Loading...
|
Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item:
https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/142152
|
| Title: | 成吉思汗的遺緒對當代蒙中關係的影響
The Impact of the Legacy of Genghis Khan on Contemporary Sino-Mongolian Relations |
| Authors: | 張元駿
Chang, Yuan-Chun |
| Contributors: | 黃瓊萩
Huang, Chiung-Chiu
張元駿
Chang, Yuan-Chun |
| Keywords: | 蒙中關係
成吉思汗
民族論述
集體認同
Sino-Mongolian relations
Genghis Khan
National discourses
Collective identity |
| Date: | 2022 |
| Issue Date: | 2022-10-05 09:21:38 (UTC+8) |
| Abstract: | 一場以成吉思汗為主題的展覽原訂於2020在法國舉辦，然而中國政府對展覽中所使用如「成吉思汗」及「蒙古帝國」等詞語的審查，導致準備工作暫停。而中國及蒙古過去都曾利用或掩蓋過成吉思汗的形象，以符合民族國家發展敘事及集體認同的建立。本研究受到法國成吉思汗展覽的啟發，首先將分析兩國在上世紀中控制及利用成吉思汗形象的動機，接著討論成吉思汗形象如何影響兩國關係，最後將比較兩國在應用成吉思汗形象上所造成的影響，並提出現階段兩國關係發展的可能性。本研究發現兩國對於成吉思汗形象依舊各自表述，不過為維持兩國和平友好且穩定的雙邊關係，目前並未直面此議題所隱含的衝突。
A Genghis Khan-themed exhibition was supposed to open in France in 2020, but was halted due to China’s censorship among certain terms, such as “Genghis Khan”, “Mongol”, and “Empire”. China and Mongolia have both applied and rejected the image of this legendary hero in each of their process of national development and the establishment of collective identity. The research therefore begins from the incident of the Genghis Khan exhibition and analyzes the motivations of the two states on controlling and applying the image of Genghis Khan in the past century. This thesis also attempts to discuss the impacts of the image on the relations between the two states, while both states have used the image to realize idiosyncratic political purposes. The research concludes through comparing the two states’ influences on the issue and proposing potential results of applying the image in current times. The thesis finds that the two states have their own respective interpretations of the historic hero; while in the same time they’ve avoided direct confrontation in order to maintain cordial and stable bilateral relations. |
| Reference: | Literature in English
AKI Press. (2022, February 8). Mongolia exported 16,138,000 tons of coal in 2021. AKI press. https://akipress.com/news:667831:Mongolia_exported_16,138,000_tons_of_coal_in_2021/ (Accessed on July 15, 2022).
Altengerel, Muhntuya. (2001). My Mongolia. Modern Mongolia: Reclaiming Genghis Khan. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania.
Anderson, Benedict. (1983). Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism. London: Verso.
Asian News International. (2021, November 11). Chinese tech firms appear to censor Uyghur, Tibetan languages. Asian News International. https://www.aninews.in/news/world/asia/chinese-tech-firms-appear-to-censor-uyghur-tibetan-languages20211111160720/ (Accessed on January 15, 2022).
Baker, Graeme. (2006, December 30). Outrage as China lays claim to Genghis Khan. The Telegraph. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/1538174/Outrage-as-China-lays-claim-to-Genghis-Khan.html (Accessed on May 31, 2022).
Batbayar, Tsedendamba. (2003). Foreign policy and domestic reform in Mongolia. Central Asian Survey, 22(1), 45-59.
BBC News. (2013, June 6). What does Xi Jinping’s China Dream mean? BBC News. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-22726375 (Accessed on May 21, 2022).
Beal, Rich. (2020, September 7). Genghis Khan Equestrian Statue. | Mongolia Travel Guide. KORYO Tours. https://koryogroup.com/travel-guide/genghis-khan-equestrian-statue-mongolia-travel-guide (Accessed on June 15, 2022).
Bedeski, Robert E. (2006). Mongolia as a Modern Sovereign Nation-State. The Mongolian Journal of International Affairs, 13.
Bedeski, Robert E. (2008, September). Mongolian Future: Scenarios for a Landlocked State. Institute for Security and Development Policy.
Billé, Franck. (2008). Faced with extinction: Myths and urban legends in contemporary Mongolia. Cambridge Anthropology, 28(1).
Billé, Franck. (2015). Sinophobia: Anxiety, Violence, and the Making of Mongolian Identity. Honolulu: University of Hawai`i Press.
Bold, K. (1994). The Changing International Order and Mongolia’s Security. The Mongolian Journal of International Affairs, 1, 9-14.
Borchigud, Wurlig. Chinggis Khan: From Imperial Ancestor to Ethnic Hero. In S, Harrell (Eds), Cultural Encounters on China’s Ethnic Frontiers. Seattle: University of Washington Press.
Box Office Mojo. (n.d.). Genghis Khan (2018). Box office Mojo by IMDbPro. https://www.boxofficemojo.com/title/tt7473390/?ref_=bo_se_r_1 (Accessed on May 31, 2022).
Brook, Timothy. (2010). The Troubled Empire: China in the Yuan and Ming Dynasties. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
Brose, Michael C. (2005). Uyghur Technologists of Writing and Literacy in Mongol China. T`oung Pao, 396-435.
Brown, Kerry. (2007). The Cultural Revolution in Inner Mongolia 1967-1969: The Purge of the “Heirs of Genghis Khan”. Asian Affairs, 38(2), 173-187.
Bulag, Uradyn E. (1998). Nationalism and Hybridity in Mongolia. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
Bulag, Uradyn E. (2003a, October 3-5). The Chinese Cult of Chinggis Khan: Genealog¬ical Nationalism and Problems of National and Cultural Integ¬rity. Unpublished paper. Victoria, B.C. In http://www.smhric.org/E_Bulag_2.pdf (Accessed on June 5, 2022).
Bulag, Uradyn E. (2003b, December). Mongolian Ethnicity and Linguistic Anxiety in China. American Anthropologist, 4, Special Issue: Language Politics and Practices, 753-763.
