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| Title: | 英美與台灣媒體對中國經濟崛起的論述分析：以國家資本主義概念為核心
China`s Rise as an Economic Power in British, American and Taiwanese Media, a discourse analysis: focusing upon the concept of `state capitalism` |
| Authors: | 胡清暉
HU, Ching-Hui |
| Contributors: | 馮建三
胡清暉
HU, Ching-Hui |
| Keywords: | 國家資本主義
中國模式
中國崛起
國有企業
中美貿易戰
State capitalism
China ModeI
China’s rise
State-owned enterprise (SOE)
China-United States trade war |
| Date: | 2022 |
| Abstract: | 近年來，隨著中國經濟的崛起，逐漸形成具有中國特色的「中國模式」，被外界普遍視為「國家資本主義」的代表。因此，本研究選擇美國、英國及台灣等7家知名的財經媒體，針對541篇關於中國國家資本主義的中英文報導及評論，進行有系統的論述分析，試圖透過媒體再現，探討這個論述形成的過程與脈絡，以及相關概念如何進行表述。
本研究把中國國家資本主義的發展大致分為四個階段，第一階段是新自由主義全球化與中國改革開放，約從1978至2007年，屬於萌芽期，當時受到雷根經濟學、柴契爾主義的影響，掀起新自由主義的浪潮，此時中國正值改革開放，西方國家曾經樂觀期待中國走向民主自由、市場化的發展，然而，在1989年發生天安門事件，被視為是中國國家資本主義的誕生，強調國家主導式的經濟成長，促成了權貴資本主義的急劇發展，並終止了政治改革和思想解放。
在第一階段中，中國國內歷經「姓社姓資」的論戰，確立了社會主義市場經濟的體制，對外則在2001年加入WTO，逐漸融入全球化體系。此階段關於中國國家資本主義的報導雖然不多，但已經開始注意到中國透過國有企業及主權財富基金進行海外的資產收購、企業併購，推展「走出去」的戰略。
至於第二階段，約從2008至2012年，由於歐美國家受到全球金融危機的重創，讓新自由主義成為批判的對象，此時中國經濟的崛起，被視為是國家資本主義的興起，引起一些國家的仿效。在媒體論述的重點上，一方面反映了「華盛頓共識」與「北京共識」之爭，及其背後的價值差異，另一方面是針對「中國模式」的獨特性及普遍價值的探討。
儘管中國官方試圖以「和平崛起」或「和平發展」淡化外界的憂心，然而，中國的崛起及其發展模式仍被視為是對於西方霸權的挑戰，逐漸強化了中國威脅論，因此，西方財經媒體陸續針對「中國模式」與國家資本主義進行批判，並針對貿易戰進行示警。
到了第三階段，約從2013年習近平上台一直到2017年，不但陸續提出「中國夢」和「強軍夢」，以民族主義訴求中華民族偉大復興，另一方面積極推動「一帶一路」、成立亞洲基礎設施投資銀行，並在南海展開填海造陸工程，一改過往「韜光養晦」的外交路線，也激起了西方國家與亞洲週邊國家的戒心與反彈。
延續上一個階段，中國國有企業的持續壯大，造成「國進民退」的現象，以及政府對國企補貼、扶植國家冠軍企業形成的不公平競爭，一直是西方及台灣媒體的關注焦點，也讓西方逐漸認清難以改變中國的發展模式及體制，進而導致了2018年的貿易戰。
進入第四階段，從2018年3月的中美貿易戰，持續升級為科技戰及國家安全爭議，反映了美國持續40年「接觸、對話、和平演變」為主軸的對華政策逐漸出現改變。諷刺的是，中國的發展及崛起是在美國「改變中國」的大架構下，並結合全球化的分工體系，其結果卻是美國養大了自己的競爭對手，導致了今日的「養虎貽患」。
另一方面，隨著中國的科技進步，在媒體論述上，中國國家資本主義從「威權國家資本主義」更深化為「技術專制國家資本主義」。然而，中國不斷試圖凸顯制度優勢的同時，卻也暴露了國家主導的缺點，以防疫為例，確實展現了其他國家沒有的管控能力，但也因此陷入了「清零」的迷思，造成難以估計的經濟損失。
整體而言，7家分析的英國、美國及台灣財經媒體對於中國國家資本主義的重要關鍵概念，以國有企業228篇最多，其次是貿易戰110篇、保護主義69篇，三者都觸及了美國、中國兩種不同經濟體系的競爭過程，以及美國也開始強化國家及政府干預的角色，從近期的晶片法案即可看出端倪。
此外，各媒體基於本身的立場，在論述策略上也會有所差異，例如，《經濟學人》秉持一貫自由主義的立場，強調全球化、貿易自由化的重要性，反對國家及政府的過度干預，因此，長期批評中國採取國家資本主義的做法，甚至質疑是類固醇國家資本主義，然而，《經濟學人》反對貿易戰及保護主義，主張透過WTO機制化解爭端，並非政治立場的「反中」。
In recent years, with the rise of China`s economy, the "China Model" with Chinese characteristics has gradually formed, which is widely regarded by the rest of the world as the representative of "state capitalism". Therefore, this research selects 7 well-known financial media from the United States, the United Kingdom and Taiwan, and conducts a systematic analysis of 541 Chinese and English reports associated with China`s state capitalism and its comments, trying to explore the process and context of this discourse through media reproduction, and how to express related concepts.
