Health Organization.
132
Otway, H. (1992). Public Wisdom, Expert Fallibility: Toward a Contextual Theory of Risk. In S. Krimsky & D. Golding (Eds.), Social Theories of Risk (pp. 215–228). Praeger.
Palenchar, & Michael J. (2020). Historical trends of risk and crisis communication. In Handbook of risk and crisis communication (pp. 31–52). Routledge.
Parmer, J., Baur, C., Eroglu, D., Lubell, K., Prue, C., Reynolds, B., & Weaver, J. (2016). Crisis and Emergency Risk Messaging in Mass Media News Stories: Is the Public Getting the Information They Need to Protect Their Health? Health Communication, 31(10), 1215–1222. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2015.1049728
Pearson, C. M., & Clair, J. A. (1998). Reframing crisis management. Academy of Management Review, 23(1), 59–76. https://doi.org/10.2307/259099
Penrose, J. M. (2000). The role of perception in crisis planning. Public Relations Review, 26(2), 155–171. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0363-8111(00)00038-2
Perrow, C. (1999). Normal accidents: Living with high risk technologies. Princeton university press. https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-3287(85)90044-8
Peters, R. G., Covello, V. T., & McCallum, D. B. (1997). The Determinants of Trust and Credibility in Environmental Risk Communication: An Empirical Study. Risk Analysis, 17(1), 43–54. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1539-6924.1997.tb00842.x
Pidgeon, N., Kasperson, R. E., & Slovic, P. (2003). The Social Amplification of Risk. Cambridge University Press.
Reckelhoff-Dangel, C., & Petersen, D. (2007). Risk Communication in Action. Cincinnati: EPA, 1–14.
Renn, O. (1992). Risk communication: Towards a rational discourse with the public. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 29(3), 465–519. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304- 3894(92)85047-5
Reynolds, B., & Seeger, M. W. (2005). Crisis and emergency risk communication as an integrative model. Journal of Health Communication, 10(1), 43–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10810730590904571
Sandman, P. M. (1993). Responding to community outrage: Strategies for effective risk communication. AIHA.
Sandman, P. M. (2006). Crisis communication best practices: Some quibbles and additions. Journal of Applied Communication Research, 34(3), 257-262.
133
Schäfer, M. S., & Painter, J. (2021). Climate journalism in a changing media ecosystem: Assessing the production of climate change‐related news around the world. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change, 12(1), e675.
Schirillo, J. A., & Stone, E. R. (2005). The Greater Ability of Graphical Versus Numerical Displays to Increase Risk Avoidance Involves a Common Mechanism. Risk Analysis, 25(3), 555–566. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1539-6924.2005.00624.x
Schubbe, D., Scalia, P., Yen, R. W., Saunders, C. H., Cohen, S., Elwyn, G., van den Muijsenbergh, M., & Durand, M.-A. (2020). Using pictures to convey health information: A systematic review and meta-analysis of the effects on patient and consumer health behaviors and outcomes. Patient Education and Counseling, 103(10), 1935–1960. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pec.2020.04.010
Sellnow, T. L., & Seeger, M. W. (2021). Theorizing Crisis Communication. John Wiley & Sons.
Sellnow, T. L., Ulmer, R. R., Seeger, M. W., & Littlefield, R. (2008). Effective Risk Communication: A Message-Centered Approach. Springer Science & Business Media.
Seeger, M. W., Sellnow, T. L., & Ulmer, R. R. (1998). Communication, organization, and crisis. Annals of the International Communication Association, 21(1), 231-276.
Shah, P., Mayer, R. E., & Hegarty, M. (1999). Graphs as aids to knowledge construction: Signaling techniques for guiding the process of graph comprehension. Journal of Educational Psychology, 91(4), 690. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022- 0663.91.4.690
Shrivastava, P. (1993). Crisis theory/practice: Towards a sustainable future. Industrial & Environmental Crisis Quarterly, 7(1), 23-42.
Skarlatidou, A., Cheng, T., & Haklay, M. (2012). What Do Lay People Want to Know About the Disposal of Nuclear Waste? A Mental Model Approach to the Design and Development of an Online Risk Communication. Risk Analysis, 32(9), 1496–1511. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1539-6924.2011.01773.x
Smith, V. K., & Desvousges, W. H. (1987). An empirical analysis of the economic value of risk changes. Journal of Political Economy, 95(1), 89–114. https://doi.org/10.1086/261443
Spence, P. R., Lachlan, K. A., & Griffin, D. R. (2007). Crisis communication, race, and natural disasters. Journal of Black Studies, 37(4), 539–554. https://doi.org/10.1177/0021934706296192
134
Stephenson, M. T., & Witte, K. (1998). Fear, threat, and perceptions of efficacy from frightening skin cancer messages. Public Health Reviews, 26(2), 147–174. https://europepmc.org/article/med/10327830
Stone, E. R., Yates, J. F., & Parker, A. M. (1997). Effects of numerical and graphical displays on professed risk-taking behavior. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 3(4), 243. doi:10.1037/1076-898X.3.4.243
Siricharoen, W. V., & Siricharoen, N. (2018). Infographic utility in accelerating better health communication. Mobile Networks and Applications, 23, 57-67.