Bulag, Uradyn E. (2004, February). Inner Mongolia—The Dialects of Colonization and Ethnicity Building. In M. Rossabi (Eds.), Governing China’s Multiethnic Frontiers. Seattle: University of Washington Press.
Bulag, Uradyn E. (2010a). Collaborative Nationalism: The Politics of Friendship on China’s Mongolian Frontier. Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc.
Campi, Alicia. (2005, November 12). Mongolian Northeast Asia—the New Realities. The Mongolian Journal of International Affairs, (12), 46-64.
Campi, Alicia. (2006a). Globalization’s Impact on Mongolian Identity Issues and the Image of Chinggis Khan. Mongolian culture and society in the age of globalization, 67-99.
Campi, Alicia. (2006b). Mongolian Identity Issues and the Image of Chinggis Khan. Mengzang xiankuang shuangyue bao (Mongolia & Xizang Bi-monthly report). 16(30).
Campi, Alicia. (2019). Mongolia’s Foreign Policy: Navigating a Changing World. Colorado: Lynne Rienner Publishers, Inc.
CGTN. (2017, August 8). Inner Mongolia a successful case of ethnic autonomy, says China’s top political adviser. CGTN. https://news.cgtn.com/news/7a67444f78557a6333566d54/index.html (Accessed on May 31, 2022).
China and Russia: partnership of strategic coordination. (2004, May 17). Embassy of the People’s Republic of China in the Republic of Estonia. https://www.mfa.gov.cn/ce/ceee/eng/zggk/xzgwjjs/t110307.htm (Accessed on May 15, 2022).
Ching, Frank. (2018, September 6). China: Deng Xiaoping era ends with start of Xi era. ejinsight. https://www.ejinsight.com/eji/article/id/1934592/20180906-china-deng-xiaoping-era-ends-with-start-of-xi-era (Accessed on May 23, 2022).
Constitution of the People’s Republic of China. Article 4, (amend. 2018).
Consulate-General of the People’s Republic of China in Johannesburg. (2017, September 21). Wang Yi Meets with Foreign Minister Tsend Munkh-Orgil of Mongolia. Consulate-General of the People’s Republic of China in Johannesburg. https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/ce/cgjb/eng/xwdt/zgyw/t1496421.htm (Accessed on June 12, 2022).
Davidson, Helen. (2020, September 1). Inner Mongolia protests at China’s plan to bring in Mandarin-only lessons. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/sep/01/inner-mongolia-protests-china-mandarin-schools-language (Accessed on February 9, 2022).
de Burgh, Hugo. (2018). The Re-imaging of China under President Xi Jinping. China Media Research, 14(1).
Deshpande, Govind Purushottam. (1968, March-April). Mongolia –– The Reluctant Buffer. China Report, 4, 19-26.
Dickie, Mure. (2006, December 28). China claims Genghis khan as its own. Financial Times. http://www.ft.com/cms/s/1a6986ba-96c7-11db-8ba1-0000779e2340.html (Accessed on February 20, 2022).
Dillon, Michael. (2020). Mongolia: Apolitical History of the Land and Its People. London: I.B. TAURIS.
Feng, Gao., & Lee, Gigi. (2021, March 25). Mongolians in China Face ‘Cultural Genocide’ as Language, Culture Swept Aside: Group. Radio Free Asia. https://www.rfa.org/english/news/china/genocide-03252021093922.html (Accessed on November 18, 2021).
Ferdinand, Peter. (2016). West ho—the China dream and ‘one belt, one road’: Chinese foreign policy under Xi Jinping. International Affairs, 92(4), 941-957.
France 24. (2020, October 13). French museum halts Genghis Khan show after Chinese pressure. France 24. https://www.france24.com/en/20201013-french-museum-halts-genghis-khan-show-after-chinese-pressure (Accessed on July 27, 2021).
France 24. (2022, February 22). Prominent anti-China activist arrested in Mongolia. France 24. https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20220222-prominent-anti-china-activist-arrested-in-mongolia (Accessed on June 22, 2022).
Frank, A. G. (1997). Asia Comes Full Circle With China As The" Middle Kingdom". Humboldt Journal of Social Relations, 23(1/2), 7-19.
Gan, Nectar & George, Steve. (2021, December 15). The Communist Party thinks China’s prolific censors are not censoring enough. CNN Business. https://edition.cnn.com/2021/12/15/tech/china-weibo-censorship-fine-mic-intl-hnk/index.html (Accessed on March 30, 2022).
Gao, Charlotte. (2017, October 3). After Anti-China Campaign Rhetoric, Mongolia’s President Congratulates China on National Day. The Diplomat. https://thediplomat.com/2017/10/after-anti-china-campaign-rhetoric-mongolias-president-congratulates-china-on-national-day/ (Accessed on June 7, 2022).
Gecelovsky, Paul. (2001). The Canadian response to the Tiananmen square massacre: An interactive explanation. Canadian Foreign Policy Journal, 8(3), 75-97, DOI: 10.1080/11926422.2001.9673259
Ginsberg, Tom. (1995, May). Political Reform in Mongolia: Between Russia and China. Asian Survey, 35(5), 459-471.
Goldstein, Avery. (2020, Summer). China’s Grand Strategy under Xi Jinping. International Security, 45(1), 164-201.
Gong, Xue. (2018, November 14). The Belt & Road Initiative and China’s influence in Southeast Asia. The Pacific Review, 32(4).
Gracefoo, Antonio. (2020, July 15). Mongolia and the Belt and Road Initiative: The Prospects for the China-Mongolia-Russia Economic Corridor. China Brief, 20(12).
Green, Elizabeth E. (1986, December). China and Mongolia: Recurring Trends and Prospects for Change. Asian Survey, 26(12), 1337-1363.
Gries, Peter Hays. (2004). China’s New Nationalism: Pride, Politics, and Diplomacy. California: University of California Press.
Guillet, Bertrand. (n.d.). Rescheduling the Gengis Khan exhibition: an ethical choice. Château des ducs de Bretagne Musée d’histoire de Nantes. https://www.chateaunantes.fr/en/expositions/mongole-son-of-the-sky-ans-steps-genghis-khan-and-the-birth-of-an-empire/# (Accessed on November 19, 2021).
