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| Title: | 俄羅斯與南韓關係： 以俄羅斯遠東地區為例
Relations between Russia and South Korea: The case of Russian Far East |
| Authors: | 葉星彤
Yei, Xing-Tong |
| Contributors: | 許菁芸
Hsu, Jing-Yun
葉星彤
Yei, Xing-Tong |
| Keywords: | 俄韓關係
互賴理論
貿易合作
朝鮮半島
遠東地區
Russia and ROK relations
Interdependence theory
Trade cooperation
Korean peninsula
Far East |
| Date: | 2023 |
| Issue Date: | 2023-03-09 18:26:59 (UTC+8) |
| Abstract: | 俄羅斯與南韓的互動，可以追溯到18世紀，但本文討論的重點著重於2014年克里米亞危機發生之後至俄烏戰爭前，面對美歐對俄羅斯實施的制裁，使俄羅斯將外交政策目標轉向亞洲，並提出「轉向東方」政策方向，期望透過遠東地區豐富的自然資源，吸引國外的資金與技術，共同開發遠東地區。
南韓於2017年9月提出「新北方政策」，該政策內容為透過建立朝韓經濟共同體，加強與朝鮮聯繫，並以此目的向外拓展，發展俄朝韓三方合作項目。天然氣管道的架設能使南韓降低進口成本及風險，亦能使能源進口多樣化；而鐵路的架設除了能加強與朝鮮的關係之外，亦能使南韓物流供應鏈擴展至整個歐亞地區。因此新北方政策中以九橋策略作為俄韓主要合作領域，並同時簽署相關的合作備忘錄為進入市場做前期準備。
本文以研究國家間相互影響的互賴理論作為研究架構，並透過中文、英文、韓文及俄文等文獻資料作為資料來源，以便全面性地分析俄韓雙方合作誘因，並透過能源及經濟兩個層面了解目前合作現狀，根據現狀總結影響兩國合作因素及未來發展建議。
目前對俄韓合作主要影響因素為朝鮮核試驗，由於鐵路及天然氣管道的架設，皆須經由朝鮮領土，朝鮮的政治不穩定狀態導致談判多年的項目，依舊受限，另外面對美歐對俄羅斯及朝鮮的制裁，也使南韓與俄朝兩國的合作雪上加霜。
The interaction between Russia and South Korea can be traced back to the 18th century, but the focus of this article is on the face of the sanctions imposed by the United States and Europe on Russia after the Crimean crisis in 2014 and before the Russian-Ukraine war, which led Russia to turn its foreign policy objectives to Asia, and declared the policy direction of "turning to the east", attracting foreign funds and technology through the rich natural resources in the Far East, hoping to jointly develop the Far East.
South Korea declared the "New North Policy" in September 2017. The content of the policy is to strengthen ties with North Korea through the establishment of the inter-Korean economic community, and expand outward for this purpose, and develop trilateral cooperation projects between Russia, North Korea and South Korea. The erection of natural gas pipeline can reduce the import cost and risk of South Korea, and also diversify the energy import; Besides strengthening the relationship with North Korea, the construction of the railway can also expand the logistics supply chain of South Korea to the whole Eurasian region. Therefore, in the New North Policy, the Nine-Bridges Strategy shows the main area of cooperation between Russia and South Korea, and MOU are signed at the same time to prepare for entering the market.
This paper uses the interdependence theory as a framework for studying the interactions between countries, and uses Chinese, English, Korean and Russian literature as a source of information in order to comprehensively analyze the incentives for cooperation between Russia and Korea, and to understand the current state of cooperation at both the energy and economic levels, and to summarize the factors affecting cooperation between the two countries and suggestions for future development based on the current state of affairs.
At present, the main influencing factor of cooperation with Russia and South Korea is the North Korean nuclear development plans. Due to the fact that the construction of railways and natural gas pipelines must pass through the territory of North Korea, the political instability of North Korea has led to the restriction of the projects negotiated for many years. In addition, the sanctions imposed by the United States and Europe on Russia and North Korea have also made the cooperation between South Korea and Russia and North Korea worse. |
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Young, Oran R. 1969.“Interdependencies in world politics.”International Journal24(4)：726-750.
