Loading...
|
Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item:
https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/141677
|
Title: | 反覆上演的陰謀論與其於現實中之發展及適應 Recurring Narratives In Conspiracy Theories: How They Evolve And Adapt To Reality - The US Bioweapon Program Conspiracy, A Case Study |
Authors: | 戴維德 Demarchi, Davide |
Contributors: | 王淑美 Wang, Sumei 戴維德 Demarchi, Davide |
Keywords: | 陰謀論 敘事 修辭分析 社會表徵理論 Conspiracy theory Narrative Rhetoric analysis Social representation theory |
Date: | 2022 |
Issue Date: | 2022-09-02 15:12:58 (UTC+8) |
Abstract: | 為了更加理解陰謀論是如何適應且在前提不斷變化下與時漸進,我對生化實驗室陰謀論在2013年至2022年間的敘事手法變化進行調查。此個案研究是由小眾媒體在陰謀論的關鍵時刻所發出的四篇報導所組成:盧格中心開幕典禮、2018年再次興起的生化實驗室陰謀論及俄國入侵烏克蘭事件。此研究使用修辭分析形式以及社會表徵理論發現並強調這些報導的理論之變化及缺失。雖然此篇分析並沒有發現可觀的敘事手法變化,但卻成功證實先前陰謀論理論的本質都與現實有些關聯的發現,且強調即使細節有所改變,只要陰謀論的最終目的不變,即可維持其之可信度。 In order to better understand how conspiracy theories are able to adapt and remain relevant even when the premises are changing, I investigate the narrative changes in the biolabs conspiracy theory between 2013 and 2022. The case study is composed by analyzing four articles that were published on alternative media at important moments for the conspiracy: the Lugar center inauguration, 2018 resurgence of the biolabs conspiracy and the Russian invasion of Ukraine. Rhetoric analysis and social representation theory were used to identify and highlight the changes, or the lack thereof, in the evolution of the theory across the articles. While the analysis did not identify any substantial change at the narrative level, it was able to confirm previous findings about the loosely connected nature of conspiracy theory from reality, and highlight how the fact that the ultimate target of the conspiracy doesn’t change is enough to maintain the conspiracy believable even if other details may change. |
Reference: | ADL. (2022). Unmasking “Clandestine,” the Figure Behind the Viral “Ukrainian Biolab” Conspiracy Theory. Retrieved from https://www.adl.org/resources/blog/unmasking-clandestine-figure-behind-viral-ukrainian-biolab-conspiracy-theory AFP. (2021). Conspiracy epidemic, born in US, spreads in Europe. France24. Retrieved from https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20210517-conspiracy-epidemic-born-in-us-spreads-in-europe Alexander, J. (2020, 15/10/2020). YouTube won’t ban QAnon content, but will remove videos that could promote violence. The Verge. Retrieved from https://www.theverge.com/2020/10/15/21517640/youtube-qanon-content-policy-update-hate-harassment-ban-facebook-pinterest Anonymous. (2010a). He won’t find much truth in Georgia! Retrieved from https://joninews.wordpress.com/2010/08/17/he-wont-find-much-truth-in-georgia/ Anonymous. (2010b). Revelations from Tbilisi, by Jeffrey K. Silverman. Retrieved from https://abkhazworld.com/aw/conflict/680-revelations-from-tbilisi Anonymous (2022a, 12/02/2022). Re: Joseph Moshe said two days before his arrest august 13th 2009 , that Baxters Ukrainian lab was in fact producing a bioweapon disguised as a vaccine. Message posted to https://www.reddit.com/r/conspiracy/comments/tcboff/joseph_moshe_said_two_days_before_his_arrest/ Anonymous (Producer). (2022b). US BIOLABS IN UKRAINE. Retrieved from https://tse3.mm.bing.net/th?id=OIP.mOftjNE394EExNA0o3MWbwHaJd Argentino, M.-A. [@_MAArgentino]. (2022). 