Han, Enze. (2011). The dog that hasn’t barked: assimilation and resistance in Inner Mongolia, China. Asian Ethnicity, 12(1), 55-75.
Hartig, Falk. (2011, November 30). Confucius Institutes and the Rise of China. Journal of Chinese Political Science, 17(1), 53-76.
He, Yinan. (2006, January). National Mythmaking and the Problem of History in Sino-Japanese Relations. In P. E. Lam (Ed.). Japan’s Relations With China: Facing a Rising Power. London: Routledge.
He, Yinan. (2007). Remembering and forgetting the war: elite mythmaking, mass reaction, and Sino-Japanese relations, 1950–2006. History & Memory, 19(2), 43-74.
He, Yinan. (2010). Competing Narratives, Identity Politics, and Cross-Strait Reconciliation. Asian Perspective, 34(4), 45-83.
He, Yinan. (2013, January). War, Myths, and National Identity Formation: Chinese Attitudes toward Japan. In Bouchard, Gérard (Ed.), National Myths: Constructed Pasts, Contested Presents. London: Routledge.
Her, Eric. (1997). The “Great Game”: Mongolia Between Russia and China. The Mongolian Journal of International Affairs, 4.
Hindustan Times. (2020, October 30). Sheep diplomacy amid pandemic: Mongolia sends China sheep via land bubble. Hindustan Times. https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/sheep-diplomacy-amid-pandemic-mongolia-sends-sheep-via-land-bubble/story-jBDGx6XN2F5qtLA4HPMe2H.html (Accessed on June 7, 2022).
Hoh, Anchi. (2019, September 30). China’s Belt and Road Initiative in Central Asia and the Middle East. Digest of Middle East Studies (DOMES), 28(2), 235-424.
Horne, Cynthia M. & Davaadorj, Undrakh. (2021). Perceptions of Globalisation in Mongolia: Social and Economic Crossroads. Europe-Asia Studies, 73(7), 1355-1384.
Hu, Richard. (2004).China and Central Asia: the Role of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO). Mongolian Journal of International Affairs, (11), 129-151.
Huang, Chiung-Chiu & Shih, Chih-yu. (2014). Harmonious Intervention: China’s Quest for Relational Security. Farnham: Ashgate Publishing Limited.
Hulan, H. (1996). Mongolia’s New Constitutional Regime: Institutional Tensions and Political Consequences. The Mongolian Journal of International Affairs, (3).
Humphrey, Caroline. (1992). The Moral Authority of the Past in Post-Socialist Mongolia. Religion, State and Society, 20(3&4).
Humphrey, Caroline. (1997). Exemplars and rules: Aspects of the discourse of moralities in Mongolia. The ethnography of moralities, 25-47.
Hurcha, N. (1999). Attempts to Buddhicise the Cult of Chinggis Khan. Inner Asia, 1(1), 45-57.
Hyer, Paul. (1966, December). The Re-Evaluation of Chinggis Khan: Its Role in the Sino-Soviet Dispute. Asian Survey, 6(12), 696-705.
Irgengioro, John. (2022). Mongolia–Central Asia relations and the implications of the rise of China on its future evolution. International Politics, 1-31.
Isaac, Mike. (2016, November 22). Facebook Said to Create Censorship Tool to Get Back into China. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/22/technology/facebook-censorship-tool-china.html (Accessed on March 30, 2022).
Jagchid, Sechin & Hyer, Paul. (1979). Mongolia’s Culture and Society. London: Routledge.
Jankowiak, William. (2013, Spring). Urban Mongols – The Flourishing of Multiple Identities in a Vibrant Ethnic Community. Chinese Sociological Review, 45(3), 53-73.
Jiang, Hong. (2004). Cooperation, Land Use, and the Environment in Uxin Ju: The Changing Landscape of a Mongolian-Chinese Borderland in China. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 94(1), 117-139.
Kang, David C. (2007). China Rising: Peace, Power, and Order in East Asia. New York, NY: Columbia University Press.
Kaplonski, Christopher. (1998). Creating national identity in socialist Mongolia. Central Asian Survey. 17(1), 35-49.
Kaplonski, Christopher. (2004). Truth, history and politics in Mongolia: Memory of heroes. London: Routledge.
Kaplonski, Christopher. (2005). The Case of the Disappearing Chinggis Khaan: Dismembering the Remembering. Ab Imperio, 147-173.
Katada, SN. (2001, April). Why did Japan suspend foreign aid to China? Japan’s foreign aid decision-making and sources of aid sanction. Social Science Japan Journal, 4(1), 39-58.
Khan, Almaz. (1995). Chinggis Khan: From Imperial Ancestor to Ethnic Hero. In S, Harrell (Eds), Cultural Encounters on China’s Ethnic Frontiers. Seattle: University of Washington Press.
Krishna, Vaishali. (2015, February). Mongolian Foreign Policy Implications for Russia and China. Mongolian Journal of International Affairs, 19.
Lew, Linda. (2020, September 13). Language rules for Inner Mongolia another step to erode ethnic groups in China. South China Morning Post. https://www.scmp.com/news/china/politics/article/3101186/language-rules-inner-mongolia-another-step-erode-ethnic-groups (Accessed on March 26, 2022).
Lim, Peh Hong. (2021, October 24). China Steps up Assimilation of Ethnic Minorities by Banning Languages in Schools. Voice of America. https://www.voanews.com/a/china-steps-up-assimilation-of-ethnic-minorities-by-banning-languages-in-schools-/6281558.html (Accessed on November 18, 2021).
Liu, James & Hilton, Denis J. (2005). How the past weighs on the present: Social representations of history and their role in identity politics. British Journal of Social Psychology, 44, 537-556.
Liu, Mingfu. (2015). The China Dream: Great Power Thinking and Strategic Posture in the Post-American Era. New York, NY: CN Times Books.
Lkhaajav, Bolor. (2018). The significance of Mongolia’s Foreign Policy and Security Apparatus on a Global and Regional Scale. [Master thesis, University of San Francisco].
Lkhaajav, Bolor. (2022). Mongolia Looks to Fuel Russia and China by Rail. Foreign Policy. https://foreignpolicy.com/2022/05/29/mongolia-russia-china-coal-rail/ (Accessed on June 12, 2022).
