English  |  正體中文  |  简体中文  |  Post-Print筆數 : 27 |  Items with full text/Total items : 113318/144297 (79%)
Visitors : 50955517      Online Users : 986
RC Version 6.0 © Powered By DSPACE, MIT. Enhanced by NTU Library IR team.
Scope Tips:
  • please add "double quotation mark" for query phrases to get precise results
  • please goto advance search for comprehansive author search
    •  Adv. Search
    Home ‧ Login ‧ Upload ‧ Help ‧ About ‧ Administer Goto mobile version


    Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/141761


    Title: 循環經濟指標與永續ETFs
    Circular Economy Indicators and Sustainable ETFs
    Authors: 雷閔凱
    Lei, Min-Kai
    Contributors: 林其昂
    Lin, Chi-Ang
    雷閔凱
    Lei, Min-Kai
    Keywords: 循環經濟
    循環經濟指標
    指數股票型基金
    永續發展
    循環經濟國民所得帳
    Circular economy
    Circular economy indicators
    ETFs
    Sustainability
    Circular Economy National Income Accounting (CENIA)
    Date: 2022
    Issue Date: 2022-09-02 15:30:43 (UTC+8)
    Abstract: 透過發展循環經濟來推動永續發展雖然更為具體可行，但由於概念上的分歧，造成實踐與評估上仍存在許多困難。因此，本文將循環經濟指標作為主題，回顧循環經濟及其環境影響的相關指標，並著重於Ellen MacArthur Foundation (EMF) 發布的原料循環指標 (Material Circular Indicator, MCI)、Circle Economy發布的循環差距報告 (Circularity Gap Report, CGR) 所採用的評估模型以及Lin (2019, 2020) 具里程碑意義的循環經濟國民所得帳架構作為主要探討的對象，剖析這三個指標如何掌握循環經濟的發展趨勢。這三者分別是評估產品或公司等較小規模資源及原料流動的指標、以全球規模評估循環經濟如何改變溫室氣體排放的模型及以國民所得帳及國內生產毛額 ( Gross Domestic Product, GDP ) 架構為基礎，可作為未來各國評估循環經濟及永續發展的經濟指標。
    為了進一步推動永續發展，金融市場的參與及配合是必須的，指數股票型基金 (Exchange Traded Fund, ETF) 作為一種可根據不同主題及策略進行投資的金融產品，已經與眾多永續主題如環境、社會及公司治理 (Environmental, Social, and Governance,ESG) 相結合，經過收集國內外資料，可知雖然許多評估循環經濟的指標已經出現，國內依然缺乏以循環經濟作為基礎的指數及衍生品。ETFs具股票市場的便利及基金的多元化等特性，是最可能與循環經濟架構接軌的金融產品，然而目前國內仍然沒有相關產品被設計。因此本研究綜合考量循環經濟的重要性，提出應該以循環經濟指標來建構指數，並進一步設計ETFs及其他衍生品，以順利推動循環經濟、永續發展及金融投資三者之間的交流。
    To implement circular economy strategies, it is necessary to develop adequate indicators to evaluate the performance of the circular economy for various dimensions of the economy. In this regard, this research introduces three major circular economy indicators, namely, the Circularity Gap, Material Circularity Indicator (MCI), and Circular GDP, and analyzes their respective approaches and characteristics. The first Circularity Gap Report was published in 2018 by the Circle Economy and has grown into the Circularity Gap Reporting Initiative. The MCI was first developed by the Ellen MacArthur Foundation in 2015 and has become a basis for further indicators covered by Circulytics, also developed by the Ellen MacArthur Foundation. The Circular GDP was first described in Lin (2019, 2020) and the Circular Economy National Income Accounting (CENIA) can be readily adopted to explore the regenerative capacity of an economy, i.e., a country, a city, or a region, within a given time period. To promote the circular economy and sustainability, the emergence of sustainable exchange traded funds (ETFs), i.e., financial index-tracking instruments for sustainability, has become more significant and straightforward. Since sustainable ETFs are not derivatives, they can be timely traded using existing systems once they are identified and listed in the market. To meet the growing demand for sustainable ETFs, this research proposes several new indices for sustainable ETFs based on the aforementioned three circular economy indicators.
    Reference: 中文文獻

