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| Title: | 中國參與南南合作之研究：以非洲國家爲例
China’s Participation in South-South Cooperation: African Countries as an Example |
| Authors: | 波格丹
Bogdan, Klimochko |
| Contributors: | 李明
Lee, Ming
波格丹
Klimochko Bogdan |
| Keywords: | 開發中國家
已開發國家
對外援助
南南合作
中國
非洲 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| Issue Date: | 2022-09-02 15:37:36 (UTC+8) |
| Abstract: | 本論文首先給讀者參考中共在成立政權前後階段上採用的對外工作主導理念（和平共處五項原則、不結盟獨立自主外交、建立國際關係新秩序等等）之分析，以及研究中共自從爭奪政權至21世紀初在外交政策中發生的演變。接下來，筆者介紹毛澤東提出的「中間地帶」、「三個世界」和「反霸」等主要思想，這些思想對中國對外援助政策夯實了基礎。
其次，介紹中國接受外來援助的同時，還自己向其他國家政府或共產黨提供援助的歷史里程碑。在這種過程當中，北京政府之關鍵方針是「輸出革命」（自1950年至1978年）和「爭取友誼」（1978年後）。在援助他國的方面，中國主要出於這兩個方針的考量，並獲得了一系列外交上的利益，如取得聯合國席位、「一帶一路」受越多國家的歡迎等。
第三，南南合作的意義也被納入本論文之範圍，因爲前者對開發中國家有著核心意義，開發中國家主要透過這種合作模式受外國援助。在研究中筆者發現，南南合作的概念本身建立於20世紀後半，更何況，南南合作範圍並不限於南半球的國家，而還涵蓋非洲、阿拉伯國家地區、亞洲太平洋地區、拉丁美洲和加勒比地區等地區的開發中國家。不過，直到1960年代中國際社會沒有特別注重開發中國家的發展問題。後來，通過聯合國的努力南南合作得到了越多國家的關注，國際社會承認南南合作的重要性。
第四，就南南合作對中國的重要性，筆者主要從幾個角度來看這個議題：中國在國際事務中意圖扮演的引導作用，中國意圖連接地理空間，中國願意保持開發中國家之間的團結等角度。筆者發現，在以上的安排中，南南合作對北京起關鍵作用。爲了達到上述目的，北京深入開發中國家並在後者之間發揮主要貿易夥伴、貸款提供者及投資者的作用。第五章給讀者提供中國對外援助之最傑出且代表性的例子，即坦贊鐵路、中國參與抗擊伊波拉病毒的鬥爭，以及中國參與三邊合作模式等例子。接下來，筆者分析非洲輿論對於中國的態度。
最後，筆者分析中國對撒哈拉沙漠以南非洲國家提供的發展援助，分別是改革開放前、改革開放後以及習近平主政時期的中國援助。研究成果顯示，目前階段援助上的中國對外援助特徵是，提供軍事援助並修建有關的設施，興建工業園區。同時，北京政府還會採取前階段的模式，如「安哥拉模式」等。 |
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「聯合國憲章（全文）」， 聯合國。[online] Available at: https://www.un.org/zh/about-us/un-charter/full-text [Accessed 28 March 2022].
「聯合國憲章（全文）」， 聯合國. [online]. Available at: https://www.un.org/zh/about-us/un-charter/full-text [Accessed 25 April 2022].
「關於各國內政不容干涉及其獨立與主權之保護宣言」， 聯合國 [online] Available at: https://www.un.org/zh/documents/treaty/files/A-RES-2131(XX).shtml [Accessed 29 March 2022]。
中非合作論壇官方網站， [online] Available at: http://www.focac.org/chn/ltjj/ltjz/ [Accessed 29 December 2021].
李樹林，「中國經驗與全球南南合作模式-訪聯合國開發計劃署南南合作特設局局長周一平（管理觀察）」， Zgywhcb. [online]. Available at: http://zgywhcb.com/index.php?c=article&id=230 [Accessed 16 May 2022].
賈子舟， 「中國是世界上被援助最多的國家」， 萬維讀者網, [online] Available at: https://bbs.creaders.net/history/bbsviewer.php?trd_id=1363480&language=big5 [Accessed 15 April 2022].
二、 英文部分
1. 政府出版品
China Civil Engineering Construction Corporation. Chronicle of Events of China Civil Engineering Construction Corporation: Early Stage of the Foreign Aid Office of Ministry of Railways. Beijing, 2006.
Embassy of the People’s Republic of China to the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia. Vice Foreign Minister Zhang Ming Visits Ethiopia. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2016.
Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development. Triangular Cooperation in German Development Cooperation. Strategy Paper 5. Bonn, 2013.
Foreign Ministry of Japan. Tokyo Declaration on African Development “Towards the 21st Century”. Tokyo, 1993.
Ministry of Commerce of the People`s Republic of China. China Provides Aid Against Ebola to Liberia and other West African Countries. Beijing, 2014.