Yun, Ji Won. 2015a.“International Cooperation for the Construction of south korea-north korea-russia Pipeline natural gas (Png): Effectiveness and restrictions.”The Journal of East Asian affairs29(1)：71-100.
Yun, Ji Won. 2015b.“International Cooperation for the Construction of South korea - North korea - Russia Pipeline natural gas (PNG) : Effectiveness and restrictions.”The Journal of East Asian affairs29(1)：71-99.
Zakharova, Liudmila. 2016.“Economic cooperation between Russia and North Korea: New goals and new approaches.”journal of eurasian studies7(2)：151-161.
Zakharova, Liudmila. 2019.“Economic Relations between Russia and South Korea in the New Northern Policy.”Korea Economic Institute of America academic paper series(16)：1-9.
이재영, & 이순철. 2010.“Strategies and Performance of Korean Foreign Direct Investment in Russia.”한국 시베리아연구14(2)：43-64.
(三). 網路資料
Business & Human Rights Resource Centre 2022.“S.Korea bans exports of strategic items to Russia & joins SWIFT sanctions in response to Russia`s aggression on Ukraine.”in https://www.business-humanrights.org/en/latest-news/skorea-bans-exports-of-strategic-items-to-russia-joins-swift-sanctions-as-a-response-to-russian-aggression-on-ukraine/ Latest update. 30 December 2022.
Cha, Victor 2018.“Assessment of the Singapore Summit.”in https://www.csis.org/analysis/assessment-singapore-summit Latest update. 21 October 2022.
Eastern Economic Forum 2016.“RESULTS OF THE SECOND EASTERN ECONOMIC FORUM 2016.”in https://forumvostok.ru/en/news/results-of-the-second-eastern-economic-forum-2016/ Latest update. 4 January 2020.
Eastern Economic Forum 2017.“ROUND-UP OF THE EASTERN ECONOMIC FORUM 2017.”in http://forumvostok.ru/en/archive/2017/eef-2017-outcomes/ Latest update. 4 January 2020.
Eastern Economic Forum 2018.“OUTCOMES OF THE EEF 2018.”in http://forumvostok.ru/en/archive/2018/outcomes-of-the-eef-2018/ Latest update. 4 January 2020.
Eastern Economic Forum 2019.“OUTCOMES OF THE EASTERN ECONOMIC FORUM 2019.”in http://forumvostok.ru/en/archive/2019/outcomes-of-the-eef-2019/ Latest update. 4 January 2020.
Eastern Economic Forum 2021.“OUTCOMES OF THE EASTERN ECONOMIC FORUM 2021.”in https://forumvostok.ru/en/archive/2021/outcomes-of-the-eef-2021/ Latest update. 31 July 2022.
Eastern Economic Forum 2022a.“ABOUT THE FAR EAST.”in https://forumvostok.ru/en/about/ Latest update. 22 March 2022.
Eastern Economic Forum 2022b.“ABOUT THE FREE PORT.”in https://forumvostok.ru/en/about/free-port/ Latest update. 29 July 2022.
Eastern Economic Forum 2022c.“ADVANCED SPECIAL ECONOMIC ZONES.”in https://forumvostok.ru/en/about/asez/ Latest update. 29 July 2022.
Eastern Economic Forum 2022d.“THE ARCTIC ZONE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION.”in https://forumvostok.ru/en/about/arctic-zone-of-the-russian-federation/ Latest update. 29 July 2022.
Eastern Economic Forum 2022e.“OUTCOMES OF THE EASTERN ECONOMIC FORUM 2022.”in https://forumvostok.ru/en/archive/2022/outcomes-of-the-eef-2022/ Latest update. 1 December 2022.
Eastern Economic Forum 2022f.“A SPECIAL ADMINISTRATIVE REGION.”in https://forumvostok.ru/en/about/special-administrative-region/ Latest update. 29 July 2022.
