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    题名: 北極冰融下之美國－加拿大競合關係
    US-Canada Cooperation and Competition in the Thawing Arctic
    作者: 杜敏禎
    贡献者: 盧業中
    杜敏禎
    关键词: 北極
    美國
    加拿大
    不對稱同盟
    聯合國海洋法公約
    Arctic
    United States
    Canada
    Asymmetric Alliance
    UNCLOS
    日期: 2022
    上传时间: 2023-03-09 18:10:00 (UTC+8)
    摘要: 隨著科技進步及氣候變遷，北極各航道之通行可能性以及隨之而來的軍事、經濟及能源利益逐漸受到各國重視。其中，美國、加拿大二大環北極國家自第三次聯合國海洋法會議結束後之態度及競合模式十分值得作更進一步之探討。
    美國與加拿大往往被視為緊密之同盟，二國政策時常彼此互補合作，然而在北極議題上，二國於軍事安全議題上卻存在潛在衝突：美國作為全球霸權，僅將北極區域視為其全球戰略布局之其中一環，因此希望能於此自由航行，以強化其於其他海域之航行權利；反觀加拿大，「北極」乃其國家認同之一部分，又北方之西北航道乃貫穿其領土之水域，對其國防安全有重要意義，因此加拿大希望能藉由擴大沿海國管轄權，以掌控通行船舶之資訊及出入方式。
    本研究以同盟理論為基礎，觀察美國與加拿大於第三次聯合國海洋法會議、整體北極政策，以及兩大軍事合作架構（NATO及NORAD）中，如何在複雜的國際局勢中於緊密同盟關係中維護自身北及利益。本文研究發現美國與加拿大於1982年至1994年、1994年至2007年及2007年至2020年這三個階段中，分別以「缺乏共識的冷戰同盟」、「議程設定的競爭對手」以及「面對威脅的緊密同盟」等三種模式進行互動。
    Due to technology enhancement and climate change, states are paying increasing attention to the potential navigability as well as military, economic and energy potential of the Arctic waters. Among all actors, the cooperation-competition relationship between the United States and Canada after the Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS III) has been an interesting one, and is worth a closer examination.
    The United States and Canada has often been considered as close allies, with their policies supporting or complementing one another. However, in the Arctic context, there is a possibility of competing military interests. As a global hegemon, the United States only sees the Arctic as a part of its global strategy. Therefore, it would be in its best interest to maximize freedom of navigation within this region in order to justify its navigation rights in other waters. However, if we observe this issue from the Canadian perspective, while the Northwest Passage is militarily significant to Canada since it penetrates its northern territories, being an Arctic state is also part of Canadian identity. Thus, it would be reasonable for Canada to expand the jurisdiction as a costal state to manage the information and the way of access of passing vessels.
    This thesis will start off from Alliance Theory literature, and observe how the United States and Canada interact during UNCLOS III, as well as how they secure their interests in the Arctic region through general Arctic policies, especially under two main military cooperation framework (NATO and NORAD). This research reveals that US-Canada relationship has undergone three different phases: 1982-1994 (Indifferent Cold War Allies), 1994-2007 (Agenda-setting Competitors) and 2007-2020 (Close Allies under External Threat).
    參考文獻: 壹、中文文獻
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    姜皇池，國際海洋法（下冊），二版（台北：新學林，2018年）。

    二、期刊論文
    李珍、胡麥秀，「『北極航道』潛在經濟戰略價值的研究綜述」，海洋經濟，第5卷第3期（2015年6月），頁12–18。
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    閻亢宗，「美國北極戰略的變化及與中國的競合」，遠景基金會季刊，第21卷第1期（2020年1月），頁51-106。
    三、網際網路
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