Ministry of Commerce of the People`s Republic of China. Chinese Government Provides African Countries with First Round of Aid to Fight against Ebola, Beijing, 2014.
Ministry of Commerce of the People`s Republic of China. Elaboration On The Eight Major Initiatives Of The FOCAC Beijing Summit. Beijing, 2018.
Ministry of Commerce of the People`s Republic of China. Ministry of Commerce Spokesperson Jiwen Sun Gives Speech on Chinese Government Aid to Congo Brazaville and Two Other Countries for Supplies to Fight against Ebola. Beijing, 2014.
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People`s Republic of China. China And Africa In The New Era: A Partnership Of Equals. Beijing, 2020.
OECD. Converged Statistical Reporting Directives for the Creditor Reporting System and the Annual DAC Questionnaire. Paris, 2018.
OECD. The Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness and the Accra Agenda for Action. Paris, 2008.
United Nations Special Unit for Technical Cooperation among Developing Countries (TCDC). Buenos Aires Plan of Action. New York, 1978.
2. 專業書籍
Broadman, Harry G. Africa’s Silk Road: China and India’s New Economic Frontier. Washington D.C.: World Bank, 2007.
Chaturvedi, Sachin and Thomas Fues, and Elizabeth Sidiropoulos. Development Cooperation and Emerging Powers, New Partners or Old Patterns? London/New York: Zed Books, 2021.
Child, John and Yuan Lu. Management Issues in China: Volume II. London: Routledge, 1996. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429430220
Copper, John. China’s Foreign Aid and Investment Diplomacy, Volume II: History and Practice in Asia, 1950-Present. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan, 2016.
Gallagher, Kevin. The China Triangle: Latin America’s China Boom and the Fate of the Washington Consensus. New York: Oxford University Press, 2016.
Garver, John W. China`s Quest: the History of the Foreign Relations of the People`s Republic of China. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015.
Gomez Ramirez, Enrique. South-South and Triangular Cooperation in Latin America. Briefing Paper Prepared for the Members and Staff of the European Parliament. Brussels: European Parliamentary Research Service, 2019. [online]. Available at: http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/BRIE/2019/635607/EPRS_BRI(2019)635607_EN.pdf [Accessed 29 April 2022].
Gray, Kevin and Barry K. Gills. Global Issues and Local Actions in South-South Cooperation. New Delhi: Research and Information System for Developing Countries, 2019.
Grimm, Sven. Transparency of Chinese Aid – The Published Information on Chinese External Financial Flows. Stellenbosch, South Africa: Centre for Chinese Studies, Stellenbosch University, 2011.
Hollington, Andrea, Oliver Tappe, Tijo Salverda, and Tobias Schwarz. Introduction: Concepts of The Global South. Cologne, Germany: Global South Studies Center Cologne, 2016.
Hong Zhou. China’s Foreign Aid 60 Years in Retrospect. Beijing: Springer Nature, 2017.
Huang, Meibo and Xiuli Xu, Xiaojing Mao. South-south Cooperation & Chinese Foreign Aid. Singapore: Springer Nature, 2019.
Hwang, Jyhjong, Oyintarelado Moses, Lucas Engel and Sobia Shadbar. Chinese Loans to Africa During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Boston: Boston University, 2022. [online]. Available at: https://www.bu.edu/gdp/files/2022/04/GCI_PB_012_FIN.pdf [Accessed 14 May 2022].
Jakupec, Viktor. Development Aid—Populism and the End of the Neoliberal Agenda. Potsdam: Springer Cham, 2018.
Ka Zeng. Handbook on the International Political Economy of China. London: Edward Elgar Publishing, 2019.
Keynes, John Maynard. The Economic Consequences of Peace. New York: Hartcourt, Brace, and Howe, 1920.
Kubálková, Vendulka and Paul Kowert, Nicholas Onuf. International Relations in a Constructed World. New York: Routledge, 1998.
Lahtinen, Anja. China’s Diplomacy and Economic Activities in Africa: Relations on the Move. Helsinki, Finland: Palgrave Macmillan Cham, 2018.
Li, Ronglin and Zheng, Zhaoyang. China Development Report on South-South Cooperation 2017. Beijing: China Commerce and Trade Press, 2017.
Li, Ronglin. China Development Report on South-South Cooperation 2015. Tianjin: Nankai University, 2015.
Lin, Shi. Foreign Economic Cooperation in Contemporary China. Beijing: China Academy of Social Sciences Press, 1989.
Lippmann, Walter. Early Writings. New York: Liveright, 1970.
Mehta, Pradeep S. and Nanda, Nitya. Trilateral Development Cooperation: An Emerging Trend. India, Jaipur: CUTS Centre for International Trade, Economics & Environment, 2005. [online]. Available at: http://www.cuts-international.org/pdf/BP1-2005.pdf [Accessed 20 May 2022].
Peters, Enrique Dussel. China’s Evolving Role in Latin America: Can It Be a Win-win? Washington, D.C.: Atlantic Council, 2015. [online]. Available at: http://www.dusselpeters.com/88.pdf [Accessed 12 May 2022].