Sutton, J., League, C., Sellnow, T. L., & Sellnow, D. D. (2015). Terse Messaging and Public Health in the Midst of Natural Disasters: The Case of the Boulder Floods. Health Communication, 30(2), 135–143. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2014.974124
Taylor-Clark, K. A., Viswanath, K., & Blendon, R. J. (2010). Communication Inequalities During Public Health Disasters: Katrina’s Wake. Health Communication, 25(3), 221–229. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410231003698895
Veil, S., Reynolds, B., Sellnow, T. L., & Seeger, M. W. (2008). CERC as a Theoretical Framework for Research and Practice. Health Promotion Practice, 9(4_suppl), 26S- 34S. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26736827?seq=1. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524839908322113
Vos, S. C., & Buckner, M. M. (2016). Social Media Messages in an Emerging Health Crisis: Tweeting Bird Flu. Journal of Health Communication, 21(3), 301–308. https://doi.org/10.1080/10810730.2015.1064495
WHO. (2022). Risk communications and community engagement (RCCE). https://www.who.int/emergencies/risk-communications
Zahry, N. R., McCluskey, M., & Ling, J. (2022). Risk governance during the COVID- 19 pandemric: A quantitative content analysis of governors’ narratives on twitter. Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468- 5973.12412
Zhang, Y., Sun, Y., Padilla, L., Barua, S., Bertini, E., & Parker, A. G. (2021). Mapping the landscape of covid-19 crisis visualizations. Proceedings of the 2021 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1145/3411764.3445381
135
汪浩譯(2004)。《風險社會: 通往另一個現代的路上》。台北市:巨流圖書公司 。(原書:Beck, U. (2016). Risikogesellschaft: Auf dem Weg in eine andere Moderne. Suhrkamp Verlag.)
吳宜蓁(2005)。《危機傳播—公共關係與語藝觀點的理論與實證》。台北市:五 南圖書出版股份有限公司。
洪明宏(2002)。《情報視覺化設計的理論與實踐》。台北市:全華科技圖書股份 有限公司。
陳百齡、鄭宇君(2014)。〈從流通到聚合: 重大災難期間浮現的資訊頻道〉。《 新聞學研究》，121:89-125。 https://dx.doi.org/10.30386/MCR.201410_(121).0003
周志華(2009)。《2008 年台灣總統大選電視競選廣告:議題、攻擊手法、與眼 神接觸》。國立交通大學傳播研究所碩士論文，新竹市。取自「全國博碩士論文 資訊網」https://hdl.handle.net/11296/mvse3u
楊承賢(2021)。《政府單位與新聞媒體於不同階段呈現的食安危機報導內容: 以戴奧辛雞蛋事件為例》。國立臺灣大學生物產業傳播暨發展學研究所碩士論文 ，台北市。取自「全國博碩士論文資訊網」https://hdl.handle.net/11296/dnu62g
洪子翔(2021)。《衛福部粉絲專頁政策溝通研究-以「新冠肺炎」為例》。世新 大學口語傳播暨社群媒體學系碩士論文，台北市。取自「全國博碩士論文資訊網 」https://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/cgi-bin/gs32/gsweb.cgi/ccd=DTWw1K/record?r1=2&h1=0
袁千雅(2020)。《新冠肺炎防疫政策說服效果:公衛部門臉書個人化敘事對政策 支持度與防疫意圖之影響》。國立交通大學客家學院傳播與科技學系碩士班碩士 論文，新竹市。取自「全國博碩士論文資訊網」https://hdl.handle.net/11296/pr4az8
黃鈺婷(2020)。《以混合研究方法探究社交媒體時代下新冠肺炎之風險傳播行 為》。國立交通大學客家學院傳播與科技學系碩士班碩士論文，新竹市。取自「 全國博碩士論文資訊網」https://hdl.handle.net/11296/87xv8t |
| Description: | 碩士
國立政治大學
傳播學院傳播碩士學位學程
108464009 |
| Source URI: | http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0108464009 |
| Data Type: | thesis |
| Appears in Collections: | [傳播學院傳播碩士學位學程] 學位論文
|
Files in This Item:
| File |
Description |
Size | Format | |
|---|
| 400901.pdf | | 15708Kb | Adobe PDF2 | 0 | View/Open |
|
All items in 政大典藏 are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved.
|
