政大機構典藏-National Chengchi University Institutional Repository(NCCUR):Item 140.119/142129

政大機構典藏-National Chengchi University Institutional Repository(NCCUR):Item 140.119/142129

English | 正體中文 | 简体中文 | Post-Print筆數 : 27 | Items with full text/Total items : 113451/144438 (79%)
Visitors : 51324996 Online Users : 872

RC Version 6.0 © Powered By DSPACE, MIT. Enhanced by NTU Library IR team.

Scope

please add "double quotation mark" for query phrases to get precise results

please goto advance search for comprehansive author search

Adv. Search

Home ‧ Login ‧ Upload ‧ Help ‧ About ‧ Administer

Goto mobile version

政大典藏 > College of International Affairs > Department of Diplomacy > Theses > Item 140.119/142129

Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/142129

Title:	《聯合國氣候變化綱要公約》下氣候外交及金融機制之發展 The Development of Climate Diplomacy and Climate Finance Mechanisms under the UNFCCC Context
Authors:	方肇頤 Fang, Chao-yi
Contributors:	陳貞如 Chen, Chen-Ju 方肇頤 Fang, Chao-yi
Keywords:	氣候外交氣候金融機制《聯合國氣候變化綱要公約》《巴黎協定》第6條綠色氣候基金全球環境基金調適基金南北衝突共同但有區別的責任碳市場機制及非市場機制 UNFCCC Climate Finance CBDR Paris Agreement Kyoto Protocol Market Mechanism GCF GEF AP Global South/North Divide and Conflict
Date:	2022
Issue Date:	2022-10-05 09:16:12 (UTC+8)
Abstract:	1994年所通過的《聯合國氣候變化綱要公約》標示著人類社會開始共同努力，減少氣候變遷對環境所致生的負面衝擊。各國利用公約體系所建構的「國際建制」（International Regimes）平台，在接近30年間不斷進行密集協商，進而推動一連串的氣候外交談判，針對各項議題制定相關國際法制架構以為因應。但在談判過程中，開發中的南方國家及已開發的北方國家對於減量責任分擔、氣候資金來源及後續氣候行動的落實，仍是難以形成普遍共識，其中又以牽涉到實質資金投入的財務金融議題更為爭議之所在。　　因此，以氣候公約體系為核心的外交談判，為了緩解開發中及已開發兩大國家集團的對立，並合理分配歷史責任，承襲了國際環境法所發展出來的「共同但有區別的責任」原則（Common but Differentiated Responsibilities; CBDR），要求各國在共同推動人類對抗氣候變遷的行動之下，承擔不同程度的責任。據此，全世界不分南北方國家才能逐漸針對氣候行動機制、資金來源及分配的方法緩慢地達成共識，形成國際上新的一套「氣候金融」（climate financing）架構，在氣候公約體系的法律架構下發展出獨特的跨國金融機制。　　然而，各國長期遵循「共同但有區別的責任」原則，將開發中及已開發國家所承擔的責任做出差異之區別，即便氣候金融機制已確立由已開發國家出資的原則，但在談判過程中出資承諾及比例的意見相左，卻也同時激化兩大陣營的對立，進而導致氣候公約體系及後續的《京都議定書》機制運作，一直以來成效不彰，凸顯出國際氣候談判本質上的矛盾。所幸經各國努力不懈的外交政治協商，在2015年《聯合國氣候變化綱要公約》第21次締約方會議通過劃時代的《巴黎協定》（Paris Agreement），總算建構出更為合理的氣候義務承擔之方式，明確規定各締約方之國際法義務，並廣納南北各國之政治立場，同時針對氣候資金之管理運作方針達成新的共識，建立《巴黎協定》第6條有關市場及非市場機制等相關規定。　　綜觀整個氣候外交談判的過程，氣候資金的議題一直以來都是南北國家之間最需要進行政治折衝的核心關鍵，尤其是已開發國家是否主動支持氣候公約體系的運作，並提供適時適當的財務支持，以換取開發中國家願意共同面對減量承諾，更是氣候行動之成敗所在。即便《巴黎協定》及其第6條建立了許多新的財務機制，未來各國似乎可衡量自己的國力做出相應承諾，並取得對應資金，但國際政治的談判是一個相對動態的發展過程，在《巴黎協定》規則書通過之後，新的金融機制是否能夠順利運行，過程中當仍充滿各國國家利益的角力。最後，本文將自外交及國際法的研究角度切入，以《聯合國氣候變化綱要公約》及其後續共識做為研究基礎，分析「國際氣候金融」機制在國際談判上及國際法律建制之發展脈絡，進而檢討缺失及指出未來可能的發展。 The establishment of the UNFCCC represented the joint effort of humankind to address climate change issues. This international regime for multilateral cooperation aims to resolve the negative impact caused by climate change. However, despite all the progress in the collective attempts, the long last divide between developing and developed countries has grown even deeper, because how the costs of climate actions should be shared still remains unsettled. In reality, developing countries are impacted more by climate change and less able to cope, even though they are less responsible for causing climate change. Therefore, in response to the conflicts between two groups, the principle of Common but Differentiated Responsibilities (CBDR) has been introduced to UNFCCC, Kyoto Protocol, and Paris Agreement. It calls for financial assistance from developed countries to those developing countries with fewer resources. In other words, the principles set out in the Convention and its following agreements require developed country parties to provide financial resources to assist developing country parties in implementing the objectives of the UNFCCC. For more than 2 decades, The CBDR principle has successfully navigated the negotiation process and further eased the constant tension between developed and developing countries. Due to that principle, it would be possible for the climate negotiation to reach a consensus for future climate action including the financial structure, but it might also further divide these two groups. In 2015, the Paris Agreement reaffirmed the obligation of developed countries under the new interpretation of the CBDR, while for the first time establishing a more reasonable way of defining the sharing responsibility for conducting climate actions. The