    1. 行政院國家永續發展委員會(2019), 臺灣永續發展目標
    2. 行政院國家永續發展委員會(2021), 金融監督管理委員會-永續發展目標自願檢視報告
    3. 行政院主計處(2020) , 109年綠色國民所得帳編製報告
    4. 李秀美（2021）, 循環經濟國民所得帳之應用-以中鋼為例。國立政治大學行政管理碩士學程碩士論文
    5. 林其昂、羅光達、朱琇妍 (2021)，永續衍生性商品創新之研究。臺灣期貨交易所110年度委託研究計畫，國立政治大學。
    6. 國立臺北大學商學院企業永續發展研究中心(2021) , 2021臺灣永續投資調查
    7. 趙苡辰（2020), 循環經濟國民所得帳之應用-以臺糖為例。國立中山大學經濟學研究所碩士論文

    中文網頁資料

    1. 協調推動產業創新計畫, (n.d.). 國家發展委員會. Retrived 2022 from,https://www.ndc.gov.tw/Content_List.aspx?n=9D024A4424DC36B9
    2. 指數股票型基金(ETF),(n.d.). 臺灣證券交易所, Retrived 2022 from https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-and-planetary-sciences/environmental-kuznets-curve
    3. 循環經濟推動方案(2018), (December 20). 行政院. Retrived 2022 from,https://www.ey.gov.tw/Page/448DE008087A1971/dc1de106-4298-4ad1-a9c7-f5b800f283cb