Lorenz, Chris & Berger, Stefan. (2006, January). National narratives and their ‘others’: ethnicity, class, religion and the gendering of national histories. Storia della Storiografia, 50, 59-98.
Lu, Han & Tang, Lucy. (2022, April 12). Interview: Mongolia eyes ramp-up of coking coal, copper exports to China in 2022: minister. S&P Global Commodity Insights. https://www.spglobal.com/commodityinsights/en/market-insights/latest-news/metals/041222-interview-mongolia-eyes-ramp-up-of-coking-coal-copper-exports-to-china-in-2022-minister (Accessed on June 8, 2022).
Ma, Jiali, & Thakur, Ravni. (2004). The Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence. The Journal of International Issues, 8(4), 30-34.
Ma, Josephine. (2020, September 3). Inner Mongolia doubles down on China’s plan to teach key subjects in Mandarin despites protests. South China Morning Post. https://www.scmp.com/news/china/politics/article/3100112/inner-mongolia-doubles-down-chinas-plan-teach-key-subjects?module=inline&pgtype=article (Accessed on March 26, 2022).
Macleod, Calum. (2000, September 15). China lays claim to Genghis Khan’s tomb. Independent. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/china-lays-claim-to-genghis-khan-s-tomb-699451.html (Accessed on February 20, 2022).
Macongolia. (2019, April 9). How Sinophobia and Excessive Nationalism Screws Us All in the End, Especially Women. Macongolia - Society and Culture. https://macongolia.com/2019/04/09/how-sinophobia-and-excessive-nationalism-screws-us-all-in-the-end-especially-women/ (Accessed on August 3, 2021).
Mahbubani, Kishore. (2005) Understanding China. Foreign Affairs, 49-60.
Man, John. (2013). Chinggis Khan’s Vision of World Rule, and How it Remade China. Mongolian Journal of International Affairs, (17), 81-84.
Man, John. (2014). The Mongol Empire: Genghis Khan, His Heirs and the Founding of Modern China. London: Bantam Press.
Mas, Liselotte. (2021, March 9). Cultural assimilation of Mongolians in China: ‘We could be the next Uyghurs’. France 24. https://observers.france24.com/en/asia-pacific/20210903-china-inner-mongolia-cultural-assimilation (Accessed on February 20, 2022).
Massari, Chris. (2020, November 17). Bökh wrestling, and the cultural genocide in Inner Mongolia. Bloody Elbow, for MMA and UFC news. https://www.bloodyelbow.com/2020/11/17/21571053/bokh-wrestling-and-the-cultural-genocide-in-inner-mongolia (Accessed on March 29, 2022).
May, Timothy Michael. (2009). Culture and Customs of Mongolia. Westport: Greenwood Press.
MEMRI. (2022, June 7). A Packaged Past: China’s History Schoolbooks - With Foreword By MEMRI Vice President Amb. Alberto M. Fernandez - Part I: How ‘Chinese History’ Treats Ancient History. MEMRI (The Middle East Media Research Institute). https://www.memri.org/reports/packaged-past-chinas-history-schoolbooks-–-foreword-memri-vice-president-amb-alberto-m (Accessed on June 9, 2022).
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People’s Republic of China. (2004, June 16). China’s Participation in ASEM. Embassy of the People’s Republic of China in the Kingdom of the Netherlands. https://www.mfa.gov.cn/ce/cenl//eng/zt/zgyyohy/t138633.htm (Accessed on June 12, 2022).
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People’s Republic of China. (n.d.). China’s Independent Foreign Policy of Peace. Permanent Mission of the People’s Republic of China to the United Nations Office at Geneva and Other International Organizations in Switzerland. https://www.mfa.gov.cn/ce/cegv//eng/zgbd/zgwjzc/t85889.htm (Accessed on June 15, 2022).
Miyawaki-okada, Junko. (2006, January). The Japanese Origin of the Chinggis Khan Legends. Inner Asia, 8(1), 123–134.
Munh-Orgil, Ts. (2005). "Regional Integration Processes and Mongolia. Mongolian Journal of International Affairs, (12).
Myadar, Orhon & Deshaw Rae, James. (2014). Territorializing national identity in post-socialist Mongolia: purity, authenticity, and Chinggis Khaan. Eurasian Geography and Economic, 55(5), 560-577.
Mongolia Travel & Tours. (n.d.). Buddhism and religion in Mongolia. Mongolia Travel & Tours. http://www.mongolia-travel-and-tours.com/buddhism-mongolia.html (Accessed on June 10, 2022).
Narangoa, Li. (2007, November 3). Nationalism and Globalization on the Inner Mongolia Frontier: The Commercialization of a Tamed Ethnicity. The Asia-Pacific Journal, 5(11).
Newey, Sarah & Rigby, Jennifer. (2021, May 25). ‘Warrior spirit’ and sheep diplomacy: how Mongolia is sprinting ahead in vaccine race. The Telegraph. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/global-health/science-and-disease/warrior-spirit-sheep-diplomacy-mongolia-sprinting-ahead-vaccine/ (Accessed on June 7, 2022).
Ng, Han Guan. (2006, July 12). Mongolia marks conqueror’s anniversary. NBC News — World. https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna13819247 (Accessed on March 13, 2022).
Nielsen, Mads Vesterager. (2021, March 18). Meeting the Darkhad, the soul guards of Genghis Khan. SupChina. https://supchina.com/2021/03/18/meeting-the-darkhad-the-soul-guards-of-genghis-khan/ (Accessed on April 1, 2022).
Nowicka-Rusek, Ewa & Zhanaev, Ayur. (2014). The Image of Genghis Khan in Contemporary Buryat Nation Building. Polish Sociological Review, 187, 381-394.
OEC. (n.d.). Coal Briquettes in Mongolia. The Observatory of Economic Complexity (OEC). https://oec.world/en/profile/bilateral-product/coal-briquettes/reporter/mng (Accessed on June 10, 2022).
OEC. (n.d.). Copper Ore in Mongolia. The Observatory of Economic Complexity (OEC). https://oec.world/en/profile/bilateral-product/copper-ore/reporter/mng (Accessed on June 10, 2022).