Eunice Kim 2022.“South Korea to Join Russia Sanctions, But Won’t Lodge Its Own.”in https://www.voanews.com/a/south-korea-to-join-russia-sanctions-but-won-t-lodge-its-own/6459138.html Latest update. 30 December 2022.
Europétrole 2018.“NOVATEK Signed MOU with KOGAS.”in https://www.euro-petrole.com/novatek-signed-mou-with-kogas-n-i-17004 Latest update. 9 October 2022.
Freedom House 2020.“Freedom in the World 2020.”in https://freedomhouse.org/zh-hant/node/178?type=fiw&year=2020 Latest update. 22 November 2020.
Jae-eun, Cho 2009.“Samsung seals Nicaragua deal.”in https://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/2009/12/16/industry/Samsung-seals-Nicaragua-deal/2914074.html?detailWord= Latest update. 23 October 2022.
Kester Kenn Klomegah 2022.“Asian and Pacific Countries Preparing for the Far East Forum.”in https://moderndiplomacy.eu/2022/07/29/asian-and-pacific-countries-preparing-for-the-far-east-forum/ Latest update. 1 August 2022
Korea Joong Ang Daily 2009.“Hyundai Heavy secures farms in Russia.”in https://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/2009/04/14/industry/Hyundai-Heavy-secures-farms-in-Russia/2903571.html?detailWord= Latest update. 23 October 2022.
Martyn Williams 2017.“Russia Provides New Internet Connection to North Korea.”in https://www.38north.org/2017/10/mwilliams100117/ Latest update. 4 November 2022.
Min-hee, Jung 2019a.“Korea Land and Housing Corp. to Build Industrial Complex in Maritime Province of Siberia.”in http://www.businesskorea.co.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=39255 Latest update. 4 January 2020.
Min-hee, Jung 2019b.“Samsung Heavy Industries Wins 1.8-tril.-won Order for LNG Carriers.”in http://www.businesskorea.co.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=38504 Latest update. 4 January 2020.
Ministry of Foreign Affairs 2017.“Outcome of 1st Korea-Russia Arctic Consultation.”in https://www.mofa.go.kr/eng/brd/m_5676/view.do?seq=319501&srchFr=&srchTo=&srchWord=Foreign&srchTp=&multi_itm_seq=0&itm_seq_1=0&itm_seq_2=0&company_cd=&company_nm=&page=207&titleNm= Latest update. 30 August 2022.
Ministry of Transport of Russia 2021.“The Russian government has approved a Transport strategy until 2030 with a forecast for the period up to 2035.”in https://www.akm.ru/eng/press/the-russian-government-has-approved-a-transport-strategy-until-2030-with-a-forecast-for-the-period-u/ Latest update. 12 July 2022.
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Neftegaz.RU 2017.“Hyundai Heavy wins tanker order from Russia.”in https://neftegazru.com/news/companies/409015-hyundai-heavy-wins-tanker-order-from-russia/ Latest update. 23 October 2022.
NS Energy 2020.“DSME secures two LNG-Barge orders from Russian ship owners.”in https://www.nsenergybusiness.com/news/dsme-two-lng-barge-russian/ Latest update. 10 October 2022.
Offshore energy 2016.“Kogas to up imports of Sakhalin-2 LNG volumes.”in https://www.offshore-energy.biz/kogas-to-up-imports-of-sakhalin-2-lng-volumes/ Latest update. 1 October 2022.
Pulse by Maeil Business News Korea 2020.“Hyundai Construction Equipment wins combined $40.8 mn orders in Russia, Saudi Arabia.”in https://pulsenews.co.kr/view.php?sc=30800021&year=2020&no=1265089 Latest update. 23 October 2022.
Reuters 2018.“Factbox: History of failure: Efforts to negotiate on North Korean disarmament.”in https://www.reuters.com/article/us-northkorea-missiles-talks-factbox-idUSKCN1GI2PQ Latest update. 22 October 2022.
Rostelecom PJSC 2013.“Far East Macroregional Division.”in https://www.company.rt.ru/en/regions/far_east/ Latest update. 15 July 2022.