    英文參考文獻

    1. Aguilar-Hernandez, G. A., Sigüenza-Sanchez, C. P., Donati, F., Merciai, S., Schmidt, J., Rodrigues, J. F., & Tukker, A. (2019). The circularity gap of nations: A multiregional analysis of waste generation, recovery, and stock depletion in 2011. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 151, 104452.
    2. Andersen, M. S. (2007). An introductory note on the environmental economics of the circular economy. Sustainability science, 2(1), 133-140
    3. Blomsma, F., & Brennan, G. (2017). The emergence of circular economy: a new framing around prolonging resource productivity. Journal of Industrial Ecology, 21(3), 603-614.
    4. Bocken, N. M., De Pauw, I., Bakker, C., & Van Der Grinten, B. (2016). Product design and business model strategies for a circular economy. Journal of industrial and production engineering, 33(5), 308-320.
    5. Borkovec, M., Domowitz, I., Serbin, V., & Yegerman, H. (2010). Liquidity and price discovery in exchange-traded funds: One of several possible lessons from the flash crash. The Journal of Index Investing, 1(2), 24-42.
    6. Boulding, K. E. (1966). The economics of the coming spaceship earth. New York, 1-17.
    7. Buyle, M., Galle, W., Debacker, W., & Audenaert, A. (2019). Sustainability assessment of circular building alternatives: Consequential LCA and LCC for internal wall assemblies as a case study in a Belgian context. Journal of cleaner production, 218, 141-156.
    8. Castaneda, B. E. (1999). An index of sustainable economic welfare (ISEW) for Chile. Ecological economics, 28(2), 231-244.
    9. Circularity Gap Reporting Initiative. (2020), Measuring Circularity - Technical Methodology Document (January 2020).
    10. Circularity Gap Reporting Initiative. (2021). Circularity gap report 2021.
    11. Circularity Gap Reporting Initiative. (2022). Circularity gap report 2022.
    12. Dannhauser, C. D. (2017). The impact of innovation: Evidence from corporate bond exchange-traded funds (ETFs). Journal of Financial Economics, 125(3), 537-560.
    13. De Pascale, A., Arbolino, R., Szopik-Depczyńska, K., Limosani, M., & Ioppolo, G. (2021). A systematic review for measuring circular economy: The 61 indicators. Journal of Cleaner Production, 281, 124942.
    14. Dewick, P., Bengtsson, M., Cohen, M. J., Sarkis, J., & Schröder, P. (2020). Circular economy finance: Clear winner or risky proposition?. Journal of industrial Ecology, 24(6), 1192-1200.
    15. Donati, F., Aguilar-Hernandez, G. A., Sigüenza-Sánchez, C. P., de Koning, A., Rodrigues, J. F., & Tukker, A. (2020). Modeling the circular economy in environmentally extended input-output tables: Methods, software and case study. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 152, 104508.
    16. Ellen MacArthur Foundation. Towards the circular economy. Economic and business rationale for an accelerated transition.2013
    17. Ellen MacArthur Foundation. Circularity-Indicators-Methodology.2019
    18. Engelman, R. (2013). Beyond sustainababble. In State of the World 2013 Island Press, Washington, DC. pp. 3-16.
    19. Folger-Laronde, Z., Pashang, S., Feor, L., & ElAlfy, A. (2022). ESG ratings and financial performance of exchange-traded funds during the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Sustainable Finance & Investment, 12(2), 490-496.
    20. Gallego-Schmid, A., Chen, H. M., Sharmina, M., & Mendoza, J. M. F. (2020). Links between circular economy and climate change mitigation in the built Environment. Journal of Cleaner Production, 260, 121115
    21. Geissdoerfer, M., Savaget, P., Bocken, N. M., & Hultink, E. J. (2017). The Circular Economy–A new sustainability paradigm?. Journal of cleaner production, 143, 757-768.
    22. George, D. A., Lin, B. C. A., & Chen, Y. (2015). A circular economy model of economic growth. Environmental modelling & software, 73, 60-63.
    23. Ghisellini, P., Cialani, C., & Ulgiati, S. (2016). A review on circular economy: the expected transition to a balanced interplay of environmental and economic systems. Journal of Cleaner production, 114, 11-32.