easing of the rigid separation between these two groups, by applying the new rules of CBDR, helps both parties to initiate a new conversation in the post-Paris Agreement era. The conversation led to relatively successful climate negotiation outcomes in the following years, which gave all the parties a chance to reach a new agreement. The following agreements further clarify the rule of climate finance and explain the means to implement the Paris Agreement, especially for article 6, the market and non-market mechanism. After reviewing the decades-long climate negotiation process, we found that whether the developed country could keep its promise to deliver financial support has always been the key element to achieving collective climate goals. Although the Paris Agreement and article 6 of the market mechanism seem to be forming a new way of achieving the climate goal, there are still a lot of doubts among developing parties. Thus, this thesis will be using the perspectives of both theories of international law and international relations to analyze the possible development of the UNFCCC negotiation process and the outcomes of the climate finance mechanism. The interaction of these two theories will be elaborated in comprehensive methods and case studies in order to point out the new path to climate negotiation.
Reference:	中文參考文獻丘宏達，《現代國際法》，2 版， 2010年，三民書局。林春元，《氣候變遷全球行政法的演變》，2018年，台大出版中心。姜皇池，《國際公法導論》，2 版， 2008 年，新學林。施文貞，《巴黎協定對排放權交易制度之連結所可能帶來之影響：由下而上或由上而下的管制工具？》，2019年，科技部計畫「排放權交易制度連結之法律議題分析」。施文真，《由交易單位之法律性質重新檢視排放權交易制度與 WTO 之關係》，2016年，WTO、氣候變遷與能源，元照出版社。陳慈陽，《環境法總論》，3版，2011年，元照出版社。葉俊榮，《全球環境議題：台灣觀點》，1994年，巨流出版社。葉俊榮，《氣候變遷治理與法律》，2015年，台大出版中心。葉俊榮主編，《建構氣候轉型立法》，2020年，學林出版社。葉俊榮主編，《國際環境法—條約選輯與解說》，2010年，新學林。英文參考文獻 Abbott, K., Modern International Relation Theory: A Prospectus for International Lawyers, Yale Journal of International Law, Vol. 14 No.2, 1989, pp.23-45 Abbott, K. and Snidal, D., Hard and Soft Law in International Governance, International Organization, Vol. 54, No.3, 2000, pp.12-67 Adeoti, T., Saint Lucia: National Infrastructure Financing Strategy, United Nations Office for Project Services, Copenhagen, Denmark, 2021 Ameli, N., Climate finance and disclosure for institutional investors: why transparency is not enough, Climate Change policy review 160 (4), 2020., p.19 Armstrong, D., Theo Farrell and Helen Lambert, International Law and International Relations, Second Edition, The environment section, Cambridge University Press, 2012 Bertilsson, J., Discourses on transformational change and paradigm shift in the Green Climate Fund: the divide over financialization and country Ownership, Environmental Politics 30 (3), 2021, p.45 Birnie, P. and Boyle, A., International Law and the Environment, 2nd edition, Oxford Uni Press, 2002 Bowman, M., Resilience through interlinkage: the green climate fund and climate finance governance, Climate Policy 19 (3), 2019, pp.134-145 Brechin, S., A case for further refinement of the green climate fund’s 50:50 ratio climate change mitigation and adaptation allocation framework: toward a more targeted approach, Climate Change review142 (3–4), 2019, p.34 Bodansky, D., The Paris Climate Change Agreement: A New Hope, American Journal of International Law, 110, April 2016, pp.93-102 Bracking, S. and Leffel, B., Climate finance governance: fit for purpose, WIREs Climate Change 12 (4), e709, 2021, p.21 Brewster, R., Stepping stone or stumbling Block: Instrumentalism in National Climate change Legislation, Yale L. and Pol. Rev. 245, 2010, p.234 Brownlie, I., Principles of Public International Law, 7th ed., Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2008 Burns, G. and Hari, O., Overviewed: The Exigencies that Drive Potential Causes of Action for Climate Change, in Adjudication Climate Change: Sate, National and International Approach 2009, p.88 Cabezon, E., Enhancing macroeconomic resilience to natural disasters and climate change in the small states of the Pacific, Asian-Pacif. Econ. Literature 33 (1), 2019, pp. 113–130. Canales, N., Climate finance for the Indian Ocean and African Small Island Developing States, 2017, p.61 Caporaso, J., The Elusive State: International and Comparative Perspective, London: Sage Publication, 1989 Dunoff, L. and Pollack, M., International law and international relation: introducing an interdisciplinary Dialogue, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, 2011 Fedosov, D., Linking Carbon Markets: Development and Implications, Carbon & Climate Law Reviewed (10), 2016, pp.90-95 Helm, D. & Hepburn, C. (Eds), The Economics and Politics of Climate Change, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, 2010 Henkin, L., ‘How Nations Behave: Law and Foreign Policy’, 2nd ed., New York: Columbia University Press, 1979 Hunter, D., International Environmental Law and Policy, 4th edition, New York: Foundation Press: Thomson Reuters, 2011 Jaffe, J., Ranson, M. & Stavins, R., Linking Tradable Permit Systems: A Key Element of Emerging International Climate Policy Architecture, Ecology Law Quarterly-36, 2009, p.41 Keohane, R. and Milner, Helen, eds., Internationalization and Domestic Politics, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996 Keohane, R., Legalized Dispute Resolution: Interstate and Transnational, International organization, Vol. 54, No.3, 2000 Koskenniemi, M., Carl Schmitt, Hans Morgenthau, The Image of Law in International Relations, International Relations and International Law, New York: Oxford University Press, 2000 Schneider, L., Outside in? Using international carbon markets for mitigation not covered by nationally determined contributions (NDCs) under the Paris Agreement, Climate Policy, 20(1), 2020, p.97 Mearns, R. & Norton, A., Social Dimension of Climate Change’, The World Bank publication, Washington DC, 2010 Milner, H., Elections and International Cooperation, Journal of Conflict Resolution, Vol. 41, 1997, p.38 Moravcsik, A., Taking Preference Seriously: A Liberal Theory of International Politic, International Organization, Vol. 51, No.4, 2013, p.7 Morgenthau, H., Politics among Nations: The Struggle for Power and Peace, New York: Knopf Press, 1984 Mycoo, M., Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part B: Regional Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Chang, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2022, Pickering, J., Managing fragmentation and complexity in the emerging system of international climate finance, Journal for International Environmental Agreements, Vol. 17, 2016, p.84 Roberts, T., Weikmans, R., Robinson, Rebooting a failed promise of climate finance, Climate Change Policy, Vol.11 (3), 2021, p.50 Robinson, S., Climate change adaptation trends in small island developing states, Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies, Global Change, Vol. 22 (4), 2017, p.21 Robinson, S., Adapting to climate change at the national level in Caribbean small island developing states, Island Study J., Vol.13, 2018, p.120 Ruggie, J., What Make the World Hang Together? Neo-utilitarianism and the Social Constructivist Challenge, International Organization, Vol. 52, No.4, 1998, p.112 Sands, P., Principle of International Environmental Law, 2nd edition, Cambridge Uni Press, 2003 Schreuder, Y., The Corporate Greenhouse: Climate Change Policy in a Globalizing World, New York: Zed Books Ltd, 2009 Schulz, K., Leveraging blockchain technology for innovative climate finance under the Green Climate Fund, Earth System Governance, Vol.7 (100084), 2022, p.143 Slaughter, A., International Law and International Relations Theory: A Dual Agenda, American Journal of International Law, Vol. 87, No.2, 1993, p.97 Steinberg, R., Water-Dead or Alive: Realist Approaches to International Law, Interdisciplinary Perspectives on International Law and International Relations, New York Cambridge University Press, 2013, p.31 Voigt, F., Differentiation in the Paris Agreement, Climate Law no.6, 2016, p.49 Waltz, K., Theory of International Politics, New York: McGraw-Hill, 1979 Wendt, A., Social Theory of International Politics, New York: Cambridge Press, 1999 UNFCCC及UN相關文獻及資訊 UNFCCC, SBSTA Chair, “Article 6 of the Paris Agreement: Financing for adaptation/Share of Proceeds (Article 6.2 and Article 6.4)” , November 2021, website: https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/the-paris-agreement/cooperative-implementation/submissions-informal-technical-expert-dialogues-on-article-6-of-the-paris-agreement#eq-1 (accessed September 17, 2022) Adaptation Fund, 2014. NIE Accreditation Toolkit. Retrieved from: https://www.adaptation-fund.org/wpcontent/uploads/2015/07/Accreditation-Toolkit-English-14.pdf (accessed September 17, 2022) Adaptation Fund, Direct Access, available at https://www.adaptation-fund.org/about/direct-access/ (accessed September 17, 2022) GCF official website document, GCF handbook: Decisions, policies and frameworks, GCF publication, May 2020 GCF official website, About GCF: Structure, website: https://www.greenclimate.fund/about/secretariat#structure (accessed September 17, 2022) GCF official website, Announcements, website: https://www.greenclimate.fund/news/announcements (last viewed: 2020/6/17) GCF projects and programs, Addressing Climate Vulnerability in the Water Sector (ACWA) in the Marshall Islands, Project No. FP112, website: https://www.greenclimate.fund/project/fp112 (last viewed: 2020/6/7) GCF projects and programs, Building livelihood resilience to climate change in the upper basins of Guatemala’s highlands, Project No. FP087, website: https://www.greenclimate.fund/project/fp087#overviewed (accessed September 17, 2022) GCF projects and programs, Promoting climate-resilient forest restoration and silviculture for the sustainability of water-related ecosystem services in Honduras, Project No. FP111, 2019, website: https://www.greenclimate.fund/project/fp111 (accessed September 17, 2022) GCF, GCF in brief: Private sector financing, GCF publication, 2020, p.1-3, website: https://www.greenclimate.fund/document/gcf-brief-private-sector-financing (accessed September 17, 2022) GCF, GCF means business: How the world’s largest climate fund works with the financial sector to drive global change, GCF publication, 2020 GCF, Press release, available at https://www.greenclimate.fund/news/green-climate-fund-board-approves-usd-3252-million-and-policies-accelerated-climate-action (accessed September 17, 2022) GEF, About Us, available at https://www.thegef.org/about-us (accessed September 17, 2022) GEF, The GEF Monitoring Report 2021, GEF/C.61/03, 2021, available at https://www.thegef.org/sites/default/files/2021-11/EN_GEF.C.61.03_The_GEF_Monitoring_Report_2021.pdf Green Climate Fund (GCF), 2022. Project portfolio. Available at: https://www.greenclimate.fund/projects. (accessed March 12, 2022) Green Climate Fund (GCF), funding, available at https://www.thegef.org/about/funding(accessed September 17, 2022) Green Climate Fund, Resource mobilization, available at http://www.greenclimate.fund/how-we-work/resource-mobilization/trustee-of-gcf (accessed September 17, 2022) IPCC, About IPCC, at https://www.ipcc.ch/about/(accessed September 17, 2022) IPCC, First Assessment Report, 1990, website: https://www.ipcc.ch/assessment-report/ar1/ (accessed September 17, 2022) IPCC, IPCC SPECIAL REPORT: Global Warming of 1.5 ºC, 2018, 2019, available at https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/sites/2/2019/06/SR15_Full_Report_Low_Res.pdf (accessed September 17, 2022) Lima Call for Climate Action, Decision 1/CP.20, FCCC/CP/2014/10/Add.1, February 2015, available at http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2014/cop20/eng/10a01.pdf#page=2 (accessed September 17, 2022) Paris Agreement to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change （Paris Agreement）, Dec. 12, 2015, T.I.A.S. No. 16-1104, article 2 San Jose Principles, available at https://cambioclimatico.go.cr/press-release-leading-countries-set-benchmark-for-carbon-markets-with-san-jose-principles/ （accessed 10 March 2022） Task Force on Climate-related Financial Disclosures, 2021 Status Report, p.12-34, available at https://assets.bbhub.io/company/sites/60/2022/03/GPP_TCFD_Status_Report_2021_Book_v17.pdf (accessed September 17, 2022) UN Climate Press Release, Bonn Climate Conference Becomes Launch-Pad for Higher Ambition, available at https://cop23.unfccc.int/news/bonn-climate-conference-becomes-launch-pad-for-higher-ambition (accessed September 17, 2022) UN Environment, ‘The Emissions Gap Report 2017’, A UN Environment Synthesis Report, available at https://wedocs.unep.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/22070/EGR_2017.