Ray, Rebecca and Kevin Gallagher. China–Latin America Economic Bulletin. Boston: Boston University, 2017. [online]. Available at: https://www.bu.edu/pardeeschool/files/2014/11/Economic-Bulletin.16-17-Bulletin.Draft_.pdf [Accessed 15 May 2022].
Taylor, Ian. China and Africa: Engagement and Compromise. London: Routledge, 2007.
Tjønneland, Elling. The Changing Role of Chinese Development Aid. Bergen: Michelsen Institute, 2020.
Wang, Huiyao, Lu Miao. China and the World in a Changing Context. Beijing, China: Springer Singapore, 2022.
Zhang, Tieshan. Railway of Friendship – On-the-spot Report on Aid Project of TAZARA. Beijing: China Foreign Economic and Trade Press, 1999.
Zhou, Hong and Zhang, J., & Zhang, M. Foreign Aid in China. Heidelberg: Springer, 2015.
3. 期刊
Benni, Julia and Willem Luijkx. “Emerging Providers’ International Cooperation for Development.” OECD Development Co-operation Working Papers, no.33(2017): 4–5.
Blanchard, Jean-Marc F. and Colin Flint. “The Geopolitics of China’s Maritime Silk Road Initiative.” Geopolitics, 22, no.2(2017): 223-245.
Byusa, Vincent. “Chinese External Assistance to Rwanda.” NUR– Rwanda Journal, 19, Series B (2010): 66-83.
Câmpeanu, Virginia. “Eu-China. A Strategic Outlook With Significant Changes.” Euroinfo, 3, no.3(2019): 3-17.
Chandra, Nirmal Kumar. “FDI and Domestic Economy: Neoliberalism in China.” Economic and Political Weekly, 34 no.45(1999): 3195-3212.
Chen, Jessica Weiss. “A World Safe for Autocracy: China`s Rise and the Future of Global Politics.” Foreign Affairs, 98, no. 4(2019): 92-108. [online] Available at: https://heinonline.org/HOL/P?h=hein.journals/fora98&i=738 [Accessed 17 April 2022].
De Renzio, P., & John Seifert. “South–South Cooperation and the Future of Development Assistance: Mapping Actors and Options.” Third World Quarterly, 35 no.3 (2014): 1860–1875. doi:10.1080/01436597.2014.971603.
Delgado, Daniel Lemus. “Discourse, Identity and International Development Cooperation: China, Africa and FOCAC.” Asia-Pacific Social Science Review, 15 no.2(2015): 1-18.
Dirlik, Arif. “Global South: Predicament and Promise.” The Global South, 1 no.5 (2007): 35-59.
Eisenman, Joshua and Joshua Kurlantzick. “China’s Africa Strategy.” Current History, 105, no.691(2006): 219-224.
Foster, Vivien, William Butterfield, Chuan Chen, Nataliya Pushak. “China’s Growing Role as Infrastructure Financier for Sub-Saharan Africa.” World Bank, no. 5 (2009): 17-19.
Friedrichs, Jörg. “Explaining China’s popularity in the Middle East and Africa.” Third World Quarterly, 40 no.9(2019): 1634-1654.
Gros, Jean-Germain; Hung-Gay Fung. “Theorizing Sino-African Relations: A Constructivist Perspective.” Journal of International Relations and Foreign Policy, 7 no.1(2019): 39-54.
Gu, Jing. “The Last Golden Land? Chinese Private Companies Go to Africa.” IDS Working Paper, 365 (2011): 2-4.
He, Ying. “Process of Decision-making for the Aid Project of TAZARA.” Selected Party Literature, 2, no.4(1993): 14-21.
Horn, Sebastian, Carmen M. Reinhart, Christoph Trebesch. “China`s Overseas Lending.” Journal of International Economics, 2 no.133(2021): 1-32.
Jakóbowski, Jakub. “Chinese-led Regional Multilateralism in Central and Eastern Europe, Africa and Latin America: 16 + 1, FOCAC, and CCF.” Journal of Contemporary China, 27, no. 113(2018): 659-673, DOI: 10.1080/10670564.2018.1458055
Jervis, Robert. “Realism, Neoliberalism, and Cooperation. Understanding the debate.” International Security, 24 no.1(1999): 42–63.
Keohane, Robert O., Joseph S. Nye. “Power and Interdependence.” Survival, 15 no.4(2008): 158-165.
Kireyev, Alexei. “Djibouti’s Quest for Inclusive Growth.” IMF Working Paper, WP/17/270 (2017): 29-37.
Kjøllesdal, Kristian Aamelfot and Anne Welle-Strand. “Foreign Aid Strategies: China Taking Over?” Asian Social Science, 6 no.10(2010): 20-25.
