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    Title: 自比較法觀點再思考我國人身保險利益制度
    A Study on Insurable Interest: Focus on Life Policy and Seek to Reconstruct the Existing Legislation in Taiwan from a Perspective of Comparative Law
    Authors: 李柔儀
    Li, Lou-yi
    Contributors: 葉啟洲
    彭金隆

    李柔儀
    Li, Lou-yi
    Keywords: 保險利益
    道德危險
    得被保險人同意
    借名投保
    陌生人發起保單
    強制規定
    契約自由
    脫法行為
    公序良俗
    Insurable interest
    Moral hazard
    Consent of the life insured
    Traded life policy investments
    Stranger-Owned Life Insurance
    Date: 2022
    Issue Date: 2022-10-05 09:35:09 (UTC+8)
    Abstract: 保險利益原則最早於保險起源地英國僅適用於財產保險,而後為了防止有心人士以他人生命身體投保,藉以投機獲利的情況,英國法才將保險利益制度適用於人身保險。隨保險制度發展,人身保險利益制度也有了悠久的歷史,向來被認為有區分賭博與保險、防止道德危險等功能,比較法上尚有認為保險利益為人身保險重要要素,有區辨保險與其他金融商品等立法目的。
    惟在我國保險法立法兼參酌歐陸、英美兩大法系下,產生許多本土特有問題,自保險利益原則適用的範圍、應該存在的對象、時點,均生歧異,學者莫不按其留學國法系提出解決方式;在保險利益制度存在的情況下,謀害被保險人以獲取保險金的保險犯罪仍層出不窮;另一方面,法定人身保險利益過於狹窄,相當程度限制保險制度的功能及作用範圍,甚至成為事故後保險人慣用拒絕理賠的抗辯手段之一。以上問題顯示出我國保險利益規範的存在本身即充滿爭議。
    除了上述疑義外,人身保險利益制度亦產生許多新興實務問題,例如以符合保險利益規範之人出名擔任要保人,利用我國常見的借名契約,即可創造適法外觀、規避現行人身保險利益規範;再者,若依保險法第16之1條我國立法委員提案脈絡及學者見解,肯認信託受託人對委託人等亦具備保險利益,會否提供投機份子另一規避人身保險利益規範的管道,加劇上述借名投保之情事,均值得注意。
    採行人身保險利益制度之英美法系國家,亦產生相似爭議,故本文自上述實務所生爭議出發,透過分析比較法相關規範修正沿革,觀察各國如何解決此類爭端,重新思考現行規範之妥適性及必要性,期能得出我國借鑑修法之方向。
    The purpose of the doctrine of insurable interest on life policy mainly includes preventing moral hazard and distinguished insurance from wagers; however, insurance fraud still occur frequently. Some of perspectives also pointed that the doctrine of insurable interest was too strict for people to purchase insurance and claimed that the requirement should be loosened. At the same time, the act of borrowing others’ name has been practiced in Taiwan for years. After the recognition of registering real estate under other person’s name in judicial practice, the act of borrowing others’ name has been applied to other contracts, such as contracts of deposit or stock etc.
    In insurance practice, it is common to apply for insurance under others’ name in Taiwan. Two people without insurable interest make a agreement that the sponsor be the insured, the borrower actually pay the premium and be appointed to be beneficiary. The purpose is to avoid requirement of insurable interest in life insurance. Since formal right holders and substantive right holders are inconsistent, the internal and external relations have caused many disputes in practice.
    Moreover, due to the specialty of the trust contract, known as the conduit principle, the trust property only belongs to the trustee nominally. The trustee only administers or disposes the trust property according to the trust contract. Similarly, in the insurance contract, the trustee is only the nominal proposer, while the settlor is the actual one. Thus, according to the conduit principle insurable interest had by the settlor can be passed-through the trustee. It is the original purpose of Article 16-1 of Insurance Law. However, if we recognized that the trustee also has insurable interest toward the settlor, the next question is that would it provide another chance for evading obligations of the principle of insurable interest, and aggravate the above-mentioned situation of the act of borrowing others’ name?
    While doing the research on concrete questions, we may find that there are similar controversies from comparative law. This article aims to find a resolution to the legal disputes through referring to the theory and comparative law.
    Reference: 壹、 中文
    一、 專書
    1. 江朝國,保險法基礎理論,五版,2009年4月。
    2. 江朝國,保險法逐條釋義:第一卷總則,二版,2018年1月。
    3. 江朝國,保險法逐條釋義:第二卷保險契約,二版,2015年11月。
    4. 葉啟洲,保險法,七版,2021年3月。
    5. 葉啟洲,民法總則,初版,2021年9月。
    6. 汪信君、廖世昌,保險法理論與實務,四版,2017年9月。
    7. 林群弼,保險法論,三版,2008年9月。
    8. 林勳發,保險契約效力論,1996年3月。
    9. 林勳發,保險法論著譯作選集,初版,1991年3月。
    10. 林勳發、梁宇賢、劉興善、柯澤東,商事法精論,六版,2009年3月。
    11. 施文森,保險法總論,九版,1990年。
    12. 施文森,保險法判決之研究〈總則編〉上冊,二版,2001年1月。
    13. 梁宇賢,保險法新論,2012年3月。
    14. 陳光熙,保險利益之研究,三版,1991年6月。
    15. 陳猷龍,保險法論,2010年2月。
    16. 劉宗榮,保險法:保險契約法暨保險業法,四版,2016年8月。
    17. 鄭玉波,保險法論,十一版,2019年2月。
    18. 王澤鑑,債法原理:基本理論債之發生,四版,2021年3月。
    19. 陳聰富,契約自由與誠信原則,初版,2015年12月。
    20. 王志誠,信託法,七版,2018年8月。