Ohashi, Hideo. (2019, January 9). The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) in the context of China’s opening-up policy. Journal of Contemporary East Asia Studies, 7(2).
Pan, Su-Yan. (2013). Confucius Institute project: China`s cultural diplomacy and soft power projection. Asian Education and Development Studies. 2(1), 22-33.
Rahul, Ram. (1978, July). Mongolia between China and Russia. Asian Survey, 18(7), 659-665.
Reeves, Jeffrey. (2012). Mongolia’s evolving security strategy: omni-enmeshment and balance of influence. The Pacific Review, 25(5), 589-612.
Reeves, Jeffrey. (2014). Rethinking weak state behavior: Mongolia’s foreign policy toward China. International Politics, 51(20), 254-271.
Reeves, Jeffrey. (2016, April 7). Mongolia’s Place in China`s Periphery Diplomacy. The Asan Forum. https://theasanforum.org/mongolias-place-in-chinas-periphery-diplomacy/ (Accessed on December 23, 2021).
rfa. (2021, March 25). Mongolians in China Face ‘Cultural Genocide’ as Language, Culture Swept Aside: Group. rfa. https://www.rfa.org/english/news/china/genocide-03252021093922.html (Accessed on November 18, 2021).
Rossabi, Morris. (2005). Modern Mongolia: From Khans to Commissars to Capitalists. California: University of California Press.
Rozman, Gilbert. (1999). China`s Quest for Great Power Identity. Orbis, 43(3), 383-402.
Rupen, Robert A. (1963, October-December). Mongolia in the Sino-Soviet Dispute. The China Quarterly, 16, 75-85.
Sabloff, Paula L. W. (2002a). Genghis Khan and Modern Mongolian Identity: The Democracy Connection. The Mongolian Journal of International Affairs, (8-9).
Sabloff, Paula L. W. (2002b). Why Mongolia? The Political Culture of an Emerging Democracy. Central Asian Survey, 21(1), 19–36.
Samson, Carl. (2021, November 10). China bans Tibetan children from taking Tibetan language classes in and out of school. Yahoo! News. https://news.yahoo.com/china-bans-tibetan-children-taking-171358945.html (Accessed on November 18, 2021).
Sandagdorj, Dolgormaa. (2021, May 8). Mongolians Fight to preserve a Key Part of Cultural Heritage. Global Press Journal. https://globalpressjournal.com/asia/mongolia/mongolians-fight-preserve-key-part-cultural-heritage/ (Accessed on November 19, 2021).
Sarlagtay, Mashbat O. (2002). Current Mongolian Cultural Problems: Internal and External. The Mongolian Journal of International Affairs, (8-9).
Sarotte, M.E. (2012). China’s Fear of Contagion: Tiananmen Square and the Power of the European Example. International Security, 37(2), 156-182.
Sindelar, Daisy. (2010, February 13). From Chinggis Khan to Prayer Wheels, Mongolians Reclaim What’s Theirs. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. https://www.rferl.org/a/From_Chinggis_Khan_to_Prayer_Wheels_Mongolians_Reclaim_Whats_Theirs/1956945.html (Accessed on June 8, 2022).
Singh, Hemant. (2020, July). What is the Panchsheel Agreement between India and China? Jagranjosh. https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/what-is-the-panchsheel-agreement-1594012740-1 (Accessed on May 10, 2022).
Smith, Anthony D. (1999). Myths and Memories of the Nation. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
Soni, Sharad K. (2001). Mongolia’s Foreing Policy Priorities. Himalayan and Central Asian Studies, 5(1).
Soni, Sharad K. (2009). China’s Periphery Policy: Implications for Sino-Mongolian Relations. India Quarterly, 65(3), 251-269.
Soni, Sharad K. (2017, August 11). Mongolia’s new president is Mongolia first and China last. East Asia Forum. https://www.eastasiaforum.org/2017/08/11/mongolias-new-president-is-mongolia-first-and-china-last/ (Accessed on June 7, 2022).
Soni, Sharad K. (n.d.). Towards Confidence Building: Sino-Mongolian Relations in the Post-Cold War Era. The Asian Scholar, 4.
China Daily. (2020, April 23). Spring Festival customs and traditions for ethnic Mongolians. Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region-Customs. http://innermongolia.chinadaily.com.cn/2020-04/23/c_473110.htm (Accessed on December 15, 2021).
Su, Alice. (2020, September 23). Threats of arrest, job loss and surveillance. China targets its ‘model minority’. Los Angeles Time. https://www.latimes.com/world-nation/story/2020-09-23/inner-mongolia-china-model-minority-crackdown (Accessed on May 29, 2022).
Tan, Zaixi. (2014). Censorship in translation: The case of the People’s Republic of China. Neohelicon, 42, 313-339.
Tang, Didi. (2020, March 20). Mongolia abandons Soviet past by restoring alphabet. The Times. https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/mongolia-abandons-soviet-past-by-restoring-alphabet-rsvcgqmxd (Accessed on November 10, 2021).
The Economist. (2011, October 8). The Mongolian sandwich. The Economist, Banyan, 401. https://www.economist.com/asia/2011/10/08/the-mongolian-sandwich (Accessed on August 10, 2021).
The Mongol Messenger. (2016, September 30). Chinggis Khaan is a national identity for Mongolians. MONTSAME News Agency. https://www.montsame.mn/en/read/127161 (Accessed on February 27, 2022).
The Second Belt and Road Forum for International Cooperation. (2019, April 26). Xi Jinping Holds Talks with President Khaltmaa Battulga of Mongolia. The Second Belt and Road Forum for International Cooperation. http://www.beltandroadforum.org/english/n100/2019/0428/c22-1327.html (Accessed on June 9, 2022).
The World Factbook. (n.d.). Mongolia. The World Factbook. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/mongolia/ (Accessed on June 3, 2022).
Unurzul, M. (2021, May 24). Genghis Khan exhibition project discussed. MONTSAME News Agency. https://montsame.mn/en/read/264828 (Accessed on June 11, 2022).