Kohlenberg, Paul Joscha and Nadine Godehardt, “Locating the ‘South’ in China’s Connectivity Politics.” Third World Quarterly, 42, no.9(2020): 1963-1981, DOI: 10.1080/01436597.2020.1780909
Lekorwe, Mogopodi, Anyway Chingwete, Mina Okuru, and Romaric Samson. “China’s Growing Presence in Africa Wins Largely Positive Popular Reviews.” Afrobarometer Dispatch, 1 no.122 (2016), [online]. Available at: http://afrobarometer.org/sites/default/files/publications/Dispatches/ab_r6_dispatchno122_perceptions_of_china_in_africa1.pdf. [Accessed 20 May 2022].
Lin, Teh-chang. “Beijing’s Foreign Aid Policy in the 1990s: Continuity and Change.” Issues and Studies, 32 no.1(1996): 32–65.
Luo, Jianbo, Xiaomin Zhang. “Multilateral Cooperation in Africa between China and Western Countries: from Differences to Consensus.” Review of International Studies, 37 no.4(2011): 1793-1813.
Luo, Jianbo. “The African NGOs and the Sino-African Relations.” Contemporary International Relations, 1 no.4(2011): 10–15.
Manning, Richard. “The DAC as a Central Actor In Development Policy Issues: Experiences Over The Past Four Years.” Discussion Paper / Deutsches Institut Für Entwicklungspolitik, 7, no.1(2008): 14-16.
McEwan, Cheryl, Emma Mawdsley. “Trilateral Development Cooperation: Power and Politics in Emerging Aid Relationships.” Development and Change, 43, no.6(2012): 1185-1209.
Muekalia, Domingos Jardo. “Africa And China’s Strategic Partnership.” African Security Review, 13, no.1(2004), 5-11, DOI: 10.1080/10246029.2004.9627264.
Naidu, Sanusha and Mbazima Daisy. “China–African Relations: A New Impulse in a Changing Continental Landscape.” Futures, 40 no.8(2008): 748-761.
Ploch, Blanchard Lauren and Sarah R. Collins. “China’s Engagement in Djibouti.” Congressional Research Service, 4(2019): 1-2.
Sanny, Josephine Appiah-Nyamekye and Edem Selormey. “Africans Regard China’s Influence as Significant and Positive, but Slipping.” Afrobarometr Dispatch, 2 no.407(2020): 241-249, [online]. Available at: https://www.afrobarometer.org/wp-content/uploads/migrated/files/publications/Dispatches/ad407-chinas_perceived_influence_in_africa_decreases-afrobarometer_dispatch-14nov20.pdf [Accessed 20 May 2022].
Schweller, Randall L. “Organized Anarchy: Revisiting G. John Ikenberry’s After Victory.” The British Journal of Politics and International Relations, 21 no.1 (2017): 63-70.
Smolnik, Franziska. “Georgia Positions Itself on China’s New Silk Road: Relations between Tbilisi and Beijing in the Light of the Belt-and-Road Initiative.” SWP Comment, 13(2018): 192-213. [online]. Available at: https://www.swp-berlin.org/en/publication/georgia-positions-itself-on-chinas-new-silk-road [Accessed 7 May 2022].
Song, Xiaofeng. “New Type of International Relations: Meaning, Methods and Paradigms.” Social Sciences in Xinjiang, 2(2019): 65–71. [online]. Available at: https://www.sohu.com/a/321194940_618422 [Accessed 7 May 2022].
Strange, Austin, Bradley C. Parks, Michael J. Tierney, Andreas Fuchs, Axel Dreher, and Vijaya Ramachandran. “China’s Development Finance to Africa: A Media-Based Approach to Data Collection.” Center for Global Development Working Paper, 323(2013): 1-63.
Svampa, Maristella and Ariel M. Slipak, “China en América Latina: del Consenso de los Commodities al Consenso de Beijing.” Revista Ensambles, 2, no.3(2015): 34–63.
Taylor, Ian. “China’s foreign policy towards Africa in the 1990s.” Journal of Modern African Studies, 36(3): 443–460.
UNCTAD. “Global FDI Flows Down 42 per cent in 2020: Further Weakness Expected in 2021, Risking Sustainable Recovery.” Investment Trends Monitor, 1 no.38(2021): 1-19.
UNCTAD. “Global FDI Flows Flat in 2019: Moderate Increase Expected in 2020.” Investment Trends Monitor, 1 no. 33(2020): 4-7.
Van Klyton, Aaron, Said Rutabayiro-Ngoga, Lakmal Liyanage. “Chinese Investment in the Sierra Leone Telecommunications Sector: International Financial Institutions, Neoliberalism and Organisational Fields.” Review of African Political Economy, 47 no.6(2019): 1-18. DOI: 10.1080/03056244.2019.1605591
Wagner, Christian and Siddharth Tripathi. “India’S Response To The Chinese Belt And Road Initiative.” SWP Comment, 7(2018): 181-192. [online]. Available at: https://www.swp-berlin.org/publications/products/comments/2018C07_wgn_Tripathi.pdf [Accessed 7 May 2022].
Wendt, Alexander. “Anarchy is What States Make of It: the Social Construction of Power Politics.” International Organization, 46 no.2(1992): 391425.