Ru-Stat 2020.“Trade between Far Eastern Federal District and South Korea.”in https://en.ru-stat.com/date-Y2013-2022/RU07/trade/KR Latest update. 8 December 2022.
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Russian Far East and Arctic Development Corporation 2022a.“Advanced Special Economic Zone.”in https://erdc.ru/en/about-tor/ Latest update. 30 July 2022.
Russian Far East and Arctic Development Corporation 2022b.“Free Port Vladivostok.”in https://erdc.ru/en/about-spv/ Latest update. 30 July 2022.
Samsung Electronics 2010.“SAMSUNG and YOTA Accelerate Nationwide Mobile WiMAX Deployment in Russia.”in https://www.samsung.com/global/business/networks/insights/press-release/samsung-and-yota-accelerate-nationwide-mobile-wimax-deployment-in-russia/ Latest update. 23 October 2022.
Song-hoon, Lee 2017.“Hyundai Samho Heavy to Set up Joint Venture in Russia.”in http://www.businesskorea.co.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=18282 Latest update. 23 October 2022.
Sputnik News 2016.“Sanctions Against N.Korea Not Affecting Russian Railways’s Rajin Project.”in https://sputniknews.com/20160303/sanctions-against-nkorea-not-affecting-russian-railways-project-1035744840.html Latest update. 26 October 2022.
The World Bank 2021.“GDP growth (annual %) - Russian Federation.”in https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.KD.ZG?locations=RU Latest update. 24 August 2022.
Trading Economics 2022.“South Korea Labor Force Participation Rate.”in https://tradingeconomics.com/south-korea/labor-force-participation-rate Latest update. 8 December 2022.
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY 2017.“Countering America`s Adversaries Through Sanctions Act-Related Sanctions.”in https://home.treasury.gov/policy-issues/financial-sanctions/sanctions-programs-and-country-information/countering-americas-adversaries-through-sanctions-act-related-sanctions Latest update. 21 October 2022.
United Nations 2016.“Security Council Strengthens Sanctions on Democratic Republic of Korea, Unanimously Adopting Resolution 2321 (2016).”in https://press.un.org/en/2016/sc12603.doc.htm Latest update. 20 October 2022.
United Nations 2017.“Security Council Imposes Fresh Sanctions on Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, Including Bans on Natural Gas Sales, Work Authorization for Its Nationals.”in https://press.un.org/en/2017/sc12983.doc.htm Latest update. 20 October 2022.
Yoonjung Seo, Larry Register, & Heather Chen 2022.“North Korea declares itself a nuclear weapons state, in `irreversible` move.”in https://edition.cnn.com/2022/09/09/asia/north-korea-kim-nuclear-weapons-state-law-intl-hnk/index.html Latest update. 14 September 2022.
Zwirko, Colin 2020.“Russian workers leave North Korea as joint coal project nears year-long shutdown.”in https://www.nknews.org/2020/12/russian-workers-leave-north-korea-as-joint-coal-project-nears-year-long-shutdown/ Latest update. 27 October 2022.
三、 韓文文獻
(一). 專書
김동열, 조영관, 박지원, 송영철, & 정선미. 2021a.“중소기업중심의한ㆍ러경제협력활성화방안.” In 한ㆍ러 경협 활성화를 위한 중소기업의 역할과 과제. 김흥종.： KIEP Research Paper, 전략지역심층연구.
김동열, 조영관, 박지원, 송영철, & 정선미. 2021b.“한ㆍ러중소기업의경제협력현황및기회.” In 한ㆍ러 경협 활성화를 위한 중소기업의 역할과 과제. 김흥종.： KIEP Research Paper, 전략지역심층연구.
박정호, 김석환, 강부균, 미나키르 파벨, 이사예프 아르쫌, 바르달 안나, & 수슬로프 데니스. 2019a.“결어: 한ㆍ러 극동 협력 심화를 위한 정책 제언.” In 푸틴과 러시아 극동개발 20년 : 한-러 극동 협력 심화를 위한 新방향 모색. 이재영.： 대외경제정책연구원.