    二、 期刊論文
    1. 葉啟洲,人壽保險之變更要保人與詐害債權行為之撤銷--相關判決綜合評析,月旦法學雜誌,第321期,2022年2月。
    2. 陳俊元,人身保險利益之再建構:由保險信託與相關商品談起,台大法學論叢第 50 期第 1 卷,頁 265-336,2021 年3月。
    3. 林建智、彭金隆、林裕嘉,論團體保險當事人之法律問題及示範條款之修訂建議,保險專刊,第25卷第1期,2009年6月。
    4. 江朝國,保險利益-保險契約法之中心概念,月旦法學教室,2002年10月。
    5. 施文森,保險利益原則之研究(上):兩岸保險法比較研究——以大陸保險法為核心,壽險季刊第180期,2016年6月。
    6. 施文森,保險利益原則之研究(下):兩岸保險法比較研究——以大陸保險法為核心,壽險季刊第181期,2016年9月。
    7. 王志誠、何曜深,當信託與保險相遇受託人為受益人之利益投保保險之權限、風險及監控,財金法學研究,中華財金法學會,2018年6月。
    8. 黃立,契約自由的限制,月旦法學雜誌,第125期,2005年10月。
    9. 詹森林,借名登記契約之法律關係,臺灣本土法學雜誌,第43期,2003年2月。
    10. 陳俊元、陳仁傑,論保險利益之適用範圍與存在時點,法令月刊,第56卷第2期,2005年2月。
    11. 陳聰富,脫法行為、消極信託與借名登記契約-最高法院九十四年度台上字第三六二號民事判決評釋,月旦法學雜誌,第123期,2005年8月。
    12. 陳炫宇,論借名保險契約之法律關係--兼評臺灣臺中地方法院103年度重訴字第549號判決,萬國法律,第207期,2016年6月。
    13. 陳俞沛、林建智,兩岸人身保險利益之法制研析與建議,保險專刊第28卷第2期,2012年,12月。
    14. 張冠群,臺灣保險法關於人身保險利益諸問題之再思考,月旦法學雜誌,第215期,2015年3月。
    15. 張大為,消極信託之研究,月旦財經法雜誌,第35期,2014年11月。
    16. 卓俊雄,再論保險信託法制架構-保險法第16條之1評析,月旦法學教室,第195期,2019年1月。

    三、 學位論文
    1. 莊怡萱,保險利益相關規範之研究─以我國法與英國法為比較核心,國立臺灣大學法律學院法律學系碩士論文,2016年11月。
    2. 謝佳琪,信託受託人為受益人投保人身保險之研究,東吳大學法學院法律學系研究所碩士論文, 2017年1月。