Yue, Mengdi and Christoph Nedopil Wang. “China’s Role in Public External Debt in DSSI Countries and the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) in 2020.” Green Finance & Development Center, FISF, Fudan University, Shanghai; DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.33997.72169.
Zhao, Shukun; Kui Mao. “China`s Contributions to South-South Human Rights Governance: Concept and Practice.” The Journal of Human Rights, 16 no.6(2017): 565.
Zhuang, Liwei. “China’s International Strategy in ASEAN Discussions.” Modern Asia-Pacific Region, 1 no.6(2003): 4-11.
4. 博士論文
Chen, Mo. Research on China’s Assistance Modes in Africa and its Influence on African Development. PhD dissertation. Shanghai Foreign Language University, 2014.
5. 國際組織報告
Ban Ki-moon. Promotion of South-South Cooperation for Development: A Thirty-Year Perspective - Report Of The Secretary-General (A/64/504). New York: UN General Assambly, 2009.
Human Development Reports | United Nations Development Programme. Latest Human Development Index Ranking | Human Development Reports. New York: UNDP, 2020.
Ibero-American General Secretariat. Report on South-South Cooperation in Ibero-America 2018. Madrid: 2018.
Ibero-American General Secretariat. Report on South-South Cooperation in Ibero-America 2019. Madrid: 2020.
United Nations Conference on Trade and Development. Economic Development In Africa Report 2019 Made In Africa – Rules of Origin for Enhanced Intra-African Trade, Sales No. E.19.II.D.7. Geneva: United Nations, 2019.
World Health Organization. Ebola Situation Reports. Geneva: WHO, 2014. [online]. Available at: http://apps.who.int/ebola/ebola-situation-reports [Accessed 20 May 2022].
6. 檔案
“Arrangement of assistance for construction projects in Guinea.” (October 4, 1961–January 24, 1962), Open Archives108-00720-04 of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
“Arrangement of assistance for the construction projects in Guinea.” (October 4, 1961–January 24, 1962), Open Archives108-00720-04 of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
“China’s assistance of rice to Guinea in 1959 and 1960 was referred to as the “Issue of China’s assistance of rice to Guinea.” (March 17–June 25, 1959), Open Archives108-00137-02 (1) of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
“Key points of five talks and a one-to-one talk with President Touré when Premier Zhou Enlai visited Guinea.” (January 22–26, 1964), Open Archives203-00627-01 of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
“Relations between France and Guinea.” (December 7, 1958), Open Archives110-00776761-04 (1) of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
“Telegram for instructions of donations of 10,000 tons of rice to Guinea.” (April 23–November 25, 1960), Open Archives108-00032-01 (1) of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
“Telegram for instructions regarding the donation of 10,000 tons of rice to Guinea.” (April 23– November 25, 1960), Open Archives108-00032-01 (1) of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
“The speech delivered by President Touré of Guinea praising China’s assistance to Guinea.” (June 16– July 6, 1963), Open Archives108-00899-05 of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
“Transcript of talks of Liu Shaoqi when meeting with Guinean Workers Union General Secretary Mamady.” (May 20, 1959), Open Archives108-00058-05 of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
7. 報紙新聞通訊
Bräutigam, Deborah. “Ethiopia`s Partnership with China.” The Guardian, December 30, 2011. [online]. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/poverty-matters/2011/dec/30/china-ethiopia-business-opportunities [Accessed 2 June 2022].
Burnell, Peter J. “Foreign Aid: Down But Not Out.” WIDER Angle Newsletter. [online] Available at: https://www.wider.unu.edu/publication/foreign-aid-down-not-out [Accessed 18 April 2022].
“China and Africa in the New Era: A Partnership of Equals.” News.cn. [online] Available at: http://www.news.cn/english/2021-11/26/c_1310333813.htm [Accessed 2 March 2022].
“Chinese-built Ethiopia-Djibouti Railway Boosts Regional Integration.” Quishi. [online]. Available at: http://en.qstheory.cn/2022-02/24/c_714982.htm [Accessed 1 June 2022].
“Ethiopia Balance of Trade.” Trading Economics. [online]. Available at: https://tradingeconomics.com/ethiopia/balance-of-trade [Accessed 2 June 2022].
“Ethiopia: Parliament Approves $860m Loan Agreements.” Ethiopanorama. [online]. Available at: https://ethiopanorama.com/?p=54658 [Accessed 2 June 2022].
“It`s Not The People Serving The Party, But The Party Serving The People - Former French Prime Minister Jean-Pierre Raffarin And The CPC.” Global Times. [online] Available at: https://www.globaltimes.cn/page/202108/1231314.shtml [Accessed 17 April 2022].
Morlin-Yron, Sophie. “This is what Africans really think of the Chinese.” CNN. [online]. Available at: https://edition.cnn.com/2016/11/03/africa/what-africans-really-think-of-china/index.html [Accessed 1 December 2021].