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y (accessed September 17, 2022) UN General Assembly, Resolution adopted on the reports of the second committee, Document A/RES/43/53, 1998, available at https://www.un.org/ga/search/viewm_doc.asp?symbol=A/RES/43/53 （accessed 10 May 2022） UNEP, Adaptation Gap Report 2021, available at https://www.unep.org/resources/adaptation-gap-report-2021 UNFCC, Adaptation Fund, available at http://unfccc.int/cooperation_and_support/financial_mechanism/adaptation_fund/items/3659.php (accessed September 17, 2022) UNFCCC COP21, News Release and documents, website: https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/conferences/past-conferences/paris-climate-change-conference-november-2015/cop-21 (last viewed: 2020/6/17) UNFCCC official website, Katowice Climate Package, website: https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/the-paris-agreement/paris-agreement-work-programme/katowice-climate-package (accessed September 17, 2022) UNFCCC official Website, Marrakech Action Proclamation, 2016, website: https://unfccc.int/files/meetings/marrakech_nov_2016/application/pdf/marrakech_action_proclamation.pdf (accessed September 17, 2022) UNFCCC official website, The Paris Agreement and NDCs, website: https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/the-paris-agreement/the-paris-agreement/nationally-determined-contributions-ndcs (accessed September 17, 2022) UNFCCC official website, UNFCCC topics, website: https://unfccc.int/topics (last viewed:2020/6/17) UNFCCC Paris Agreement official website, Introduction, website: https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/the-paris-agreement/the-paris-agreement (last viewed:2020/6/17) UNFCCC, ‘Establishment of an Ad Hoc Working Group on the Durban Platform for Enhanced Action （Durban Platform）’, Decision 1/CP.17, FCCC/CP/2011/9/Add.1, available at https://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2011/cop17/eng/09a01.pdf, para 5 (accessed September 17, 2022) UNFCCC, ‘How does the Paris Agreement work?’, Background: the Paris Agreement, available at http://unfccc.int/paris_agreement/items/9485.php（accessed 10 May 20212） UNFCCC, ‘INDCs and NDCs’, Climate Get the Big Picture, available at https://unfccc.int/resource/bigpicture/index.html#content-indcs-and-ndcs (accessed September 17, 2022) UNFCCC, ‘What is climate finance?’, Introduction to Climate Finance, available at https://unfccc.int/topics/climate-finance/the-big-picture/introduction-to-climate-finance (accessed September 17, 2022) UNFCCC, ‘What is the Paris Agreement?’, Background: the Paris Agreement, available at http://unfccc.int/paris_agreement/items/9485.php (accessed September 17, 2022) UNFCCC, Background: Global Environment Facility, available at http://unfccc.int/cooperation_support/financial_mechanism/guidance/items/3655.php（accessed 10 April 2022） UNFCCC, Background: Green Climate Fund, available at http://unfccc.int/cooperation_and_support/financial_mechanism/green_climate_fund/items/5869.php (accessed September 17, 2022) UNFCCC, Background: The Doha Amendment, available at http://unfccc.int/kyoto_protocol/doha_amendment/items/7362.php (accessed September 17, 2022) UNFCCC, Background: what is the Kyoto Protocol, available at http://unfccc.int/kyoto_protocol/background/items/2878.php (accessed September 17, 2022) UNFCCC, Chile Madrid Time for Action. Proposal by the President, FCCC/CP/2019/L.10, 2019, available at https://unfccc.int/documents/201981 (accessed September 17, 2022) UNFCCC, Climate Get Big Picture, available at http://bigpicture.unfccc.int/ (accessed September 17, 2022) UNFCCC, Climate Get Big Picture, available at http://bigpicture.unfccc.int/(accessed September 17, 2022) UNFCCC, COP26 Outcomes, UK COP26 official website at https://ukcop26.org/the-conference/cop26-outcomes, November 2021 UNFCCC, History of the Convention, Process and meetings, available at https://unfccc.int/process/the-convention/history-of-the-convention （accessed 22 April 2022） UNFCCC, Katowice climate package, Decision 3/CMA.1, Matters relating to Article 4 of the Paris Agreement and paragraphs 22–35 of decision 1/CP.21, 2018, available at