Loading...
|
Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item:
https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/141675
|
| Title: | 事實查核課程對年長者辨別網路訊息影響之研究
The effects of fact-check courses on fact-checking skills and misinformation detection in older adults |
| Authors: | 司徒詩云
Szeto, Shih-Yun |
| Contributors: | 林怡潔
Lin, Yi-Chieh
司徒詩云
Szeto, Shih-Yun |
| Keywords: | 假訊息
錯假訊息
樂齡
事實查核課程
False information
misinformation
older adults
fact-check courses |
| Date: | 2022 |
| Issue Date: | 2022-09-02 15:12:34 (UTC+8) |
| Abstract: | 由於樂齡長輩並非出生、成長於資訊蓬勃的網路世代，所以不太熟悉網路的多元內容與生態，因此使得他們更容易受到錯假信息的影響。為了解決這個問題，近年政府和一些非政府組織設計了各種課程來提高年長者的媒體素養和增進事實查核技能。然而，目前仍相當缺乏對事實查核課程介入效果之相關研究的研究。為此，本論文的研究目的為瞭解事實查核課程如何影響年長者評估網路資訊的能力，面對網路謠言和錯假訊息，課程是否能增進老年人的批判媒體素養、增進事實查核使用工具的能力。本研究使用混合研究方法，包括實驗法及針對手機班老師的訪談(N=9)。本研究應用媒體素養框架，探討長者的媒體釋讀能力和應用事實核查的相關工具（例如：社交機器人、以圖搜圖）如何影響他們評估網路上具有錯假訊息風險的資訊。
這些事實查核課程為期兩個月，參加本研究的長者平均年齡為 75 歲（N=52），研究後測結果顯示長者在參加事實查核課程後大幅提升老年人偵測網路謠言和事實查核的能力。自我報告數據顯示相關指標的平均得分從 2 分增加到 5 分，而82%的參與者上完課之後都能順利完成事實查核的相關題目實作測驗。相比之下，前後測的結果顯示對照組（N=29）的年長者沒有顯著改善能力，也無法完成事實查核實作測驗。儘管本研究中人口統計因素對年長者的事實查核能力表現之影響未達到數據上的顯著水準，但研究中的受訪者則觀察到，都市化程度較高的地區年長者對社群媒體和網路生態有更深入的了解，並能夠了解更進階的錯假訊息相關概念，例如學習更複雜的事實查核工具。此外，有參與相關課程的長者在課程以外變得更加主動提醒他人不要分享疑似錯假訊息的網路文章。
As digital immigrants, older adults are less familiar with online information, making them more vulnerable to false information. To address this issue, various courses have been designed by the government or non-governmental organizations to enhance older adults’ digital literacy and fact-checking skills. However, there are few studies done to evaluate the ffects of these interventions in alleviating the issue. Hence, this mixed-method paper utilizes semi-experimental questionnaires aimed at older adults who took part in the courses and interviews with the instructors (N=9) to examine the effect of fact-check training courses on older adults’ media literacy skills. Applying the media literacy framework, this research looked at how older adults’ critical consuming and fact-checking skills, such as utilizing social bot fact-checking applications and Google Lens, influence their ability to evaluate online content and potentially false information.
The courses were conducted over a span of two months and the older adults with a mean age of 75 participated in the training (N=52). Results indicated that they had greatly
improved their ability to detect and fact-check online information. Their average scores for self-reported data increased from 2 to 5 and 82% of the participants could complete all the experimental tasks. In contrast, the older adults in the control group (N=29) could not complete the assigned experimental tasks. Although the demographics factors did not significantly influence the older adults’ performance in this study, the interviewees observed that older adults in urbanized regions had a better understanding of the online community and could process more advanced concepts, such as learning more complex fact-checking tools. Additionally, older adults in the treatment group became more active outside of classes, such as reminding others within their Line group chats to not share potentially false online content. |
| Reference: | Adler, N., & Stewart, J. (2007). The MacArthur scale of subjective social status. San Francisco: MacArthur Research Network on SES & Health.
Allcott, H., & Gentzkow, M. (2017). Social media and fake news in the 2016 election. Journal of economic perspectives, 31(2), 211-36.