Vanderklippe, Nathan. (2020, December 2). Genghis Khan’s memory is erased from view as China cracks down on Mongolian culture. The Globe and Mail. https://www.theglobeandmail.com/world/article-genghis-khans-memory-is-erased-from-view-as-china-cracks-down-on/ (Accessed on February 17, 2022).
Weir, Fred. (2018, August 17). Russia takes a new look at an old enemy: Genghis Khan. The Christian Science Monitor. https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Europe/2018/0817/Russia-takes-a-new-look-at-an-old-enemy-Genghis-Khan (Accessed on November 3, 2021).
Wintour, Patrick. (2022, May 31). Mongolia under pressure to align with Russia and China. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/may/31/mongolia-under-pressure-to-align-with-russia-and-china (Accessed on June 10, 2022).
Womack, Brantly. (2004, May). Asymmetry Theory and China’s Concept of Multipolarity. Journal of Contemporary China, 13(39), 351-366.
Wong, Edward. (2016, December 30). Mongolia, With Deep Ties to Dalai Lama, Turns From Him Toward China. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/30/world/asia/china-mongolia-dalai-lama.html (Accessed on June 12, 2022).
World Population Review. (n.d.). Mongolia Population 2022. World Population Review. https://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/mongolia-population (Accessed on May 15, 2022).
Xiao, E., Chang, J., & Lin, L. (2020, December 31). Beijing Accelerates Campaign of Ethnic Assimilation. The Wall Street Journal. https://www.wsj.com/articles/beijing-accelerates-campaign-of-ethnic-assimilation-11609431781 (Accessed on May 21, 2022).
Xinhua. (2018, May 7). Thousands gather at Genghis Khan shrine for spring ritual. China.org.cn. http://www.china.org.cn/arts/2018-05/07/content_51168663.htm (Accessed on January 18, 2022).
Xinhua. (2022a, January 5). Mongolia’s coal export drops over 40 pct in 2021. xinhuanet. https://english.news.cn/asiapacific/20220105/b68f7cbb81574701a8d76c4ff07886d9/c.html (Accessed on June 12, 2022).
Xinhua. (2022b, June 9). Mongolia exports 5.7 mln tons of coal in first 5 months. xinhuanet. http://www.china.org.cn/world/Off_the_Wire/2022-06/09/content_78262029.htm (Accessed on June 12, 2022).
Zheng, Sarah. (2020, September 18). Mongolia: locked between China and the language of identity. South China Morning Post. https://ph.news.yahoo.com/mongolia-locked-between-china-language-090236464.html (Accessed on June 7, 2022).
Zhou, Yuxing. (2015, June 17). Pursuing soft power through cinema: censorship and double standards in mainland China. Journal of Chinese Cinemas, 9(3). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/17508061.2015.1049878
Literature in Chinese
BBC News. (2020, September 7). <內蒙古新雙語政策反彈：步新疆後塵的擔憂與中國「第二代民族政策」> “Neimenggu xin shuanyu zhentse fantan: bu xinjiang hochen de danyou yu zhongguo di erdai minzu zhentse” [The opposition against Inner Mongolia’s new bilingual policy: the concern of being the next Xinjinag and China’s ‘second generation ethnic policy]. BBC NEWS (Mandarin). https://www.bbc.com/zhongwen/trad/chinese-news-54065583 (Accessed on May 17, 2022).
BBC News. (2020, October 19). <法國成吉思汗展覽引發的爭議：蒙古歷史與現代中國國家敘事的碰撞> “Faguo Chengjisi han zhanlan infa de zhengyi: menggu lishi yu xiandai zhongguo guojia shushi de pengzhuang” [Dispute of the Genghis Khan Exhibition in France]. BBC NEWS (Mandarin). https://www.bbc.com/zhongwen/trad/chinese-news-54606464 (Accessed on September 6, 2021).
Belt and Road Energy Cooperation. (n.d.). <夥伴關係成員國－蒙古國> “Huoban guanxi chenyuanguo-menggu guo” [Member State: Mongolia]. Belt and Road Energy Cooperation. https://obor.nea.gov.cn/pictureDetails.html?id=2619 (Accessed on June 8, 2022).
Bulag, Uradyn E. (2010b). <人類學視野下的帝國遺產——為繞蒙古文化展開的演講和對話> “Renleixuei shiye xia de diguo yichan—weirao menggu wenhua zhankai de yanjiang he duihua” [The Imperial Heritage under the vision of Anthropology—the Speech and Conversation Surrounding the Mongolian Culture]. Speech at Sichuan University.
Central News Agency. (2020, September 26). <前蒙古總統致信習近平抗議漢語教材 遭使館退回> “Chian menggu zongtong zhi Xi Jinping kangyi hanyu jiaotsai zao xiguan tuihui” [Letter from Mongolia’s former president protesting the Chinese class material returned by the embassy]. Central News Agency. https://www.cna.com.tw/news/acn/202009260207.aspx (Accessed on June 7, 2022).
Chen, Ran-Miao-Yen. (2014, August). <蒙古帝國對西方科技進程不可磨滅的促進> “Menggu diguo dui xifang keji jincheng buke momie de cujin” [The Mongol Empire’s Indelible Contribution to Western Technological Progress]. Education Digest, 129.
Chung, Zhen-Yi. (n.d.). <沁園春·雪> “Qinyuanchun-Xue”. Chinese Ancient Poetry website. https://fanti.dugushici.com/ancient_proses/70639/prose_appreciations/5044 (Accessed on May 10, 2022).
Daofu. (2015, November 3). <內外蒙古兩樣情：一面兩體的「獨立」與「自治」> “Neiwai mengu liangyang qing: yimian liangti de duli yu zizhi” [Two Different Emotions in Outer and Inner Mongolia: the Two Sides of Independence and Autonomy]. udn Global. https://global.udn.com/global_vision/story/8663/1290579 (Accessed on November 20, 2021).
Daofu. (2018, April 2). <草原沒有墓碑：蒙古族怎麼替成吉思汗「掃墓」？> “Caoyuan meiyou mubei: mengguzu zenme ti chengjisi han ‘saomu’?” [No Tombstones on the Steppe: How the Mongols Sweep the Tomb of Genghis Khan?]. udn Global. https://global.udn.com/global_vision/story/8664/3052137 (Accessed on November 20, 2021).