1/ Looks like the CCP are using their diplomats and state media for spreading the "US Biolabs" conspiracy theory using megaphone diplomacy. [Twitter]. Retrieved from https://twitter.com/_MAArgentino/status/1502712164951511043 Astapova, A. (2020). Rumours, urban legends and the verbal transmission of conspiracy theories. In Routledge handbook of conspiracy theories (pp. 391-400): Routledge. Aupers, S. (2020). Decoding mass media/encoding conspiracy theory. In Routledge handbook of conspiracy theories (pp. 469-482): Routledge. Bangerter, A., Wagner-Egger, P., & Delouvée, S. (2020). How conspiracy theories spread. In Routledge handbook of conspiracy theories (pp. 206-218): Routledge. Barkun, M. (2013). A culture of conspiracy: University of California Press. Ben Collins, B. Z. (2020, 07/10/2020). Facebook bans QAnon across its platforms. NBC News. Retrieved from https://www.nbcnews.com/tech/tech-news/facebook-bans-qanon-across-its-platforms-n1242339 Bilewicz, M., Winiewski, M., Kofta, M., & Wójcik, A. (2013). Harmful Ideas, The Structure and Consequences of Anti‐S emitic Beliefs in P oland. Political Psychology, 34(6), 821-839. Billig, M. (1988). Rhetoric of the conspiracy theory: arguments in national front propaganda. Patterns of Prejudice, 22(2), 23-34. Bonetto, E., & Arciszewski, T. (2021). The Creativity of Conspiracy Theories. The Journal of Creative Behavior, 55(4), 916-924. Boyle, F. (2020) SMOKING GUN: China Bought Weaponized Wuhan Virus From U.S./Interviewer: A. Jones. Alex Jones Show, InfoWars, Brighteon.com. Broderick, C. (2014). Ebola, AIDS Manufactured By Western Pharmaceuticals, US DoD? Retrieved from https://web.archive.org/web/20141015172157/https:/www.liberianobserver.com/security/ebola-aids-manufactured-western-pharmaceuticals-us-dod Brotherton, R., & French, C. C. (2014). Belief in conspiracy theories and susceptibility to the conjunction fallacy. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 28(2), 238-248. Burgermeister, J. (2009). Summary of the "swine flu" criminal case. Retrieved from https://web.archive.org/web/20101130140135/http://theflucase.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=355&Itemid=56&lang=en Burns, K. (2021, 09/01/2021). Twitter purged thousands of QAnon-spreading accounts, including some of the conspiracy’s most prominent backers. Vox. Retrieved from https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2021/1/9/22222074/twitter-purge-qanon-prominent-backers-flynn-powell Byford, J. (2002). Anchoring and objectifying ‘neocortical warfare’: Re-presentation of a biological metaphor in Serbian conspiracy literature. Papers on Social Representations, 11, 3.1-3.14. Byford, J. (2011). Conspiracy theories: A critical introduction: Springer. Cichocka, A., Marchlewska, M., & De Zavala, A. G. (2016). Does self-love or self-hate predict conspiracy beliefs? Narcissism, self-esteem, and the endorsement of conspiracy theories. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 7(2), 157-166. Cichocka, A., Marchlewska, M., Golec de Zavala, A., & Olechowski, M. (2016). ‘They will not control us’: Ingroup positivity and belief in intergroup conspiracies. British Journal of Psychology, 107(3), 556-576. Coluccio, M. (2021). Behind the Smoke Screen: A History of Conspiracy Theories and Why They Are So Pervasive. Cooper, M. W. (1991). "Behold a Pale Horse": Light Technology Pub. Dangadze, M. (2020). DOES THE BIOLOGICAL WEAPON TARGETING SPECIFIC ETHNIC GROUPS EXIST AND WHAT DOES THE KREMLIN CLAIM? Retrieved from https://mythdetector.ge/en/does-the-biological-weapon-targeting-specific-ethnic-groups-exist-and-what-does-the-kremlin-claim/ Deagle, B. (2009) Bill Deagle – Breaking News/Interviewer: B. R. Kerry Cassidy. Project Camelot. Del Vicario, M., Vivaldo, G., Bessi, A., Zollo, F., Scala, A., Caldarelli, G., & Quattrociocchi, W. (2016). Echo chambers: Emotional contagion and