https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/the-paris-agreement/the-katowice-climate-package/katowice-climate-package (accessed September 17, 2022) UNFCCC, Key aspects of the Paris Agreement, 2016, available at https://unfccc.int/process-andmeetings/the-paris-agreement/the-paris-agreement/key-aspects-of-the-paris-agreement (accessed September 17, 2022) UNFCCC, Kyoto Protocol-Targets for the first commitment period, available at http://unfccc.int/kyoto_protocol/items/2830.php (accessed September 17, 2022) UNFCCC, Kyoto Protocol-Targets for the first commitment period, available at http://unfccc.int/kyoto_protocol/items/2830.php (accessed September 17, 2022) UNFCCC, Matters relating to Article 6 of the Paris Agreement Guidance on cooperative approaches referred to in Article 6, paragraph 2, of the UNFCCC, Nationally Determined Contributions, available at http://unfccc.int/focus/items/10240.php (accessed September 17, 2022) UNFCCC, NDC Synthesis Report, 21 Feb, 2021, at https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/the-paris-agreement/nationally-determined-contributions-ndcs/nationally-determined-contributions-ndcs/ndc-synthesis-report#eq-9 （(accessed September 17, 2022) UNFCCC, NDC Synthesis Report, 21 Feb, 2021, available at https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/the-paris-agreement/nationally-determined-contributions-ndcs/nationally-determined-contributions-ndcs/ndc-synthesis-report#eq-9 (accessed September 17, 2022) UNFCCC, NDC Synthesis Report, 21 Feb, 2021, available at https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/the-paris-agreement/nationally-determined-contributions-ndcs/nationally-determined-contributions-ndcs/ndc-synthesis-report#eq-9 (accessed September 17, 2022) UNFCCC, News and Media, Ratification of Multilateral Climate Agreement Gives Boost to Delivering Agreed Climate Pledges and to Tackling Climate Change, available at https://unfccc.int/news/ratification-of-multilateral-climate-agreement-gives-boost-to-delivering-agreed-climate-pledges-and (accessed September 17, 2022) UNFCCC, Parties & Observers, available at http://unfccc.int/parties_and_observers/items/2704.php(accessed September 17, 2022) UNFCCC, Press release, available athttps://unfccc.int/news/article-6-is-a-key-tool-to-boost-climate-ambition-patricia-espinosa (Accessed March 12, 2022) UNFCCC, Rules, modalities and procedures for the mechanism established by Article 6, paragraph 4, of the Paris Agreement, Decision from The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement at its third session (CMA 3), November 2021, website: https://unfccc.int/process/the-paris-agreement/cooperative-implementation (accessed September 17, 2022) UNFCCC, SBSTA 49 agenda item 11(a), Matters relating to Article 6 of the Paris Agreement: Guidance on cooperative approaches referred to in Article 6, paragraph 2 of the Paris Agreement, 2020, available at https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/SBSTA49_11a_DT_v2.pdf (accessed September 17, 2022) UNFCCC, Status of Ratification of the Convention, available at http://unfccc.int/essential_background/convention/status_of_ratification/items/2631.php (accessed September 17, 2022) UNFCCC, Synthesis Report on the Aggregate Effect of the INDC, October 2015, FCCC/CP/1015/7 UNFCCC, UNFCCC Topics, Background: Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions UNFCCC, what is the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change: First steps to a safer future: the Convention in summary, United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), website: https://unfccc.int/files/essential_background/background_publications_htmlpdf/application/pdf/conveng.pdf (accessed September 17, 2022) United Nations, Agenda 21, 1992, available at https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/Agenda21.pdf. (accessed September 17, 2022) Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties（VCLT）, Treaty Series, vol. 1155, May 1969, article 2.1（a）
Description:	博士國立政治大學外交學系 102253504
Source URI:	http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0102253504
Data Type:	thesis
DOI:	10.6814/NCCU202201586
Appears in Collections:	[Department of Diplomacy] Theses