박정호, 김석환, 강부균, 미나키르 파벨, 이사예프 아르쫌, 바르달 안나, & 수슬로프 데니스. 2019b.“러시아 극동개발과 주변국 협력.” In 푸틴과 러시아 극동개발 20년 : 한-러 극동 협력 심화를 위한 新방향 모색. 이재영.： 대외경제정책연구원.
(二). 期刊論文
고상두. 2018.“신북방시대 한국의 대러 외교전략과 과제.”슬라브학보33(3)：1-26.
고주영. 2021.“러-동북아 국가 간 천연가스 협력과 한국에의 시사점.”슬라브硏究37：57-90.
김기수, 이성우, 김아롬, & 서영준. 2019.“극동러시아 TSR을 활용한 복합운송의 장애요인과 북방물류 활성화 방안 연구.”통상정보연구21(1)：285-311.
김정기, 강명구, & 이상준. 2018.“러시아 에너지 전략과 한러 천연가스 협력의 가능성 및 제약요인.”러시아연구 (Russian Studies)28：33-63.
김정환, & 이아람. 2017.“천연가스 수급 다변화를 위한 전략 제언.”사회과학연구논총33：289-320.
박정호, 강부균, 민지영, 루코닌 세르게이, & 쿠즈네초바 올가. 2018.“푸틴 집권 4기 극동개발정책과 한ㆍ러 신경제협력 방향.”18：1-194.
배수한. 2006.“남한ㆍ북한ㆍ러시아 3국 경제협력방안.”국제정치연구9：49-75.
성원용. 2018.“9-Bridge 전략, 실현 가능한 분야부터 성공스토리 쌓아야.”통일한국417：14-17.
성원용. 2019.“신북방정책과 남북러 삼각협력: 과제와 발전 전망.”IDI 도시연구(16)：45-91.
안상욱. 2013.“러시아 천연가스 도입에 따른 문제점 및 전망:EU와 한국의 사례 비교.”세계지역연구논총31(3)：93-118.
우준모. 2018.““신북방정책” 비전의 국제관계이론적 맥락과 러시아 신동방정책과의 접점.”국제지역연구21(5)：105-129.
윤지원. 2018.“문재인-푸틴 대통령, 모스크바 정상회담과 신북방정책.”(474)：92-101.
이성우, 김은미, & 송주미. 2015.“우리나라 물류기업의 극동러시아 진출 사례 연구.”해양비즈니스：121-144.
이재영, & Dmitry Izotov. 2009.“러시아 대외경제활동의 지역간 불균형과 한국기업의 진출에 관한 연구.”중소연구33(3)：233-260.
이재현. 2013.“러시아 WTO가입에 따른 우리나라 기업의 대응전략.”통상정보연구15(3)：313-332.
최영진. 2018.“극동러시아에서의 인프라 및 제도 구축을 통한 환동해 국가와의 경제 협력 활성화.”아세아연구61：241-277.
(三). 網路資料
ECOVICE 2022.“Overseas corporation- Russia.”in https://ecovice.com/sub/sub03_01.php Latest update. 7 November 2022.
Gyeonggi-Russian Tech Plaza 2022.“센터소개.”in https://grtp.or.kr/introduction.php Latest update. 14 November 2022.
Korea-Russia Innovation Center 2022.“센터소개.”in https://kric.kitech.re.kr/html/?pmode=Greeting Latest update. 14 November 2022.
SEJONG 2018.“S. Korea, Russia agree on further economic cooperation.”in https://en.yna.co.kr/view/AEN20180607005900320 Latest update. 19 December 2019.
박수윤 2022.“북한, 북러공동선언 22주년 맞아 "양국관계 일대 전성기".”in https://www.yna.co.kr/view/AKR20220719094700504 Latest update. 21 August 2022.
산업통상자원부 2022.“한-러시아 FTA.”in https://www.fta.go.kr/main/situation/kfta/lov1/ru/1/ Latest update. 6 November 2022.
임을출 2019.“특집 | 한반도 신경제지도 구상이란? 2017년 9월호.”in https://unikorea21.com/?p=14203 Latest update. 23 December 2022.
