政大機構典藏-National Chengchi University Institutional Repository(NCCUR):Item 140.119/143779

政大機構典藏-National Chengchi University Institutional Repository(NCCUR):Item 140.119/143779

English | 正體中文 | 简体中文 | Post-Print筆數 : 27 | 全文筆數/總筆數 : 113324/144300 (79%)
造訪人次 : 51129821 線上人數 : 873

RC Version 6.0 © Powered By DSPACE, MIT. Enhanced by NTU Library IR team.

搜尋範圍

查詢小技巧：

您可在西文檢索詞彙前後加上"雙引號"，以獲取較精準的檢索結果

若欲以作者姓名搜尋，建議至進階搜尋限定作者欄位，可獲得較完整資料

進階搜尋

主頁 ‧ 登入 ‧ 上傳 ‧ 說明 ‧ 關於政大典藏 ‧ 管理

到手機版

政大機構典藏 > 理學院 > 心理學系 > 學位論文 > Item 140.119/143779

請使用永久網址來引用或連結此文件: https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/143779

題名:	整合LIWC與LDA於心理學文本分析上之應用：以乳癌患者訪談稿為例 Integration of LIWC and LDA for text analysis in psychology: Using breast cancer patients` transcripts as an example
作者:	凃昱辰
貢獻者:	楊立行凃昱辰
關鍵詞:	文本分析乳癌創傷後成長語文探索與字詞計算隱含狄利克雷分佈
日期:	2023
上傳時間:	2023-03-09 18:24:35 (UTC+8)
摘要:	語言是研究人類行為的重要媒介，心理學跟資料科學都是研究語言文本的領域，心理學家會先形成研究假設，再使用內容分析編碼或運用預先定義的LIWC辭典分析；資料科學家則會找出文本特徵，例如詞彙數統計，或者使用LDA分析主題。本研究欲截長補短，發展了整合LIWC與LDA的雙取向文本分析方法，使用李昀潔（2017）乳癌患者生命故事的逐字稿資料進行二次分析，並以其分析受試者高峰、低潮、轉折三個階段與創傷後成長高分組與低分組的詞類使用分析結果為對照。本研究分析一發現個體在高峰、低潮、轉折三個階段會使用不同比例的正向情緒詞、負向情緒詞、焦慮詞、生氣詞、悲傷詞、工作詞、成就詞、休閒詞、健康詞、宗教詞、認知歷程詞，結果與李昀潔（2017）相符，顯示了本研究雙取向分析的可行性與對字詞使用差異的敏感度；分析二加入創傷後成長的面向，發現創傷後成長高分組與低分組乳癌患者於三個生命故事階段會使用不同比例的第一人稱單數代名詞、相對詞、確切詞、正向情緒詞、否定詞、LSM指標，結果與李昀潔（2017）相似，惟詞類在部分階段未有顯著差異，顯示雙取向文本分析能補充比單用封閉式詞彙分析更多的細節。分析三以分析二的階段與詞類放入逐步迴歸計算，找出較能預測創傷後成長的變項為低潮確切詞、轉折正向情緒詞、轉折LSM指標、高峰第一人稱單數代名詞。本研究結果顯示整合LIWC與LDA雙取向的文本分析方法確實可以提供更多的研究啟發。
參考文獻:	王韋婷（2014）。初診斷乳癌患者創傷後成長與心理適應的關係之長期追蹤研究－從創傷後成長異質性變化軌跡的觀點探討。政治大學心理學研究所博士論文，台北市。李昀潔（2017）。乳癌患者生命故事字詞分析與創傷後成長的關係。政治大學心理學研究所碩士論文，台北市。林瑋芳、黃金蘭、林以正（2014）。從LIWC到C-LIWC：電腦化中文字詞分析的潛力。台灣諮商心理學報，1，97-111。黃金蘭、林以正（2014）。語言與心理彈性：語言風格變化作為觀點轉換內隱指標的檢驗。黃金蘭、林以正、謝亦泰、程威銓（2012）。中文版「語文探索與字詞計算」詞典之建立。中華心理學刊，54（2），185-201。黃金蘭、張仁和、程威銓、林以正（2014）。我你他的轉變：以字詞分析探討大學生心理位移書寫文本之位格特性。中華輔導與諮商學報，39，35-58。黃素菲（2008）。敘事治療的本質與精神。載於陳阿月（譯），從故事到療癒：敘事治療入門（13-16頁）台北：心靈工坊。Morgan, A. (2000). What is narrative therapy? An easy-yo-read introduction. Adamczyk, A., & Cheng, Y. H. A. (2015). Explaining attitudes about homosexuality in Confucian and non-Confucian nations: Is there a ‘cultural’ influence?. Social Science Research, 51, 276-289. Allport, G. W. (1942). The use of personal documents in psychological science. (Bulletin 49). New York: Social Science Research Council. Arun, R., Suresh, V., Veni Madhavan, C. E., & Narasimha Murthy, M. N. (2010). On finding the natural number of topics with Latent Dirichlet allocation: some observations. In Advances in Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining (pp. 391–402). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-13657-3_43 Atkins, D. C., Rubin, T. N., Steyvers, M., Doeden, M. A., Baucom, B. R., & Christensen, A. (2012). Topic models: A novel method for modeling couple and family text data. Journal of Family Psychology, 26(5), 816–827. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0029607 Avitia, M. J., & Plucker, J. A. (2014). Teaching the foundations of the field: A content analysis of potential creativity texts. Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts, 8(3), 378–382. Bååth, R., Sikström, S., Kalnak, N., Hansson, K., & Sahlén, B. (2019). Latent semantic analysis discriminates children with Developmental Language Disorder (DLD) from children with typical language development. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, 48(3), 683–697. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10936-018-09625-8 Badr, H., Milbury, K., Majeed, N., Carmack, C. L., Ahmad, Z., & Gritz, E. R. (2016). Natural language use and couples’ adjustment to head and neck cancer. Health Psychology, 35(10), 1069. Bauer, J. J., & McAdams, D. P. (2004). Personal growth in adults` stories of life transitions. Journal of personality, 72(3), 573-602. Berelson, B. (1952). Content analysis in communications research. New York: Free Press. Blei, D. M., Ng, A. Y., & Jordan, M. I. (2003). Latent Dirichlet allocation. Journal of Machine Learning Research, 3, 993–1022. http://www.cse.cuhk.edu.hk/irwin.king/_media/presentations/latent_dirichlet_allocation.pdf Boyd, R. L., Ashokkumar, A., Seraj, S., & Pennebaker, J. W. (2022). The development and psychometric properties of LIWC-22. Austin, TX: University of Texas at Austin. https://www.liwc.app Boyd, R. L., & Pennebaker, J. W. (2015). A way with words: Using language for psychological science in the modern era. In C. V. Dimofte, C. P. Haugtvedt & R. F. Yalch (Eds.), Consumer psychology in a social media world (pp. 222–236). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315714790 Buboltz, W. C., Miller, M., & Williams, D. J. (1999). Content analysis of research in the journal of counseling psychology (1973-1998). Journal of Counseling Psychology, 46(4), 496–503. Burrows, J. (2002). Delta: A measure of stylistic difference and a guide to likely authorship. Literary and Linguistic Computing, 17, 267–286. Burrows, J. (2003). Questions of authorship: Attribution and beyond. Computer and the Humanities, 37, 1–26. Burrows, J. (2005). Who wrote Shamela? Verifying the authorship of a parodic text. International Journal of Linguistic, Literature, and Culture, 20, 437-450. doi: 10.1093/llc/fqi049 Burrows, J. (2007). All the way through: Testing for authorship in different frequency strata. Literary and Linguistic Computing, 22, 27-47. doi: 10.1093/llc/fqi067 Cao, J., Xia, T., Li, J., Zhang, Y., & Tang, S. (2009). A density-based method for adaptive lda model selection. Neurocomputing, 72, 1775-1781. Chung, C., & Pennebaker, J. W. (2007). The psychological functions of function words. Social Communication, 1, 343-359. Cohen, L. H., Hettler, T. R., & Pane, N. (1998). Assessment of posttraumatic growth. Posttraumatic growth: Positive changes in the aftermath of crisis, 23-42. Cole, B.P., Moffitt-Carney, K., Patterson, T. P., & Willard, R. (2020). Psychology of Men and Masculinities’ focus on positive aspects of men’s functioning: A content analysis and call to action. Psychology of Men & Masculinity, 22(1), 39–47. Deerwester, S. C., Dumais, S. T., Furnas, G. W., Landauer, T. K., & Harshman, R. A. (1990). Indexing by latent semantic analysis. Journal of the American Society for Information Science, 41, 391– 407. Delgado-Romero, E. A., Stanley, D. C., Jr., & Oh, J. (2017). A content analysis of the Journal of Latina/o Psychology 2013–2016. Journal of Latina/o Psychology, 5(1), 5–11. Deveaud, R., SanJuan, É., & Bellot, P. (2014). Accurate and effective latent concept modeling for ad hoc information retrieval. Document numérique, 17, 1: 61–84. http://doi.org/10.3166/dn.17.1.61-84 Dinakar, K., Jones, B., Lieberman, H., Picard, R., Rose, C., Thoman, M., and Reichart, R. (2012). You too?! mixed-initiative lda story matching to help teens in distress. Proceedings of the Sixth International AAAI Conference on Weblogs and Social Media Eichstaedt, J. C., Kern, M. L., Yaden, D. B., Schwartz, H. A., Giorgi, S., Park, G., Hagan, C. A., Tobolsky, V. A., Smith, L. K., Buffone, A., Iwry, J. Seligman, M. E. P., & Ungar L. H. (2021). Closed- and open-vocablary approaches to text analysis: A review, quantitative comparison, and recommendations. Psychological Methods, 26(4), 398-427. Feldman, F., & Sanger, J. (2007). The text mining handbook: advanced approaches in analyzing unstructured data. Cambridge University Press. Foley-Nicpon, M., & Lee, S. (2012). Disability research in counseling psychology journals: A 20-year content analysis. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 59(3), 392–398. Garcia, D., & Sikström, S. (2014). The dark side of Facebook: Semantic representations of status updates predict the Dark Triad of personality. Personality and Individual Differences, 67, 92–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2013.10.001 Gonzales, A. L., Hancock, J. T., & Pennebaker, J. W. (2010). Language style matching as a predictor of social dynamics in small groups. Communication Research, 37(1), 3–19. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650209351468 Graybeal, A., Sexton, J. D., & Pennebaker, J. W. (2002). The role of story-making in disclosure writing: The psychometrics of narrative. Psychology and Health, 17(5), 571-581. Griffiths, T. L., & Steyvers, M. (2004). Finding scientific topics. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, 101, 5228-5235. Grün, B., & Hornik, K. (2011). topicmodels: An R Package for Fitting Topic Models. Journal of Statistical Software, 40(13), 1 - 30. Gurevich, M., Devins, G. M., & Rodin, G. M. (2002). Stress response syndromes and cancer: conceptual and assessment issues. Psychosomatics, 43(4), 259-281. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.psy.43.4.259 Harris, K. A., Howell, D. S., & Spurgeon, D. W. (2018). Faith concepts in psychology: Three 30-year definitional content analyses. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 10(1), 1–29. Ho, S., Rajandram, R. K., Chan, N., Samman, N., McGrath, C., & Zwahlen, R. A. (2011). The roles of hope and optimism on posttraumatic growth in oral cavity cancer patients. Oral oncology, 47(2), 121-124. Hogben, M. & Waterman, C. K. (1997). Are all of your students represented in their textbooks? A content analysis of coverage of diversity issues in introductory psychology textbooks. Teaching of Psychology, 24(2), 95–100. Holmes, D., Alpers, G. W., Ismailji, T., Classen, C., Wales, T., Cheasty, V., Miller, A., & Koopman, C. (2007). Cognitive and emotional processing in narratives of women abused by intimate partners. Violence Against Women, 13, 1192-1205. Holshausen, K., Harvey, P. D., Elvevåg, B., Foltz, P. W., Bowie, C. R. (2014). Latent semantic variables are associated with formal thought disorder and adaptive behavior in older inpatients with schizophrenia. Cortex, 55, 88-96. Huang, C.-L., Chung, C. K., Hui, N., Lin, Y.-C., Seih, Y.-T., & Lam, B. C. P. (2012). The development of the Chinese Linguistic Inquiry and word count dictionary. Chinese Journal of Psychology, 54, 185-201. doi: 10.6129/ CJP.2012.5402.04 Ireland, M. E., & Pennebaker, J. W. (2010). Language style matching in writing: synchrony in essays, correspondence, and poetry. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 99(3), 549–571. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0020386 Ireland, M. E., Slatcher, R. B., Eastwick, P. W., Scissors, L. E., Finkel, E. J., & Pennebaker, J. W. (2011). Language style matching predicts relationship initiation and stability. Psychological Science, 22(1), 39–44. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797610392928 Iliev, R., Dehghani, M., & Sagi, E. (2015). Automated text analysis in psychology: Methods, applications, and future developments. Language and Cognition, 7(2), 265–290. https://doi.org/10.1017/langcog.2014.30 Inquirer Home Page. (2002, September 12). http://www.wjh.harvard.edu/~inquirer/ Janoff-Bulman, R. (1989). Assumptive worlds and the stress of traumatic events: Applications of the schema construct. Social cognition, 7(2), 113-136. Kahn, J. H., Tobin, R. M., Massey, A. E., & Anderson, J. A. (2007). Measuring emotional expression with the Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count. The American journal of psychology, 263-286. Kern, M. L., Park, G., Eichstaedt, J. C., Schwartz, H. A., Sap, M., Smith, L. K., & Ungar, L. H. (2016). Gaining insights from social media language: Methodologies and challenges. Psychological Methods, 21, 507-525. doi: 10.1037/met0000091 Kissee, J.L., Isaacson, L. J., & Miller-Perrin, C. (2014). An analysis of child maltreatment content in introductory psychology textbooks. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma, 23(3), 215–228. Kjell, O. N. E., Kjell, K., Garcia, D., & Sikström, S. (2019). Semantic measures: using natural language processing to measure, differentiate, and describe psychological constructs. Psychological Methods, 24(1), 92–115. https://doi.org/10.1037/met0000191 Kwantes, P. J., Derbentseva, N., Lam, Q., Vartanian, O., & Marmurek, H. H. (2016). Assessing the Big Five personality traits with latent semantic analysis. Personality and Individual Differences, 102, 229–233. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2016.07.010 Imada, T. (2012). Cultural narratives of individualism and collectivism: A content analysis of textbook stories in the United States and Japan. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 43(4), 576–591. King, L. A., Scollon, C. K., Ramsey, C., & Williams, T. (2000). Stories of life transition: Subjective well-being and ego development in parents of children with Down Syndrome. Journal of Research in Personality, 34(4), 509-536. Lancichinetti, A., Irmak Sirer, M., Wang, J. X., Acuna, D., Körding, K., & Nunes Amaral, L.,A. (2015). High-reproducibility and high-accuracy method for automated topic classification. Physical Review.X, 5(1) doi:https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevX.5.011007 Li, Y., Rapkin, B., Atkinson, T. M., Schofield, E., & Bochner, B. H. (2019). Leveraging Latent Dirichlet Allocation in processing free-text personal goals among patients undergoing bladder cancer surgery. Quality of Life Research, 28(6), 1441–1455. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11136-019-02132-w Mahoney, K. T., Buboltz, W. C., Soper, B., Doverspike, D., & Simoneaux, B. J. (2008). Content analysis of consulting psychology journal: practice and research (volumes 44-59). Consulting Psychology Journal, 60(3), 246–258. McAdams, D. P. (1995). What Do We Know When We Know a Person? Journal of Personality, 63(3), 365–396. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.1995.tb00500.x McAdams, D. P., Josselson, R. E., & Lieblich, A. E. (2001). Turns in the Road: Narrative studies of lives in transition: American Psychological Association. McAdams, D. P., & McLean, K. C. (2013). Narrative identity. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 22(3), 233-238. Mehl, M. R., & Pennebaker, J. W. (2003). The sounds of social life: A psychometric analysis of students’ daily social environments and natural conversations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84(4), 857–870. Miller, M. J., Keum, B. T., Thai, C. J., Lu, Y., Truong, N. N., Huh, G. A., Li, X., Yeung, J. G., & Ahn, L. H. (2018). Practice recommendations for addressing racism: A content analysis of the counseling psychology literature. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 65(6), 669–680. Mukherjee, A., & Liu, B. (2010). Improving gender classification of blog authors. In Proceedings of conference on empirical methods in natural language processing (pp. 201-217). Massachusetts, USA: MIT. Murray, H.A. (1938). Explorations in personality. Oxford Univ. Press. Newman, M. L., Pennebaker, J. W., Berry, D. S., & Richards, J. M. (2003). Lying words: Predicting deception from linguistic styles. Personality and social psychology bulletin, 29(5), 665-675. Ramos, J.E. (2003). Using TF-IDF to Determine Word Relevance in Document Queries. https://www.cs.rutgers.edu/~mlittman/courses/ml03/iCML03/papers/ramos.pdf Rasmussen, E., & Ewoldsen, D. (2013). Dr. Phil and Psychology Today as self-help treatments of mental illness: A content analysis of popular psychology programming. Journal of Health Communication, 18(5), 610–623. Rorschach, H. (1921). Psychodiagnostik. Leipzig, Germany: Ernst Bircher Verlag. Rude, S., Gortner, E. M., & Pennebaker, J. (2004). Language use of depressed and depression-vulnerable college students. Cognition & Emotion, 18, 1121-1133. doi: 10.1080/02699930441000030 Pals, J. L., & McAdams, D. P. (2004). The transformed self: A narrative understanding of posttraumatic growth. Psychological inquiry, 65-69. Pasupathi, M., & Mansour, E. (2006). Adult age differences in autobiographical reasoning in narratives. Developmental psychology, 42(5), 798-808. Pennebaker, J. W., & Francis, M. E. (1996). Cognitive, emotional, and language processes in disclosure. Cognition & Emotion, 10(6), 601-626. Pennebaker, J. W., Booth, R. J., & Francis, M. E. (2007). Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count: LIWC [Computer software]. Austin, TX: LIWC.net. Pennebaker, J. W., & King, L. A. (1999). Linguistic styles: language use as an individual difference. Journal of personality and social psychology, 77(6), 1296. Schwartz, H. A., Eichstaedt, J. C., Kern, M. L., Dziurzynski, L., Ramones, S. M., Agrawal, M., … Ungar, L. H. (2013). Personality, gender, and age in the language of social media: The open-vocabulary approach. PLoS ONE, 8: e73791, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0073791. Schwartz, H. A., & Ungar, L. H. (2015). Data-driven content analysis of social media: A systematic overview of automated methods. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 659(1), 78–94. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002716215569197 Shin, R. Q., Welch, J. C., Kaya, A. E., Yeung, J. G., Obana, C., Sharma, R., Vernay, C. N., & Yee, S. (2017). The intersectionality framework and identity intersections in the Journal of Counseling Psychology and The Counseling Psychologist: A content analysis. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 64(5), 458–474. Simmons, R. A., Chambless, D. L., & Gordon, P. C. (2008). How do hostile and emotionally overinvolved relatives view relationships? What relatives’ pronoun use tells us. Family Process, 47, 405-419. Slatcher, R. B., Vazire, S., & Pennebaker, J. (2008). Am ”i” more important than ”we”? Couples’ word use in instant messages. Personal Relationships, 15, 407-424. Smith, C. P. (2000). Content analysis and narrative analysis. Handbook of research methods in social and personality psychology, 2000, 313-335. Solomon, Z., & Dekel, R. (2007). Posttraumatic stress disorder and posttraumatic growth among Israeli ex‐pows. Journal of traumatic stress, 20(3), 303-312. Stirman, S. W., & Pennebaker, J. W. (2001). Word use in the poetry of suicidal and nonsuicidal poets. Psychosomatic Medicine, 63(4), 517-522. Steyvers, M., & Griffiths, T. (2007). Probabilistic topic models. In T. K. Landauer, D. S. McNamara, S. Dennis, & W. Kintsch (Eds.), Handbook of latent semantic analysis (p. 427–448). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers. Strous, R. D., Koppel, M., Fine, J., Nachliel, S., Shaked, G., & Zivotofsky, A. Z. (2009). Automated characterization and identification of schizophrenia in writing. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 197, 585-588. doi: 10.1097/NMD.0b013e3181b09068 Sun, B., Mao, H., & Yin, C. (2020). Male and female users’ differences in online technology community based on text mining. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 806–806. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00806 Tan, P., Steinbach, M., & Kumar, V. (2006). Introduction to data mining. Pearson Addison Wesley. Tausczik, Y. R., & Pennebaker, J. W. (2010). The psychological meaning of words: LIWC and computerized text analysis methods. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 29, 24-54. doi: 10.1177/0261927X09351676 Tedeschi, R. G., & Calhoun, L. G. (1996). The Posttraumatic Growth Inventory: Measuring the positive legacy of trauma. Journal of traumatic stress, 9(3), 455-471. Tedeschi, R. G., & Calhoun, L. G. (2004). Posttraumatic Growth: Conceptual Foundations and Empirical Evidence. Psychological Inquiry, 15(1), 1–18. Vrana, S. R., Bono, R. S., Konig, A., & Scalzo, G. C. (2019). Assessing the coherence of narratives of traumatic events with latent semantic analysis. Psychological Trauma, 11(5), 521–524. https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0000415 Weintraub, W. (1981). Verbal behavior: Adaptation and psychopathology: Springer Publishing Company. Weintraub, W. (1989). Verbal behavior in Everyday Life: Springer Publishing Company. White, M.D., & Marsh, E.E. (2006). Content analysis: A flexible methodology. Library Trends, 55, 22 - 45. Wolfe, M. B., & Goldman, S. R. (2003). Use of latent semantic analysis for predicting psychological phenomena: Two issues and proposed solutions. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 35, 22-31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/BF03195494 Wong, F. Y., Harper, G. W., Duffy, K. G., Faulring, C., & Eggleston, B. (2001). A content analysis of HIV/AIDS information in psychology textbooks: Implications for education, training, and practice. AIDS Education and Prevention, 13(6), 561-70. Yanowitz, K.L. & Weathers, K. J. (2004). Do boys and girls act differently in the classroom? A content analysis of student characters in educational psychology textbooks. Sex Roles, 51(1), 101–107. Yu, C. H. (2015). Are positive trait attributions for the deceased caused by fear of supernatural punishments?: A triangulated study by content analysis and text mining. Journal of Psychology and Christianity, 34(1), 3-18. Yuan, N. P., Blount, Z., Kopkowski, A., McKendry, M. K., & Hamby, S. (2016). The High and Low Points of Life: Using Narratives to Understand Meaning, Impacts, and Resilience among Youth Living in Rural Appalachia. DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.1.1209.7521
描述:	碩士國立政治大學心理學系 107752009
資料來源:	http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0107752009
資料類型:	thesis
顯示於類別:	[心理學系] 學位論文