Murphy, Tom. “Find Out Some (But Not All) The Secrets of China`s Foreign Aid.” NPR. [online] Available at: https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2017/10/31/560278615/find-out-some-but-not-all-the-secrets-of-chinas-foreign-aid [Accessed 19 April 2022].
Qian, Nancy. “The Case for Chinese Foreign Aid.” The Asian Post. [online] Available at: https://theaseanpost.com/article/case-chinese-foreign-aid [Accessed 18 April 2022].
“Supporting the Fight Against Ebola: China’s Aid Is in Real Terms.” Xinhua News, November 14, 2014. [online]. Available at: www.nhfpc.gov.cn/yjb/fkgzmtbd/201411/f09d3f8554414fb18823e1f6b126c27c.shtml [Accessed 20 May 2022].
“The new scramble for Africa.” The Economist, March 7, 2019.
“Xi Proposes Advancing China-Ethiopia Ties.” China Daily, May 14, 2017. [online]. Available at: http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2017-05/14/content_29381988.htm [Accessed 2 June 2022].
Zhang, Yuyan. “The Analysis of Changes in China’s Management Policy in “Angola Pattern.” International Review, 2012.
8. 網路資料
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“América Latina y el Caribe y China: Hacia Una Nueva Era de Cooperación Económica.” Repositorio. [online]. Available at: http://repositorio.cepal.org/bitstream/handle/11362/38196/S1500389_es.pdf?sequence=1 [Accessed 12 May 2022].
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“Official: China Doesn`t Export Revolution.” China.org.cn. [online] Available at: http://www.china.org.cn/china/CPC_90_anniversary/2011-06/11/content_22760204.htm [Accessed 17 April 2022].
“Our Mission.” International Partnerships - European Commission. [online]. Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/international-partnerships/our-mission_en [Accessed 23 April 2022].
“Russian-South African Relations.” Embassy of the Russian Federation in the Republic of South Africa. [online] Available at: https://russianembassyza.mid.ru/economic-co-operation [Accessed 17 January 2022].
“South-South and Triangular Cooperation (Contd.).” International labor Organization. [online]. Available at: https://www.ilo.org/pardev/south-south/WCMS_618549/lang--en/index.htm [Accessed 30 April 2022].
“South-South And Triangular Cooperation | Food And Agriculture Organization Of The United Nations.” Food and Agriculture Organization. [online]. Available at: https://www.fao.org/partnerships/south-south-cooperation/en/ [Accessed 30 April 2022].
“Statement on the 1st meeting of the IHR Emergency Committee on the 2014 Ebola outbreak in West Africa.” WHO. [online]. Available at: https://www.who.int/news/item/08-08-2014-statement-on-the-1st-meeting-of-the-ihr-emergency-committee-on-the-2014-ebola-outbreak-in-west-africa [Accessed 20 May 2022].
“The World Bank Annual Report 2006.” World Bank. [online] Available at: https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/7526 [Accessed 15 April 2022].
“U.S. Agency For International Development.” USAID. [online]. Available at: https://www.usaid.gov [Accessed 23 April 2022].
“Web-site of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development.” OECD. [online]. Available at: https://www.oecd.org/ [Accessed 1 December 2021].
“What Is ‘South-South Cooperation’ And Why Does It Matter? | UN DESA | United Nations Department Of Economic And Social Affairs.” United Nations. [online]. Available at: https://www.un.org/development/desa/en/news/intergovernmental-coordination/south-south-cooperation-2019.html [Accessed 24 April 2022].
“Who we are.” au.int. [online]. Available at: https://au.int/en/overview [Accessed 2 May 2022].
“World Bank Database.” World Bank. [online]. Available at: https://www.worldbank.org/en/home [Accessed 1 December 2021]
“World economic situation and prospects 2016.” United Nations. [online]. Available at: http://www.un.org/en/development/desa/policy/wesp/wesp_current/2016wesp_ch1_en.pdf [Accessed 12 May 2022].
Dodd, Amy, Duncan Knox, and Dean Breed. “Aid Data 2019–2020: Analysis of Trends Before and During Covid.” Development Initiatives. [online]. Available at: https://devinit.org/resources/aid-data-2019-2020-analysis-trends-before-during-covid/ [Accessed 3 May 2022].
Duttonx, Peter, Isaac Kardon and Kennedy, Conor M. “Djibouti: China`s First Overseas Strategic Strongpoint.” Apps.dtic.mil. [online]. Available at: https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/citations/AD1099642 [Accessed 20 May 2022].
Formenty, Pierre. “WHO Ebola diaries: First signals - March 2014.” Reliefweb. [online]. Available at: https://reliefweb.int/report/guinea/who-ebola-diaries-first-signals-march-2014 [Accessed 20 May 2022].
Fu, Yike. “The Quiet China-Africa Revolution: Chinese Investment.” The Diplomat. [online]. Available at: https://thediplomat.com/2021/11/the-quiet-china-africa-revolution-chinese-investment/ [Accessed 16 May 2022].