group polarization on facebook. Scientific Reports, 6(1), 1-12. Douglas, K. M., Uscinski, J. E., Sutton, R. M., Cichocka, A., Nefes, T., Ang, C. S., & Deravi, F. (2019). Understanding conspiracy theories. Political Psychology, 40, 3-35. Drinkwater, K., Dagnall, N., & Parker, A. (2012). Reality testing, conspiracy theories, and paranormal beliefs. Journal of Parapsychology, 76(1), 57-77. Edelson, J., Alduncin, A., Krewson, C., Sieja, J. A., & Uscinski, J. E. (2017). The Effect of Conspiratorial Thinking and Motivated Reasoning on Belief in Election Fraud. Political Research Quarterly, 70(4), 933-946. doi:10.1177/1065912917721061 Eight Ukrainians died of botulism in 2017. (2017). LB.ua. Retrieved from https://en.lb.ua/news/2017/06/14/3936_eight_ukrainians_died_botulism.html Faddoul, M., Chaslot, G., & Farid, H. (2020). A longitudinal analysis of YouTube`s promotion of conspiracy videos. arXiv preprint arXiv:2003.03318. Fong, A., Roozenbeek, J., Goldwert, D., Rathje, S., & van der Linden, S. (2021). The language of conspiracy: A psychological analysis of speech used by conspiracy theorists and their followers on Twitter. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 24(4), 606-623. doi:10.1177/1368430220987596 Franks, B., Bangerter, A., Bauer, M. W., Hall, M., & Noort, M. C. (2017). Beyond “Monologicality”? Exploring Conspiracist Worldviews. Frontiers in psychology, 8. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00861 Frincu, I. (2021). Into the Q storm: uncovering the narrative of QAnon. University of Twente, Gaytandzhieva, D. (2018). The Pentagon Bio-weapons. Retrieved from https://dilyana.bg/the-pentagon-bio-weapons/ Gaytandzhieva, D. (2020). Project G-2101: Pentagon biolab discovered MERS and SARS-like coronaviruses in bats. ArmsWatch.com. Retrieved from https://armswatch.com/project-g-2101-pentagon-biolab-discovered-mers-and-sars-like-coronaviruses-in-bats/ gazbom (2009). Re: Dr Joseph Moshe`s wife sets the record straight. It`s not him! Message posted to https://www.godlikeproductions.com/forum1/message936921/pg1 Gershkovich, E. (2017). Is the U.S. Really Targeting Russians With Bio Weapons? The Moscow Times. Retrieved from https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2017/11/03/is-the-us-suddenly-targeting-russians-with-bio-weapons-a59464 Goertzel, T. (1994). Belief in conspiracy theories. Political Psychology, 731-742. Graves, P. P. (1921). The Truth About" the Protocols" a Literary Forgery. Grimes, D. R. (2016). On the viability of conspiratorial beliefs. PloS one, 11(1), e0147905. Grzesiak-Feldman, M. (2013). The effect of high-anxiety situations on conspiracy thinking. Current Psychology, 32(1), 100-118. Guess, A. M., & Lyons, B. A. (2020). Misinformation, disinformation, and online propaganda. Social media and democracy: The state of the field, prospects for reform, 10-33. Hansen, B. (2003). Ethos, pathos, logos, and the NTSB. Paper presented at the Transportation Scholars ConferenceMidwest Transportation Consortium. Heinlein, R. A. (1949). The Day After Tomorrow. Henke, J., Leissner, L., & Möhring, W. (2020). How can Journalists Promote News Credibility? Effects of Evidences on Trust and Credibility. Journalism Practice, 14(3), 299-318. doi:10.1080/17512786.2019.1605839 Hern, A. (2014, 10/01/2014). Cicada 3301: I tried the hardest puzzle on the internet and failed spectacularly. The Guardian. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2014/jan/10/cicada-3301-i-tried-the-hardest-puzzle-on-the-internet-and-failed-spectacularly Höijer, B. (2011). Social representations theory. A new theory for media research. Horowitz, L. G. (1997). Emerging Viruses: AIDS and Ebola: Nature, Accident, Or Intentional? : Healthy World Dist. Horowitz, L. G. (1998). SUPERVIRUSES, CONTAMINATED VACCINES AND THE CURRENT AND COMING PLAGUES. Retrieved from https://web.archive.org/web/20140226012357/http://www.consumerhealth.org/articles/display.cfm?ID=19990303202939 HumanRights.ge. (2011). American Journalist Jeffrey Silverman Beaten for the Fourth Time. Retrieved from http://www.humanrights.ge/index.php?a=main&pid=12978&lang=eng Imhoff, R., & Lamberty, P. (2018). How paranoid are conspiracy believers? Toward a more fine-grained understanding of the connect and disconnect between paranoia and belief in conspiracy theories. European Journal of Social Psychology, 48(7), 909-926. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2494 Inevitability (2022). Re: JOSEPH MOSHE H5N1 UKRAINE PLAGUE WARNING (2009) - Errr Watch This!!! Message posted to https://www.godlikeproductions.com/forum1/message5078026/pg1?c1=1&c2=1&disclaimer=Continue Introne, J., Gokce Yildirim, I., Iandoli, L., DeCook, J., & Elzeini, S. (2018). How people weave online information into pseudoknowledge. Social Media+ Society, 4(3), 2056305118785639. Jolley, D., Douglas, K. M., Leite, A. C., & Schrader, T. (2019). Belief in conspiracy theories and intentions to engage in everyday crime. British Journal of Social Psychology, 58(3), 534-549. Jolley, D., & Paterson, J. L. (2020). Pylons ablaze: Examining the role of 5G COVID‐19 conspiracy beliefs and support for violence. British Journal of Social Psychology, 59(3), 628-640. Keeley, B. L. (2019). Of conspiracy theories. In Conspiracy Theories (pp. 45-60): Routledge. Lantian, A., Muller, D., Nurra, C., & Douglas, K. M. (2017). I know things they don’t know! Social Psychology. Leal, H. (2020). Networked disinformation and the lifecycle of online conspiracy theories. In Routledge handbook of conspiracy theories (pp. 497-511): Routledge. Leitenberg, M. (2020a). False allegations of biological-weapons use from Putin’s Russia. The Nonproliferation Review, 27(4-6), 425-442. Leitenberg, M. (2020b). Russian disinformation related to biological weapons, 1998-2021. Nonproliferation Review, 27. Retrieved from https://cissm.umd.edu/sites/default/files/2021-10/NonProliferationReview%20Supplemental%20material_rnpr_a_1964755_sm5635.pdf Lopez, G. (2016). Pizzagate, the fake news conspiracy theory that led a gunman to DC’s Comet Ping Pong, explained. Vox.com. Retrieved from https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2016/12/5/13842258/pizzagate-comet-ping-pong-fake-news Machiavelli, N. (2009). Discourses on livy: University of Chicago Press. Marchlewska, M., Cichocka, A., & Kossowska, M. (2018). Addicted to answers: Need for cognitive closure and the endorsement of conspiracy beliefs. European Journal of Social Psychology, 48(2), 109-117. Miller, S. (2002). Conspiracy theories: public arguments as coded social critiques: a rhetorical analysis of the TWA flight 800 conspiracy theories. Argumentation and Advocacy, 39(1), 40-56. MythDetector. (2019). Gaytandzhieva Dilyana. Retrieved from https://mythdetector.ge/en/profiles/gaytandzhieva-dilyana/ Nefes, T. S., & Romero-Reche, A. (2020). Sociology, social theory and conspiracy theory. In Routledge Handbook of Conspiracy Theories (pp. 94-107): Routledge. Newheiser, A.