文件中的檔案:

檔案	描述	大小	格式	瀏覽次數
200901.pdf		3583Kb	Adobe PDF2	167	檢視/開啟

在政大典藏中所有的資料項目都受到原著作權保護.

社群 sharing

著作權政策宣告 Copyright Announcement

1.本網站之數位內容為國立政治大學所收錄之機構典藏，無償提供學術研究與公眾教育等公益性使用，惟仍請適度，合理使用本網站之內容，以尊重著作權人之權益。商業上之利用，則請先取得著作權人之授權。
The digital content of this website is part of National Chengchi University Institutional Repository. It provides free access to academic research and public education for non-commercial use. Please utilize it in a proper and reasonable manner and respect the rights of copyright owners. For commercial use, please obtain authorization from the copyright owner in advance.

2.本網站之製作，已盡力防止侵害著作權人之權益，如仍發現本網站之數位內容有侵害著作權人權益情事者，請權利人通知本網站維護人員(nccur@nccu.edu.tw)，維護人員將立即採取移除該數位著作等補救措施。
NCCU Institutional Repository is made to protect the interests of copyright owners. If you believe that any material on the website infringes copyright, please contact our staff(nccur@nccu.edu.tw). We will remove the work from the repository and investigate your claim.

DSpace Software Copyright © 2002-2004 MIT & Hewlett-Packard / Enhanced by NTU Library IR team Copyright © - 回饋