Dong, Ren-Da. (2004). <成吉思汗在西南的後裔> “Chengjisi han zai xinan de houyi” [The Descendants of Genghis Khan in the Southwest]. Journal of Inner Mongolia University (Philosophy & Social Science Edition), 1, 21-25.
Gao, Lang. (2004). <後冷戰時期中共外交政策之變與不變> “Hou lengzhan shiqi zhonggong waijiao zhengce zhi bian yu bubian” [The changed and unchanged of CCP’s Foreign Policy in post-Cold War Era]. Taiwanese Journal of Political Science. 21, 19-48.
Government of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. (n.d.). <內蒙古－民族人口> “Neimenggu-minzu renkou” [The Population of Inner Mongolia]. Website of the Government of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. https://www.nmg.gov.cn/asnmg/yxnmg/mzrk/ (Accessed on May 10, 2022).
Hao, Gang. (2022 April 6). <擴大煤炭出口——蒙古國經濟的救命稻草> “Kuoda meitan chukou—mengguguo jingji de jiuming daocao” [Expanding the export of coal—the life-saving resources of Mongolia’s economic]. China5e.com. https://www.china5e.com/news/news-1132292-1.html (Accessed on June 8, 2022).
Huang, Chiung-Chiu. (2020). <小國外交－蒙古對中政策評析> “Xiaoguo waijiao—menggu dui zhong zhengce Pingxi” [Small State Foreign Analysis: Mongolia’s China Policy]. East Asian Studies, 51(2), 41-72.
Huang, Chiung-Chiu. (2021). <近期中國大陸對蒙古及新疆治理政策評析> “Jinqi zhongguo dalu dui menggu ji xinjiang zhili zhengce pingxi” [An Analysis of the PRC Recent Politics toward Inner Mongolia and Xinjiang]. Prospect & Exploration, 19(4), 17-24.
Introvigne, Massimo. (2020, November 10). <習近平正與新敵人成吉思汗作戰> “Xi Jinping zheng yu xin diren chengjisi han zuozhan” [Xi Jinping is combating a new enemy, Genghis Khan]. Bitter Winter. https://zh.bitterwinter.org/xi-jinping-is-fighting-a-new-enemy-genghis-khan/ (Accessed on March 29, 2022).
Ji, Shun-Jie. (2021, January). <蒙古的國家認同> “Menggu de guojia renting” [The National Identification of Mongolia]. Mongolia between China and Russia. Taipei: Taiwan International Studies Association.
Lan, Mei-Hua. (2021, January). <二十世紀蒙古獨立建國的三件大事> “Ershi shiji menggu duli jianguo de sanjian dashi” [Three Major Events of Mongolia’s Independence in the 20th Century]. Mongolia between China and Russia. Taipei: Taiwan International Studies Association.
Lee, Bao-Jun. (2005, October). <新世紀之初中國對外關係的建構> “Xin shiji xhichu zhongguo duiwai guanxi de jiangou” [The construction of China’s foreign relations in the beginning of the new century]. Foreign Affairs Review, 84.
Liu, Xue-Er. (2020, March 24). <蒙古國決定回覆「回鶻式蒙古文」 2025年起與內蒙文字統一> “Menggu guo jueding huifu “huihe shi menggu wen” 2025 nian qi yu neimenggu wenzi tongyi” [Mongolia decides to restore the traditional Mongolian script, integrating with Inner Mongolia’s scripts in 2025]. ETtoday News. https://www.ettoday.net/news/20200324/1674905.htm (Accessed on September 7, 2021).
Liu, Xue-Yao. (2021, March 12). <且談外蒙古欲恢復老盟文> “Qietan waimenggu yu huifu lao mengwen” [On Mongolia’s Restoration of the traditional Mongolian Language]. Vocus-Professor Liu’s History Course. https://vocus.cc/article/604b2699fd89780001063fff (Accessed on September 15, 2021).
Management Committee of Genghis Khan’s Mausoleum Institution. (n.d.). <興建新陵> “Shingjian shinling” [Build a new mausoleum]. Genghis Khan Mausoleum — The History and Construction of the Mausoleum. https://web.archive.org/web/20150402103808/http://www.cjshl.com/zm/5.3/plus/view.php?aid=46 (Accessed on May 31, 2022).
Management Committee of Genghis Khan’s Mausoleum Institution. (n.d.). <修繕與擴建> “Xiushan yu kuojian” [Repair and expansion]. Genghis Khan Mausoleum — The History and Construction of the Mausoleum. https://web.archive.org/web/20201124143841/http://www.cjshl.com/zm/5.3/plus/view.php?aid=48 (Accessed on May 31, 2022).
Meng-Ke. (2014, August 20). <透視中國：中國能借鑑美國民族熔爐嗎？> “Toushi zhongguo: zhongguo neng jiejian meiguo minzu ronglu ma?” [Observing China: Can China Learn from America`s National Melting Pot?]. BBC NEWS (Mandarin). https://www.bbc.com/zhongwen/simp/china_watch/2014/08/140820_china_watch_usa_china_ethnie (Accessed on September 9, 2021).
Ministry of Commerce of the People’s Republic of China. (n.d.). <蒙古國的民族> “Menggu guo de minzu” [Ethnicity in Mongolia]. Ministry of Commerce of the People’s Republic of China. https://web.archive.org/web/20200219045046/http://mn.mofcom.gov.cn/article/ddgk/200208/20020800035756.shtml (Accessed on May 10, 2022).
Ministry of National Defense of the People’s Republic of China. (2019, October 16). <習近平就中蒙建交70周年同蒙古國總統巴特圖勒嘎互致賀電> “Xi Jinping jiu zhongmeng jiangjiao qishi zhounian tong menggu guo zongtong Battulga huzhi hedian” [Xi Jinping and Buttulga exchanged greetings congratulating the 70th Anniversary of the establishment of China-Mongolia diplomacy]. Ministry of National Defense of the People’s Republic of China. http://www.mod.gov.cn/big5/leaders/2019-10/16/content_4853109.htm (Accessed on June 3, 2022).