This study roughly divides the development of China`s state capitalism into four stages. The first stage is neoliberal globalization and China`s reform and opening up. The period from 1978 to 2007 was the embryonic period, when it was influenced by Reaganomics, Thatcherism, and therefore a wave of neo-liberalism was set off. In the meantime, China was undergoing reform and opening up. Western countries used to optimistically expect China to move towards democratic, free and market-oriented development. However, the Tiananmen incident in 1989 was regarded as a root cause to give birth of Chinese capitalism, with its emphasis on state-led economic growth, which eventually contributed to the dramatic development of crony capitalism and put an end to political reform and ideological emancipation.
In the first stage, China has gone through the debate of " pertaining to socialism or capitalism" and established a socialist market economy system. Externally, China joined the WTO in 2001 and gradually integrated itself into the globalization system. Although there are not many reports on China`s state capitalism in this stage, attention was begun to be paid to China for its overseas acquisitions on assets and corporates through state-owned enterprises and sovereign wealth funds in order to promote the "going out" strategy.
As for the second stage, from about 2008 to 2012, as European and American countries were damaged heavily by the global financial crisis, neoliberalism became the object of criticism. At this time, the rise of China`s economy was regarded as the rise of state capitalism, causing some imitation by some countries. The focus of the media`s discussion, on the one hand, reflects the dispute between the "Washington Consensus" and the "Beijing Consensus" and the value differences behind them, and on the other hand, it discusses the uniqueness and universal value of the "China Model".
Although Chinese officials tried to play down the concerns of the outside world with "peaceful rise" or "peaceful development", China`s rise and its development model are still regarded as a challenge to Western hegemony, which gradually strengthens the China threat theory. The media has successively criticized the "China Model" and state capitalism, and warned on the trade war.
In the third stage, from about 2013 when Xi Jinping came to power until 2017, not only did Xi put forward the "Chinese dream" and the "dream of a strong army" one after another, pursuing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation with nationalism, on the other hand, he also actively promoted the "Belt and Road", which boosted the establishment of The Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank and the reclamation project in the South China Sea. All of which changed the diplomatic line of "keeping a low profile" in the past, and therefore aroused the vigilance and rebound of Western countries and neighboring Asian countries.
Continuing from the previous stage, the continuous growth of state-owned enterprises in China has resulted in the phenomenon of "the state advancing and the private retreating", as well as the unfair competition formed by the government`s subsidies for state-owned enterprises and the support of national champion enterprises. The West gradually recognized that it was difficult to change China`s development model and system, which further led to the trade war in 2018.
Entering the fourth stage, the trade war between China and the United States since March 2018 has continued to escalate into a technology war and national security disputes, reflecting the gradual changes in the United States’ China policy of “contact, dialogue, and peaceful evolution” for over last 40 years. Ironically, China`s development and rise is under the framework of the United States` "changing China", combined with the globalized division of labor system. As a result, the United States has raised its own competitor, leading to today scene that can be described as " feed a tiger to its own detriment ".
On the other hand, with the advancement of China`s science and technology, China`s state capitalism has deepened from "authoritarian state capitalism" to "technocratic state capitalism" in media discourse. However, while China is constantly trying to highlight its institutional advantages, it also exposes the shortcomings of state leadership. Taking epidemic prevention as an example, it has indeed demonstrated the management and control capabilities that no other countries have. Nevertheless, it also fell into the myth of "zero-Covid" policy, resulting in enormous economic losses that can hardly be reckoned.
On the whole, the 7 financial media from the United Kingdom, the United States and Taiwan analyzed the key concepts of China’s state capitalism, with 228 articles on state-owned enterprises, followed by 110 articles on the trade war and 69 articles on protectionism, all of which touched the process of competition between two different economic systems in United States and China respectively, and the United States has also begun to strengthen the role of state and government intervention, as can be observed from the recent CHIPS Act.
In addition, different media also have different discourse strategies based on their own positions. For example, The Economist upholds a consistently liberal position, emphasizing the importance of globalization and trade liberalization, and opposing the excessive intervention of state and governments. Therefore, it has long criticized China for adopting state capitalism, and even questioned it as state capitalism on steroids. However, The Economist opposes trade wars and protectionism, and advocates resolving disputes through the WTO mechanism rather than upholding an “anti-China” political stance. |
| Description: | 博士
國立政治大學
傳播學院博士班
100451505 |
| Source URI: | http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0100451505 |
| Data Type: | thesis |
| Appears in Collections: | [傳播博士班] 學位論文
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