    24. Global Sustainable Investment AllianceGlobal. (n.d.). Sustainable Investment Review 2020.
    25. Gonçalves, B. D. S. M., Carvalho, F. L. D., & Fiorini, P. D. C. (2022). Circular Economy and Financial Aspects: A Systematic Review of the Literature. Sustainability, 14(5), 3023.
    26. Greyson, J. (2007). An economic instrument for zero waste, economic growth and sustainability. Journal of Cleaner production, 15(13-14), 1382-1390.
    27. Haas, W., Krausmann, F., Wiedenhofer, D., & Heinz, M. (2015). How circular is the global economy?: An assessment of material flows, waste production, and recycling in the European Union and the world in 2005. Journal of industrial ecology, 19(5), 765-777.
    28. Hegeman, P. D. (2021). Fund model innovations for circular economy investing. In Research Handbook of Innovation for a Circular Economy Edward Elgar Publishing. pp. 295-306.
    29. Hertwich, E. G., Ali, S., Ciacci, L., Fishman, T., Heeren, N., Masanet, E., ... & Wolfram, P. (2019). Material efficiency strategies to reducing greenhouse gas emissions associated with buildings, vehicles, and electronics—a review. Environmental Research Letters, 14(4), 043004.
    30. Kirchherr, J., Reike, D., & Hekkert, M. (2017). Conceptualizing the circular economy: An analysis of 114 definitions. Resources, conservation and recycling, 127, 221-232.
    31. Kuznets, S. (1934). National Income, 1929-1932. In National Income, 1929-1932 NBER. pp. 1-12
    32. Kuznets, S. (1941). National Income, 1919-1938. In National Income, 1919-1938 NBER. pp. 1-30.
    33. Lettau, M., & Madhavan, A. (2018). Exchange-traded funds 101 for economists. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 32(1), 135-54.
    34. Lewandowski, M. (2016). Designing the business models for circular economy—Towards the conceptual framework. Sustainability, 8(1), 43.
    35. Lieder, M., Asif, F., Rashid, A., Mihelič, A., & Kotnik, S. (2017). Towards circular economy implementation in manufacturing systems using a multi-method simulation approach to link design and business strategy. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 93(5), 1953-1970.
    36. Lin, B. C. A. (2019). Circular GDP: A New Sustainability Indicator. Unpublished.
    37. Lin, B. C. A. (2020). Sustainable growth: a circular economy perspective. Journal of Economic Issues, 54(2), 465-471.
    38. Lin, B. C. A. (2021). Institutional Failure and Sustainability Policy. Journal of Economic Issues, 55(2), 454-460.
    39. Madhavan, A. (2012). Exchange-traded funds, market structure, and the flash crash. Financial Analysts Journal, 68(4), 20-35.
    40. Merciai, S., & Schmidt, J. (2018). Methodology for the construction of global multi‐regional hybrid supply and use tables for the EXIOBASE v3 database. Journal of Industrial Ecology, 22(3), 516-531.
    41. Miralles‐Quirós, J. L., Miralles‐Quirós, M. M., & Nogueira, J. M. (2019). Diversification benefits of using exchange‐traded funds in compliance to the sustainable development goals. Business Strategy and the Environment, 28(1), 244-255.
    42. Moraga, G., Huysveld, S., Mathieux, F., Blengini, G. A., Alaerts, L., Van Acker, K., ... & Dewulf, J. (2019). Circular economy indicators: What do they measure?. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 146, 452-461.
    43. Nußholz, J. L., Rasmussen, F. N., & Milios, L. (2019). Circular building materials: Carbon saving potential and the role of business model innovation and public policy. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 141, 308-316.
    44. Ormazabal, M., Prieto-Sandoval, V., Puga-Leal, R., & Jaca, C. (2018). Circular economy in Spanish SMEs: challenges and opportunities. Journal of Cleaner Production, 185, 157-167.
    45. Ozili, P. K. (2021). Circular economy, banks, and other financial institutions: what’s in it for them?. Circular Economy and Sustainability, 1(3), 787-798.
    46. Pearce, D. W., Turner, R. K., & Turner, R. K. (1990). Economics of natural resources and the environment. Johns Hopkins University Press.
    47. Potting, J., Hekkert, M. P., Worrell, E., & Hanemaaijer, A. (2017). Circular economy: measuring innovation in the product chain. Planbureau voor de Leefomgeving, (2544).