Fung, Doris. “The Growing China-ASEAN Economic Ties.” Research.hktdc.com. [online]. Available at: https://research.hktdc.com/en/article/OTUxMzk0NDE0 [Accessed 15 May 2022].
Gallagher, Kevin and Margaret Myers. “China-Latin America Finance Database.” The Dialogue. [online]. Available at: https://www.thedialogue.org/map_list/ [Accessed 14 May 2022].
Gao, Huyin. “Construction of ‘Belt and Road’ Initiates a New Phase of Opening Up - Minister Gao Hucheng Attended the “Looking Ahead to the 13th Five Year Plan.” Public Lecture Series and Delivered a Keynote Speech.” PRC Ministry of Commerce. [online] Available at: http://www.mofcom.gov.cn/article/ae/ai/201604/20160401294782.shtml [Accessed 18 April 2022].
Kebret, Etsehiwot and Yike Fu. “Why Did Chinese Loans to Africa Fall So Much in 2020?” The Diplomat. [online]. Available at: https://thediplomat.com/2022/05/why-did-chinese-loans-to-africa-fall-so-much-in-2020/ [Accessed 14 May 2022].
Lancaster, Carol. “The Chinese Aid System.” Centre for Global Development Essay. [online]. Available at: http://www.cgdev.org [Accessed 29 May 2022].
Mccarthy, Julie. “With U.S. Focused on Defense, China`s Trade and Infrastructure Sweep Southeast Asia.” Npr.Org. [online]. Available at: https://www.npr.org/2022/01/20/1073764647/us-china-southeast-asia-trade-defense [Accessed 13 May 2022].
Mureithi, Carlos. “Trade Between Africa and China Reached an All-time High in 2021.” Qz.com. [online]. Available at: https://qz.com/africa/2123474/china-africa-trade-reached-an-all-time-high-in-2021/ [Accessed 13 May 2022].
Pflanz, Mike. “Ebola Outbreak: Hundreds of Western Aid Workers Evacuated as Death Toll Approaches 750.” Telegraph. [online]. Available at: https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/ebola/11003944/Ebola-outbreak-hundreds-of-Western-aid-workers-evacuated-as-death-toll-approaches-750.html [Accessed 20 May 2022].
Soutar, Robert. “Lull in China’s Lending to Latin America Reflects a Rethink in Beijing.” dialogochino.net. [online]. Available at: https://dialogochino.net/en/trade-investment/53526-lull-in-chinas-lending-to-latin-america-reflects-a-rethink-in-beijing/ [Accessed 14 May 2022].
Wike, Richard, Bruce Stokes, Jacob Poushter, Laura Silver, Janell Fetterolf, Kat Devlin. “Trump’s International Ratings Remain Low, Especially Among Key Allies.” Pew Research. [online] Available at: https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2018/10/01/trumps-international-ratings-remain-low-especially-among-key-allies/ [Accessed 29 December 2021].
Williams, Victoria. “Foreign Aid.” Encyclopedia Britannica. [online]. Available at: https://www.britannica.com/topic/foreign-aid/Criticism [Accessed 23 April 2022].
Wu, Peng. Twitter post, April 13, 2022, 3:27 p.m. [online]. Available at: https://twitter.com/WuPeng_MFAChina/status/1514218593965129732 [Accessed 15 May 2022].
Zhang, Pepe and Tatiana Lacerda Prazeres. “China’s Trade With Latin America Is Bound To Keep Growing. Here’S Why That Matters.” World Economic Forum. [online]. Available at: https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2021/06/china-trade-latin-america-caribbean/ [Accessed 13 May 2022].
三、 俄文部分
1. 政府出版品
Президент России. Концепция Государственной Политики Российской Федерации в Сфере Содействия Международному Развитию (Утверждена Указом Президента РФ от 20 Апреля 2014 г. № 259). Москва, 2014.
2. 專業書籍
Кузнецов, Николай Антонович. Энциклопедия Нового Китая. Москва: Прогресс, 1989.
Портяков, Вячеслав Яковлевич. Внешняя Политика Китайской Народной Республики в 21 веке. Москва: Прогресс, 2015.
Свешников, Алексей Алексеевич. Концепты КНР в Сфере Внешней Политики и Национальной Безопасности. Москва: МГИМО, 2001.
Сладковский, Максим. Проблемы и Противоречия Индустриального Развития КНР. Москва: Мысль, 1974.
Черновский, Ян. Китайская Дипломатия в Волатильной и Нестабильной Международной Ситуации. Москва: ЭКСМО, 2001.
3. 期刊
Гулина, Евгения Борисовна. «Внешняя Политика КНР: Эволюция и Направления Развития». Актуальные Проблемы Современных Международных Отношений, 1 no.5(2015), 22-31.
Тараканова, Татьяна Сергеевна. «Концепции Внешней Политики Китайской Народной Республики» . Научно-технические Ведомости СпбГУ, Гуманитарные и Общественные Науки, 3 no.250 (2016): 68-73.