전화수 2018.“대한민국,러시아,12개MOU와 7개의 별도 MOU 체결.”in http://www.dhns.co.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=205051 Latest update. 6 November 2022.
한국수출입은행 2022.“국가별 통계 - 러시아.”in https://stats.koreaexim.go.kr/sub/countryStatistics.do# Latest update. 30 December 2022.
四、 俄文文獻
(一). 期刊論文
Мотрич, Екатерина Леонидовна. 2018.“Влияние миграции на демографическую ситуацию на Дальнем Востоке России.”Миграционные процессы и их влияние на демографическое и социально-экономическое развитие Дальнего Востока：37-42.
(二). 網路資料
Comnews 2021a.“На Камчатке появилось первое цифровое село.”in https://www.comnews.ru/digital-economy/content/216859/2021-10-12/2021-w41/kamchatke-poyavilos-pervoe-cifrovoe-selo Latest update. 15 July 2022.
Comnews 2021b.“"Ростелеком" модернизировал инфраструктуру связи на Камчатке.”in https://www.comnews.ru/content/216599/2021-09-24/2021-w38/rostelekom-moderniziroval-infrastrukturu-svyazi-kamchatke Latest update. 15 July 2022.
Comnews 2022.“"Дом.ру" подключил к скоростному интернету в частном секторе дополнительно более 200 населенных пунктов.”in https://www.comnews.ru/content/219292/2022-03-16/2022-w11/domru-podklyuchil-k-skorostnomu-internetu-chastnom-sektore-dopolnitelno-bolee-200-naselennykh-punktov Latest update. 14 July 2022.
Vladimir Savkov 2014.“Транспорту Дальнего Востока нужны новые решения.”in http://tppinform.tpprf.ru/vedomosti/business/30640/ Latest update. 11 July 2022.
Е.И., Петров, & Тетенькин Д.Д. 2021.“Государственный доклад 2020 О СОСТОЯНИИ И ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИИ МИНЕРАЛЬНО-СЫРЬЕВЫХ РЕСУРСОВ РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ в 2020 году.”in https://rosnedra.gov.ru/article/13931.html Latest update. 28 July 2022.
Официальный сайт полномочного представителя Президента Российской Федерации в Дальневосточном федеральном округе 2022.“Численность населения.”in http://www.dfo.gov.ru/district/ Latest update. 22 March 2022.
Правительство России 2019.“Решения, принятые на заседании Правительства 11 апреля 2019 года.”in http://government.ru/news/36373/ Latest update. 3 June 2022.
ПРАВИТЕЛЬСТВО РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ 2017.“демографической политики Дальнего Востока на период до 2025 года.”in http://government.ru/docs/28228/ Latest update. 26 March 2022.
Президент России 2015.“Указ Президента Российской Федерации от 19.05.2015 г. № 250.”in http://kremlin.ru/acts/bank/39708 Latest update. 31 July 2022.
Федеральная служба государственной статистики 2021a.“Внешняя торговля Российской Федерации со странами дальнего зарубежья.”in https://rosstat.gov.ru/folder/11193 Latest update. 20 October 2022.
Федеральная служба государственной статистики 2021b.“Внутрироссийская миграция по территориям прибытия и выбытия («шахматка» по федеральным округам).”in https://rosstat.gov.ru/folder/12781 Latest update. 31 March 2022.
Федеральная служба государственной статистики 2021c.“Демография.”in https://rosstat.gov.ru/folder/12781 Latest update. 22 June 2022.
Федеральная служба государственной статистики 2021d.“Социально-экономические показатели по субъектам Российской Федерации.”in https://rosstat.gov.ru/folder/210/document/47652 Latest update. 29 March 2022.
Федеральная служба государственной статистики 2022.“Численность и миграция населения Российской Федерации в 2021 году.”in https://rosstat.gov.ru/compendium/document/13283 Latest update. 5 August 2022. |
| Description: | 碩士
國立政治大學
俄羅斯研究所
108263005 |
| Source URI: | http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0108263005 |
| Data Type: | thesis |
| Appears in Collections: | [俄羅斯研究所] 學位論文
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