    48. Preston, F. (2012). A global redesign? Shaping the circular economy.
    49. Reike, D., Vermeulen, W. J., & Witjes, S. (2018). The circular economy: new or refurbished as CE 3.0?—exploring controversies in the conceptualization of the circular economy through a focus on history and resource value retention options. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 135, 246-264.
    50. Ros-Dosdá, T., Celades, I., Vilalta, L., Fullana-i-Palmer, P., & Monfort, E. (2019). Environmental comparison of indoor floor coverings. Science of The Total Environment, 693, 133519.
    51. Saidani, M., Yannou, B., Leroy, Y., Cluzel, F., & Kendall, A. (2019). A taxonomy of circular economy indicators. Journal of Cleaner Production, 207, 542-559.
    52. Sánchez-Ortiz, J., Rodríguez-Cornejo, V., Del Río-Sánchez, R., & García-Valderrama, T. (2020). Indicators to measure efficiency in circular economies. Sustainability, 12(11), 4483.
    53. Sauvé, S., Bernard, S., & Sloan, P. (2016). Environmental sciences, sustainable development and circular economy: Alternative concepts for trans-disciplinary research. Environmental development, 17, 48-56.
    54. Sihvonen, S., & Ritola, T. (2015). Conceptualizing ReX for aggregating end-of-life strategies in product development. Procedia Cirp, 29, 639-644.
    55. Snyder, H. (2019). Literature review as a research methodology: An overview and guidelines. Journal of business research, 104, 333-339.
    56. Stahel, W. R. (1982). The product life factor. An Inquiry into the Nature of Sustainable Societies: The Role of the Private Sector (Series: 1982 Mitchell Prize Papers), NARC, 74-96.
    57. Stahel, W. R. (2013). Policy for material efficiency—sustainable taxation as a departure from the throwaway society. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, 371(1986), 20110567.
    58. Stahel, W. R. (2016). The circular economy. Nature, 531(7595), 435-438.
    59. Stockhammer, E., Hochreiter, H., Obermayr, B., & Steiner, K. (1997). The index of sustainable economic welfare (ISEW) as an alternative to GDP in measuring economic welfare. The results of the Austrian (revised) ISEW calculation 1955–1992. Ecological Economics, 21(1), 19-34.
    60. Talberth, J., & Bohara, A. K. (2006). Economic openness and green GDP. Ecological Economics, 58(4), 743-758.
    61. The Forum for Sustainable and Responsible Investment.SIF, U. (2020). Report on US sustainable and impact investing trends 2020.
    62. The United Nations Sustainable Stock Exchanges (SSE) and the World Federation of Exchanges (WFE). (2021). How Derivatives Exchanges Can Promote Sustainable Development – An Action Menu.
    63. United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs ,The Sustainable Development Goals Report 2021
    64. United Nations Environment Programme UNEP, U. (2019). Global Resources Outlook 2019: Natural Resources for the Future We Want - Summary for Policymakers. 2019
    65. United Nations Environment Programme.UNEP, U. (2020). Emissions gap report 2020.
    66. Van Buren, N., Demmers, M., Van der Heijden, R., & Witlox, F. (2016). Towards a circular economy: The role of Dutch logistics industries and governments. Sustainability, 8(7), 647.
    67. Von Bertalanffy, L. (1950). An outline of general system theory. British Journal for the Philosophy of science.
    68. Wautelet, T.; Impakt, P. The Concept of Circular Economy: Its Origins and its Evolution. 2018, pp. 1–30
    69. Wood, R., Moran, D., Stadler, K., Ivanova, D., Steen‐Olsen, K., Tisserant, A., & Hertwich, E. G. (2018). Prioritizing consumption‐based carbon policy based on the evaluation of mitigation potential using input‐output methods. Journal of Industrial Ecology, 22(3), 540-552.
    70. World Business Council For Sustainable Development (2010),Vision 2050: The new agenda for business,
    71. Wurgler, J. (2010). On the economic consequences of index-linked investing (No. w16376). National Bureau of Economic Research.
    72. Zink, T., & Geyer, R. (2017). Circular economy rebound. Journal of Industrial Ecology, 21(3), 593-602.