Фарделла, Элла, Проди, Д. «Один Пояс, Один Путь» и Его Влияние на Европу». Валдайские записки, 82 no.11(2018): 1-15.
Цвык, Анатолий. «Эволюция Внешнеполитических Доктрин КНР (1950-1990-е гг.)» . Вестник РУДН, Серия Международные Отношения, 1 no.192(2015): 53-58. [online]. Available at: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/evolyutsiya-vneshnepoliticheskih-doktrin-knr-1950-1990-h-gg/viewer [Accessed 8 April 2022].
Юй, Ханьу. «Развитие Современной Внешней Политики Китайской Народной Республики». Научно-технические Ведомости СпбГУ. Гуманитарные и Общественные Науки, 1 no.239(2016): 84-91.
4. 博士論文
Жданов, Валерий Леонидович. Концепция Трёх Миров Мао Цзэдуна в Контексте Китайских Традиционных Политических Доктрин. Научная диссертация. Екатеринбургский Государственный Университет, 2006.
Перов, Алексей. Взаимоотношения СССР и КНР в 1949-1991 гг. Выпускная Квалификационная Работа. Федеральное Государственное Бюджетное Образовательное Учреждение Высшего Образования «Алтайский Государственный Университет», 2019.
5. 國際組織報告
Организация Объединённых Наций. Обзор Хода Осуществления Буэнос-Айресского Плана Действий По Развитию И Осуществлению Технического Сотрудничества Между Развивающимися Странами, Стратегии Новых Направлений Сотрудничества Юг — Юг И Найробийского Итогового Документа Конференции Организации Объединенных Наций На Высоком Уровне По Сотрудничеству Юг — Юг, SSC/20/1. Нью-Йорк: Программа развития Организации Объединенных Наций, 2021.
6. 報紙新聞通訊
Добров, Дмитрий. «Китай Вовлекает Италию В Проект « Нового Шелкового Пути» . Иносми. [online] Available at: https://inosmi.ru/20190325/244809288.html?ysclid=l28pt3yast [Accessed 18 April 2022].
Калачинский, Андрей. «Как Возрождается Китай» . Известия. [online] Available at: https://iz.ru/1181669/andrei-kalachinskii/kak-vozrozhdaetsia-kitai [Accessed 10 December 2021].
«Си Цзиньпин Подчеркнул Важность Сотрудничества Юг-Юг». Агентство Синьхуа, 27 сентября 2015. [online]. Available at: http://russian.news.cn/2015-09/27/c_134664523.htm [Accessed 7 May 2022].
«Соглашения О Сотрудничестве И Меморандумы О Взаимопонимании В Рамках Инициативы « Пояс И Путь» ». PRC.today. [online] Available at: https://prc.today/soglasheniya-o-sotrudnichestve-i-memorandumy-o-vzaimoponimanii-v-ramkah-inicziativy-poyas-i-put/? [Accessed 18 April 2022].
«Теория Гармоничного Мира Ху Цзиньтао». Женьминь Жибао, [online] Available at: http://russian.people.com.cn/95181/6823894.html , [Accessed 3 April 2022].
«Эксклюзив: Китай Сыграл Важную Роль в Восстановлении Экономики Бразилии во Время Пандемии - Бразильский Бизнесмен». RUSSIAN.NEWS.CN, 1 марта 2022. [online]. Available at: http://russian.news.cn/2022-03/01/c_1310494072.htm [Accessed 16 May 2022].
7. 網路資料
Виноградов, Андрей Олегович. «Внешняя Политика Китайской Народной Республики в 1949-1976 гг.» Перспективы. [online] Available at: http://www.perspektivy.info/history/vneshnaja_politika_kitajskoj_narodnoj_respubliki_v_1949__1976_gg_2016-08-15.htm , [Accessed 3 April 2022].
«День Сотрудничества Юг-Юг Организации Объединенных Наций | Организация Объединенных Наций». United Nations. [online]. Available at: https://www.un.org/ru/observances/south-south-cooperation-day [Accessed 23 April 2022].
Дегтерев, Денис. «Кооперация Юг-Юг: Вместе Сильнее». MGIMO. [online]. Available at: https://mgimo.ru/about/news/experts/261005/ [Accessed 24 April 2022].
Заквасин, Алексей. «Декларация Справедливости: 20 Лет Спустя Россия и Китай Начинают Строить Мультиполярный Мир». Россия Сегодня, [online] Available at: https://russian.rt.com/world/article/382049-rossiya-kitai-mnogopolyarnyi-mir, [Accessed 3 April 2022].
«Чёрная Африка». Wikipedia. [online] Available at: https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D1%91%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0 [Accessed 10 March 2022]. |
| Description: | 碩士
國立政治大學
外交學系
111253502 |
| Source URI: | http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0111253502 |
| Data Type: | thesis |
| DOI: | 10.6814/NCCU202201198 |
| Appears in Collections: | [外交學系] 學位論文
|
Files in This Item:
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| 350201.pdf | | 3369Kb | Adobe PDF2 | 162 | View/Open |
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