-K., Farias, M., & Tausch, N. (2011). The functional nature of conspiracy beliefs: Examining the underpinnings of belief in the Da Vinci Code conspiracy. Personality and Individual Differences, 51(8), 1007-1011. Nixon, R. (1969). Remarks Announcing Decisions on Chemical and Biological Defense Policies and Programs. [Press release]. Retrieved from https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/node/240213 nomorefakenews.com. Jon Rappoport Bio. Retrieved from https://nomorefakenews.com/aboutjon.html Ohlheiser, A. (2018, 12/09/2018). Reddit bans r/greatawakening, the main subreddit for QAnon conspiracy theorists. The Washington Post. Retrieved from https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-intersect/wp/2018/09/12/reddit-bans-r-greatawakening-the-main-subreddit-for-qanon-conspiracy-theorists/ Ott, T. (2016). About A. True Ott, PhD. Retrieved from https://web.archive.org/web/20161002185725/http://atrueott.com/ PenzaNews. (2011). Virus Research Laboratory in Georgia can be a bio-weapons one. PenzaNews. Retrieved from https://penzanews.ru/en/analysis/50041-2011 Ponton, F. (2022). Pentagon-Ukraine Bio Labs: The Hunter Biden Connection. Retrieved from https://21stcenturywire.com/2022/03/23/pentagons-ukraine-bio-labs-the-hunter-biden-connection/ Popper, K. (1963). Science: Conjectures and refutations. Conjectures and refutations, 33-59. Preston, R. (2012). The Hot Zone: The Chilling True Story of an Ebola Outbreak: Random House. Radnitz, S., & Underwood, P. (2017). Is belief in conspiracy theories pathological? A survey experiment on the cognitive roots of extreme suspicion. British Journal of Political Science, 47(1), 113-129. Rappoport, J. (2014). West Africa: What are US Biological Warfare Researchers Doing in the Ebola Zone? Retrieved from https://web.archive.org/web/20140805000525/http://www.globalresearch.ca/what-are-us-biological-warfare-researchers-doing-in-the-ebola-zone/5394582 Ratiani, M. (2022). BULGARIAN JOURNALIST DISSEMINATES DISINFORMATION REGARDING MILITARY PERSONNEL RESEARCH IN GEORGIA AND UKRAINE. Retrieved from https://mythdetector.ge/en/bulgarian-journalist-disseminates-disinformation-regarding-military-personnel-research-in-georgia-and-ukraine/ Reuters. (2012). Russia blames Georgia for swine fever in its south. Retrieved from https://www.reuters.com/article/us-swine-fever-russia-idUSBRE8380EI20120409 Rising, D. (2022, 11/03/2022). China amplifies unsupported Russian claim of Ukraine biolabs. AP. Retrieved from https://apnews.com/article/russia-ukraine-covid-health-biological-weapons-china-39eeee023efdf7ea59c4a20b7e018169 RT. (2015). US encircling Russia with bioweapons labs, covertly spreads them – Russian FM. Retrieved from https://www.rt.com/news/266554-us-bioweapons-encircle-russia/ Russian spy: Highly likely Moscow behind attack, says Theresa May. (2018). BBC News. Retrieved from https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-43377856 Samory, M., & Mitra, T. (2018). `The Government Spies Using Our Webcams` The Language of Conspiracy Theories in Online Discussions. Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction, 2(CSCW), 1-24. Silverman, J. (2013). Bioterrorism and Superbugs—Does the US play a “Shell Game” with its Georgian bioweapons labs? Activist Post. Retrieved from https://www.activistpost.com/2013/08/bio-terrorism-and-superbugsdoes-us-play.html Silverman, J. (2021). Blockbuster Exclusive: Deadly experiments – ex-Saakashvili’s adviser on the work of the Lugar center. Veterans Today. Retrieved from https://www.veteranstoday.com/2021/09/23/blockbuster-exclusive-deadly-experiments-ex-saakashvilis-adviser-on-the-work-of-the-lugar-center/ Stano, S. (2020). The internet and the spread of conspiracy content. Starbird, K. (2017). Examining the alternative media ecosystem through the production of alternative narratives