    英文網頁資料

    1. About Our Methodology. (2020, January). Circularity Gap Report Initiative(CGRi). Retrived 2022 from .https://www.circularity-gap.world/methodology
    2. Ainger, J. (2022, July 6). EU Lawmakers Remove Last Hurdle to Label Gas, Nuclear as Green. Bloomberg. Retrived 2022 from https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-07-06/eu-lawmakers-remove-last-hurdle-for-gas-nuclear-as-green
    3. Belgium, on Its Way towards a Circular Economy. (2020, February 25). United Nations Environment Programme. https://www.unep.org/news-and-stories/story/belgium-its-way-towards-circular-economy
    4. Circle-Economy. (n.d.). ABOUT US. Retrived 2022 from.https://www.circleeconomy.com/about
    5. Circular Dutch Economy by 2050. (n.d.). Government of the Netherlands. Retrived 2022 from, https://www.government.nl/topics/circular-economy/circular-dutch-economy-by-2050
    6. Circular Economy Package Policy Statement. (2020, July 30). Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra), the Department of Agriculture, Environment and Rural Affairs (DAERA), the Welsh Government and the Scottish Government. Retrived 2022 from https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/circular-economy-package-policy-statement/circular-economy-package-policy-statement
    7. Circular Economy Indexes. (n.d.). MSCI. Retrived 2022 from https://www.msci.com/our-solutions/indexes/thematic-investing/circular-economy-indexes
    8. Climate Change Indexes. (n.d.). MSCI. Retrived 2022 from https://www.msci.com/climate-change-indexes
    9. DIRECTIVE 2008/98/EC OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL. (2008, November 19). EUR-Lex. Retrived 2022 from. https://eurlex.europa.eu/legalcontent/EN/TXT/?uri=celex%3A32008L0098
    10. Do You Know All 17 SDGs? (n.d.). United Nation Department of Economic and Social Affairs. Retrived 2022 fromhttps://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Standard/Population/
    11. Environmental Kuznets Curve. (2018). Science Direct. Retrived2022 from,https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-and-planetary-sciences/environmental-kuznets-curve
    12. EU Taxonomy for Sustainable Activities. (n.d.). European Commission. Retrived 2022 from, https://ec.europa.eu/info/business-economy-euro/banking-and-finance/sustainable-finance/eu-taxonomy-sustainable-activities_en
    13. Finnish Road Map to a Circular Economy 2016-2025. (2016). The Finnish Innovation Fund Sitra. Retrived 2022 from, https://www.sitra.fi/en/projects/leading-the-cycle-finnish-road-map-to-a-circular-economy-2016-2025/
    14. FTSE Green Revenues Index Series. (n.d.). FTSE Russell. Retrived 2022 from,https://www.ftserussell.com/products/indices/green-revenues
    15. Japan Launches Circular Economy Collaboration with World Economic Forum. (2021, March 3). The World Economic Forum. Retrived 2022 from,https://www.weforum.org/press/2021/03/japan-launches-circular-economy-collaboration-with-world-economic-forum/
    16. Let’s Go Circular. (n.d.). The Government of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg. https://economie-circulaire.public.lu/en.html
    17. Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development - Our CommonFuture.(n.d.).United Nations. Retrived 2022 from, https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/milestones/wced
    18. Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development. (1987, August 4). United Nation. Retrived 2022 from ,https://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/42/427
    19. Responsible Sourcing. (2019, October). London Metal Exchange. Retrived 2022 from
    ,https://www.lme.com/Company/Responsibility/Responsible-sourcing
    20. STOXX® Global ESG Leaders. (n.d.). Qontigo. Retrived2022 from https://www.stoxx.com/index-details?symbol=sxwesgp
    21. Sustainable Finance. (n.d.). European Commission. https://ec.europa.eu/info/business-economy-euro/banking-and-finance/sustainable-finance_en
    22. System of Environmental-Economic Accounting 2012 — Central Framework. (2014, May 20). European Commission. Retrived2022 from https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/products-manuals-and-guidelines/-/ks-01-14-120
    23. Taxonomy: MEPs Do Not Object to Inclusion of Gas and Nuclear Activities. (2022, July 6). European Parliament News. Retrived2022 from https://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/en/press-room/20220701IPR34365/taxonomy-meps-do-not-object-to-inclusion-of-gas-and-nuclear-activities
    24. The Circular Economy Initiative Deutschland (CEID). (n.d.). Circular Economy Initiative. Retrived 2022 from,https://www.circular-economy-initiative.de/about-the-initiative
    25. The Limits to Growth.1972.Club of Rome.Retrived2022 from https://www.clubofrome.org/publication/the-limits-to-growth
    26. The Paris Agreement. (2016, November 4). United Nations Climate Change. Retrived 2022 from,https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/the-paris-agreement/the-paris-agreement
    27. The World Federation of Exchanges Publishes Revised ESG Guidance & Metrics. (2018, June 27). The World Federation of Exchanges. Retrived 2022 from,https://www.world-exchanges.org/news/articles/world-federation-exchanges-publishes-revised-esg-guidance-metrics
    28. United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2022). World Population Prospects 2022, Online Edition. Retrived 2022 from, https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Standard/Population/
    Description: 碩士
    國立政治大學
    財政學系
    109255023
    Source URI: http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0109255023
    Data Type: thesis
    DOI: 10.6814/NCCU202201264
    Appears in Collections:[財政學系] 學位論文

    Files in This Item:

    File Description SizeFormat
    502301.pdf1769KbAdobe PDF2111View/Open


    All items in 政大典藏 are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved.


    社群 sharing

    著作權政策宣告 Copyright Announcement
    1.本網站之數位內容為國立政治大學所收錄之機構典藏，無償提供學術研究與公眾教育等公益性使用，惟仍請適度，合理使用本網站之內容，以尊重著作權人之權益。商業上之利用，則請先取得著作權人之授權。
    The digital content of this website is part of National Chengchi University Institutional Repository. It provides free access to academic research and public education for non-commercial use. Please utilize it in a proper and reasonable manner and respect the rights of copyright owners. For commercial use, please obtain authorization from the copyright owner in advance.

    2.本網站之製作，已盡力防止侵害著作權人之權益，如仍發現本網站之數位內容有侵害著作權人權益情事者，請權利人通知本網站維護人員(nccur@nccu.edu.tw)，維護人員將立即採取移除該數位著作等補救措施。
    NCCU Institutional Repository is made to protect the interests of copyright owners. If you believe that any material on the website infringes copyright, please contact our staff(nccur@nccu.edu.tw). We will remove the work from the repository and investigate your claim.
    DSpace Software Copyright © 2002-2004  MIT &  Hewlett-Packard  /   Enhanced by   NTU Library IR team Copyright ©   - Feedback