    四、 其他
    1. 林勳發、林建智、汪信君,保險契約法相關法律問題及其解決對策,行政院金融監督管理委員會保險局95年度委託研究計畫。

    貳、外文
    一、 專書
    1. Birds, John, Birds` Modern Insurance Law, SWEET & MAXWELL (8th,2010).
    2. Birds, John, Insurance Law In the United Kingdom, Kluwer Law 103 International (2014).
    3. Leo P. Martinez, Albert Abramson, Douglas R. Richmond, West Academic, Cases and materials on insurance law (2013).
    4. Merkin, Robert, Colinvaux & Merkin’s Insurance Contract Law, Sweet &Maxwell (2010).
    5. Zalma, Barry, Insurance law, National Underwriters Company (2015).
    二、 期刊論文
    1. Brian M. Balduzzi, insuring equitable lives: why all states should amend their insurable interest laws to provide equal protection for same-sex partners, B.U. Pub. Int. L.J., Vol.23, 219-389 (2014).
    2. Eric A. Posner ; E. Glen Weyl, An FDA for Financial Innovation: Applying the Insurable Interest Doctrine to 21st Century Financial Markets, Nw. U.L. Rev., Vol.107, 1307-1917 (2013).
    3. Loshin, Jacob, Insurance Law`s Hapless Busybody: A Case against the Insurable Interest Requirement, The Yale Law Journal, Vol.117(3), 474-509 (2007). Meggitt, Gary, Insurable interest - the doctrine that would not die., Legal Studies, Vol.35(2), 280-301 (2015).
    4. Posner, Eric A., Weyl, E. Glen, An FDA for financial innovation: applying the insurable interest doctrine to twenty-first-century financial markets, Northwestern University Law Review, Vol.107(3), 1307-1358(2013).
    5. Swisher, Peter Nash, Wagering on the lives of strangers: the insurable interest requirement in the life insurance secondary market, ort Trial & Insurance Practice Law Journal, Vol.50(3-4), 703-745(2015).
    三、 其他文獻
    1. Law Commission and Scottish Law Commission. 2008. Insurance Contract Law: Insurable Interest. Issues Paper 4. Available at http://www.lawcom.gov.uk/wp- content/uploads/2015/06/ICL4_Insurable_Interest.pdf. (last visited:2022/4/23).
    2. Insurance Contract Law: Post Contract Duties and Other Issues, at 146-147. available at https://s3-eu-west-2.amazonaws.com/lawcom-prod-storage- 11jsxou24uy7q/uploads/2015/03/cp201_ICL_post_contract_duties.pdf, (last visited:2022/04/30)
    3. Law Commission and Scottish Law Commission. 2015. Insurable Interest: Updated Proposals. Issue Paper 10. Available at https://s3-eu-west- 2.amazonaws.com/lawcom-prod-storage- 11jsxou24uy7q/uploads/2015/06/cp201_extract_insurable_interest.pdf. (last visited:2022/5/19).
    4. Law Reform Commission of Ireland, REPORT CONSUMER INSURANCE CONTRACTS 2015, 108-110. https://www.lawreform.ie/_fileupload/Reports/r113.pdf. (last visited: 2022/04/18)
    5. Law Reform Commission of Australian, Report No. 20: Insurance Contracts,
    http://www.austlii.edu.au/cgibin/sinodisp/au/other/lawreform/ALRC/1982/2 0.html?stem=0&synonyms=0&query=law%20reform%20insurance%20con tracts (last visited:2022/5/19).
    6. Julian Long, The Concept of Insurable Interest and the Insurance Law Reform Act 1985,
    http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/AukULawRw/1992/5.pdf (last visited:2022/3/19).
    7. Robert Merkin, Reforming Insurance Law: Is There a case for Reverse Transportation? A Report for the English and Scottish Law Commissions on the Australian Experience of Insurance Law Reform, http://www.lawcom.gov.uk/app/uploads/2015/03/ICL_Merkin_report.pdf (last visited: 2022/5/23).
    8. Hanming Fang & Edward Kung, How Does Life Settlement Affect the Primary Life Insurance Market? ,Nat’l Bureau of Econ. Res., Working Paper No. 15761, 2010), available at http://www.nber.org/papers/w15761. (last visited 2022/05/10)
    Description: 碩士
    國立政治大學
    風險管理與保險學系
    107358016
    Source URI: http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0107358016
    Data Type: thesis
    DOI: 10.6814/NCCU202201610
    Appears in Collections:[Department of Risk Management and Insurance] Theses

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