Mongolian & Tibetan Cultural Center. (2018, May 6). <107年蒙古傳統祭祀活動－成吉思汗大祭> “107 nian menggu chuantong jisi huodong — ‘chengjisi han daji’” [The Genghis Khan Ritual: the traditional Mongolian worshiping activity in 2018]. Mongolian & Tibetan Cultural Center. https://mtcc.moc.gov.tw/home/zh-tw/mongoliaActivity/40187 (Accessed on March 7, 2022).
National Ethnic Affairs Commission of the People’s Republic of China. (n.d.). <蒙古族> “Menggu zu” [Mongolian ethnic]. National Ethnic Affairs Commission of the People’s Republic of China. http://www.neac.gov.cn/seac/ztzl/mgz/gk.shtml (Accessed on May 6, 2022).
Sarantuya. (2012, January). <走進中國少數民族叢書－蒙古族> “Zoujin zhongguo shaoshu minzu congshu—Menggu zu [Getting Closer to China’s Ethnic Minorities—The Mongols]. Liaoning: Liaoning People`s Publishing House.
State Administration of Cultural Heritage. (n.d.). <國務院關於公布第二批全國重點文物保護單位的通知> “Guowuyuan guanyu gongbu dierpi quanguo zhongdian wenwu baohu danwei de tongzhi” [National Cultural Heritage Administration—State Council about the announcement of the second national heritage protection]. https://archive.ph/20150129041817/http://www.sach.gov.cn/col/col1645/index.html (Accessed on May 20, 2022).
The government of the People’s Republic of China. (n.d.). <中國民族－少數民族人口分布> “Zhongguo minzu-shaoshu minzu renkou fenbu” [Ethnic minority population]. The Central People’s Government of the People’s Republic of China. http://big5.www.gov.cn/gate/big5/www.gov.cn/test/2005-07/26/content_17366_3.htm (Accessed on May 21, 2022).
The Inner Mongolia government. (n.d.). <內蒙古－民族人口> “Neimenggu-minzu renkou” [Ethnic population]. Website of the Government of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. https://www.nmg.gov.cn/asnmg/yxnmg/mzrk/ (Accessed on May 10, 2022).
VOA—China. (2020, September 16). <王毅訪蒙第一天遭遇抗議 指責北京壓制蒙族文化> “Wang Yi fangmeng diyitian zaoyu kangyi zhize Beijing yazhi mengzu wenhua” [Demonstrations burst on the first day of Wang Yi’s visits, criticizing Beijing’s oppression among Mongolians’ traditions]. VOA—China. https://www.voachinese.com/a/mongolians-protest-visit-china-diplomat-language-dispute-simmers-20200915/5584366.html (Accessed on June 7, 2022).
Wang, Lai-Xi. (2000). <試論成吉思汗重商思想> “Shilun chengjisi han zhongshang sixiang” [On Genghis Khan’s Thought of Merchant Commerce]. Journal of Inner Mongolia Normal University (Philosophy & Social Science Edition), 3, 41-46.
Wang, Ming-Ke. (2006). <英雄祖先與弟兄民族：根基歷史的文本與情境> “Yingxiong zuxian yu dixiong minzu: genji lishi de wenben yu qingjing” [Heroic Ancestors and Brotherly Peoples and Nationalities: Texts and Scenarios Rooted in History]. Taipei: Asian Culture Publishing Co., Ltd.
Wu, Pei-Ti. (2019, June). <「反中」事件的原因與影響：蒙中關係之分析> “Fanzhong” shijian de yuanyin yu yingxiang: mengzhong guanxi zhi fenxi [Anti-China Events in Mongolia: Causes, Impacts, and the Mongol-Sino Relations]. [Master thesis, National Chengchi University].
Xinhua Net. (2004, August 24). <電視劇「成吉思汗」將在央視一套黃金時段播出> “Dianshiju ‘chengjisi han’ jianzai yangshi yitao huanjin shiduan bochu” [The TV series “Genghis Khan” will air on Central TV’s prime time]. Xinhua Net. http://news.sina.com.cn/o/2004-08-24/02293473873s.shtml (Accessed on May 20, 2022).
Xinhua Net. (2005, May 7). <電視劇「成吉思汗陵西遷」將在中央電視台播出> “Dianshiju ‘chengjisi han ling xiqian’ jianzai zhongyang dianshitai bochu” [The TV series “The Westward Move of Genghis Khan’s Mausoleum” will air on Central TV Station]. Xinhua Net. https://yule.sohu.com/20050507/n225458660.shtml (Accessed on May 20, 2022).
Xinhua Net. (2006, July 20). <中國加強對蒙元文化及成吉思汗的研究> “Zhongguo jiaqiang dui mengyuan wenhua ji chengjisi han de yanjiu” [China encourages research on Mongolian and Yuan culture and Genghis Khan]. Xinhua Net. https://ppfocus.com/0/hic8819d9.html (Accessed on May 19, 2022).
Xinhua News Agency. (2021, August 28). <習近平出席中央民族工作會議並發表重要講話> “Xi Jinping chuxi xhongyang minzu gongzuo huiyi bin fabiao zhongyao jianghua” [Xi Jinping attended the Central Ethnic Work Conference and delivered important speech]. Ministry of National Defense of the People’s Republic of China. http://www.mod.gov.cn/big5/shouye/2021-08/28/content_4893272.htm (Accessed on May 29, 2022).
Zhao, Yong-Xian. (1991). <成吉思汗祭典的由來與流傳> “Chengjisi han jidian de youlai yu liuchuan” [The Origin and Spreading of the Ritual of Genghis Khan]. Inner Mongolia Social Sciences, 6, 58-65. |
| Description: | 碩士
國立政治大學
國際研究英語碩士學位學程(IMPIS)
109862006 |
| Source URI: | http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0109862006 |
| Data Type: | thesis |
| DOI: | 10.6814/NCCU202201529 |
| Appears in Collections: | [國際研究英語碩士學位學程] 學位論文
|
Files in This Item:
| File |
Description |
Size | Format | |
|---|
| 200601.pdf | | 1663Kb | Adobe PDF2 | 105 | View/Open |
|
All items in 政大典藏 are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved.
|