of mass shooting events on Twitter. Paper presented at the Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media. Starbird, K. [@Katestarbird]. (2022, 14/03/2022). Thinking about the “biolab” discourse from the lens of particpatory disinformation. With participatory disinformation, we often see “elites" set a frame or seed a narrative — and then audiences/participants work to assemble “evidence” to fit that frame or narrative. [Twitter]. Retrieved from https://twitter.com/katestarbird/status/1503139231111122945 Stewart, C. J. (2002). The master conspiracy of the John Birch Society: From communism to the new world order. Western Journal of Communication (includes Communication Reports), 66(4), 423-447. Tangherlini, T. R., Shahsavari, S., Shahbazi, B., Ebrahimzadeh, E., & Roychowdhury, V. (2020). An automated pipeline for the discovery of conspiracy and conspiracy theory narrative frameworks: Bridgegate, Pizzagate and storytelling on the web. PloS one, 15(6), e0233879. theprofessionalnyc (2009). Re: Joseph Moshe - Arrested in LA by FBI for Going Public about Vaccine. Message posted to https://www.abovetopsecret.com/forum/thread493785/pg1 Thomas, E. (2021). Recommended Reading: Amazon’s algorithms, conspiracy theories and extremist literature. Retrieved from https://www.isdglobal.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/Amazon-1.pdf Thompson, A., & Tani, M. (2022). The Holy War over Hunter Biden’s laptop. Politico. Retrieved from https://www.politico.com/newsletters/west-wing-playbook/2022/07/13/the-holy-war-over-hunter-bidens-laptop-00045698 Timberg, C., Viser, M., & Hamburger, T. (2022). Here’s how The Post analyzed Hunter Biden’s laptop. The Washington Post. Retrieved from https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2022/03/30/hunter-biden-laptop-data-examined/ Travis, B., & Labadan, R. M. (1967). ARTHROPODS OF MEDICAL IMPORTANCE IN ASIA AND THE EUROPEAN USSR, PART 2. Retrieved from https://web.archive.org/web/20180730003605/http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/660311.pdf Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production and Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) and Toxin Weapons and on Their Destruction, (1972). Uscinski, J. E. (2018). The study of conspiracy theories. Argumenta, 3(2), 233-245. Uscinski, J. E., & Parent, J. M. (2014). American conspiracy theories: Oxford University Press. Van den Bulck, H., & Hyzen, A. (2020). Of lizards and ideological entrepreneurs: Alex Jones and Infowars in the relationship between populist nationalism and the post-global media ecology. International Communication Gazette, 82(1), 42-59. doi:10.1177/1748048519880726 van der Linden, S., Panagopoulos, C., Azevedo, F., & Jost, J. T. (2021). The Paranoid Style in American Politics Revisited: An Ideological Asymmetry in Conspiratorial Thinking. Political Psychology, 42(1), 23-51. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/pops.12681 van der Wal, R. C., Sutton, R. M., Lange, J., & Braga, J. P. (2018). Suspicious binds: Conspiracy thinking and tenuous perceptions of causal connections between co‐occurring and spuriously correlated events. European Journal of Social Psychology, 48(7), 970-989. Van Prooijen, J.-W., Krouwel, A. P., & Pollet, T. V. (2015). Political extremism predicts belief in conspiracy theories. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 6(5), 570-578. Van Prooijen, J. W., Douglas, K. M., & De Inocencio, C. (2018). Connecting the dots: Illusory pattern perception predicts belief in conspiracies and the supernatural. European Journal of Social Psychology, 48(3), 320-335. Van Prooijen, J. W., & Jostmann, N. B. (2013). Belief in conspiracy theories: The influence of uncertainty and perceived morality. European Journal of Social Psychology, 43(1), 109-115. Vermeule, C. A., & Sunstein, C. R. (2009). Conspiracy theories: causes and cures. Journal of Political Philosophy. (2022a). QAnon Anonymous [Retrieved from https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5zb3VuZGNsb3VkLmNvbS91c2Vycy9zb3VuZGNsb3VkOnVzZXJzOjQ5MjEzNTQyMC9zb3VuZHMucnNz/episode/dGFnOnNvdW5kY2xvdWQsMjAxMDp0cmFja3MvMTIwNjA3NTEzMA?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwjIvMuY8rj5AhUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ (2022b). QAnon Anonymous [Retrieved from https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5zb3VuZGNsb3VkLmNvbS91c2Vycy9zb3VuZGNsb3VkOnVzZXJzOjQ5MjEzNTQyMC9zb3VuZHMucnNz/episode/dGFnOnNvdW5kY2xvdWQsMjAxMDp0cmFja3MvMTMxMDc1NjcxNg?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwjIvMuY8rj5AhUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ Vitriol, J. A., & Marsh, J. K. (2018). The illusion of explanatory depth and endorsement of conspiracy beliefs. European Journal of Social Psychology, 48(7), 955-969. Walter, A. S., & Drochon, H. Conspiracy Thinking in Europe and America: A Comparative Study. Political Studies, 0(0), 0032321720972616. doi:10.1177/0032321720972616 WarClandestine [@WarClandestine]. (2022). 1) HOLY SHIT! I think I may be onto something about #Ukraine. Zelensky said the Russians are firing at “military installations”. How broad is that term? I am seeing speculation that could include US installed biolabs. At first I was like no way. Then I started digging. [Twitter]. Retrieved from https://www.pingthread.com/thread/1496745429672857602 Warrick, J. (2005, 30/08/2005). U.S. to Aid Ukraine in Countering Bioweapons. The Washington Post. Retrieved from https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/2005/08/30/us-to-aid-ukraine-in-countering-bioweapons/72059ed1-90ca-4381-ac6f-10f4e205f09e/ Whitson, J. A., & Galinsky, A. D. (2008). Lacking control increases illusory pattern perception. Science, 322(5898), 115-117. Winch, S. P. (2005). Constructing an “Evil Genius”: news uses of mythic archetypes to make sense of bin Laden. Journalism Studies, 6(3), 285-299. Wood, M. (2013). Has the internet been good for conspiracy theorising. PsyPAG Quarterly, 88, 31-34. YahooNews. (2013). Russia Threatens Georgian Trade Over U.S. Biolab. YahooNews. Retrieved from https://news.yahoo.com/russia-threatens-georgian-trade-over-u-biolab-130203032.html Zadrozny, B. (2021). ‘Carol’s Journey’: What Facebook knew about how it radicalized users. Retrieved from https://www.nbcnews.com/tech/tech-news/facebook-knew-radicalized-users-rcna3581 Zarefsky, D. (2014). Conspiracy Arguments in the Lincoln-Douglas Debates. In Rhetorical Perspectives on Argumentation: Selected Essays by David Zarefsky (pp. 195-209). Cham: Springer International Publishing. Zollo, F., Novak, P. K., Del Vicario, M., Bessi, A., Mozetič, I., Scala, A., . . . Quattrociocchi, W. (2015). Emotional dynamics in the age of misinformation. PloS one, 10(9), e0138740. |
Description: | 碩士 國立政治大學 國際傳播英語碩士學位學程(IMICS) 109461014 |
Source URI: | http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0109461014 |
Data Type: | thesis |
DOI: | 10.6814/NCCU202201398 |
Appears in Collections: | [國際傳播英語碩士學程] 學位論文
|
Files in This Item:
File |
Description |
Size | Format | |
101401.pdf | | 1246Kb | Adobe PDF2 | 161 | View/Open |
|
All items in 政大典藏 are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved.
|