Files in This Item:

File	Description	Size	Format
350401.pdf		3224Kb	Adobe PDF2	0	View/Open

All items in 政大典藏 are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved.

社群 sharing

著作權政策宣告 Copyright Announcement

1.本網站之數位內容為國立政治大學所收錄之機構典藏，無償提供學術研究與公眾教育等公益性使用，惟仍請適度，合理使用本網站之內容，以尊重著作權人之權益。商業上之利用，則請先取得著作權人之授權。
The digital content of this website is part of National Chengchi University Institutional Repository. It provides free access to academic research and public education for non-commercial use. Please utilize it in a proper and reasonable manner and respect the rights of copyright owners. For commercial use, please obtain authorization from the copyright owner in advance.

2.本網站之製作，已盡力防止侵害著作權人之權益，如仍發現本網站之數位內容有侵害著作權人權益情事者，請權利人通知本網站維護人員(nccur@nccu.edu.tw)，維護人員將立即採取移除該數位著作等補救措施。
NCCU Institutional Repository is made to protect the interests of copyright owners. If you believe that any material on the website infringes copyright, please contact our staff(nccur@nccu.edu.tw). We will remove the work from the repository and investigate your claim.

DSpace Software Copyright © 2002-2004 MIT & Hewlett-Packard / Enhanced by NTU Library IR team Copyright © - Feedback