Anderson, M., & Perrin, A. (2017). Tech adoption climbs among older adults. Pew Research Center.
https://www.pewinternet.org/2017/05/17/tech-adoption-climbs-among-older-adults/
Ayalon, L., Chasteen, A., Diehl, M., Levy, B., Neupert, S. D., Rothermund, K., ... & Wahl, H. W. (2020). Aging in times of the COVID-19 pandemic: Avoiding ageism and
fostering intergenerational solidarity. The Journals of Gerontology: Series B.
Aufderheide, P. (1993). Media Literacy. A Report of the National Leadership Conference on Media Literacy. Aspen Institute, Communications and Society Program, 1755
Massachusetts Avenue, NW, Suite 501, Washington, DC 20036.
Aufderheide, P. (2018). Media literacy: From a report of the national leadership conference on media literacy. In Media literacy in the information age (pp. 79-86). Routledge.
Bakir, V., & McStay, A. (2018). Fake news and the economy of emotions: Problems, causes, solutions. Digital journalism, 6(2), 154-175.
Balraj, S., & Yi, L. J. (2020). Reading the 21st Century World: Self-Assessment of Digital Media Literacy among Secondary School Students in Malaysia.
Baron, R. J. (2019). Digital literacy. The international encyclopedia of media literacy, 1-6.
Baronchelli, A. (2018). The emergence of consensus: a primer. Royal Society open science, 5(2), 172189.
Benkler, Y., Faris, R., & Roberts, H. (2018). Network propaganda: Manipulation, disinformation, and radicalization in American politics. Oxford University Press.
Berkowsky, R. W., Cotton, S. R., Yost, E. A., & Winstead, V. P. (2013). Attitudes towards and limitations to ICT use in assisted and independent living communities: Findings from a specially-designed technological intervention. Educational gerontology, 39(11), 797-811.
Blažun, H., Saranto, K., & Rissanen, S. (2012). Impact of computer training courses on reduction of loneliness of older people in Finland and Slovenia. Computers in Human
Behavior, 28(4), 1202-1212.
Brashier, N. M., & Schacter, D. L. (2020). Aging in an era of fake news. Current Directions in Psychological Science,29(3), 316-323.
Brashier, N. M., Umanath, S., Cabeza, R., & Marsh, E. J. (2017). Competing cues: Older adults rely on knowledge in the face of fluency. Psychology and aging, 32(4), 331.
Brown, L. E., & Strommen, J. (2018). Training younger volunteers to promote technology use among older adults. Family and Consumer Sciences Research Journal, 46(3),
297-313.
Calvo, D., Cano-Orón, L., & Abengozar, A. E. (2020). Materials and assessment of literacy level for the recognition of social bots in political misinformation contexts. ICONO 14, Revista de comunicación y tecnologías emergentes, 18(2), 111-136.
Cannon, M., Potter, J., & Burn, A. (2018). Dynamic, playful and productive literacies. Changing English, 25(2), 180-197.
Castilla, D., Botella, C., Miralles, I., Bretón-López, J., Dragomir-Davis, A. M., Zaragoza, I., & Garcia-Palacios, A. (2018). Teaching digital literacy skills to the elderly using a social network with linear navigation: A case study in a rural area. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 118, 24-37.
Chen, D.-T., Li, J., Lin, T.-B., Lee, L., & Ye, X. (2014). New media literacy of school students in Singapore. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10497/16585
Chen, C. Y. (2018). The Effects of Housing Tenure on the Subjective Social Status and Self-Rated Health Status of the Elderly. J. Hous. Stud, 27, 85-110.
Cheng, Y. J., & Jiang, Y. (2017). Fake news and older adults (Part I). Castnet. Retrived from
https://castnet.nctu.edu.tw/ntuereporting/article/12010?issueID=674
Cheng, Y., & Chen, Z. F. (2020). The influence of presumed fake news influence: examining public support for corporate corrective response, media literacy interventions, and
governmental regulation. Mass Communication and Society, 23(5), 705-729.
Chiu, C. J., Hu, Y. H., Lin, D. C., Chang, F. Y., Chang, C. S., & Lai, C. F. (2016). The attitudes, impact, and learning needs of older adults using apps on touchscreen mobile devices: Results from a pilot study. Computers in Human Behavior, 63, 189-197
Chuang, S. H., & Huang, C. J. (2012). The Development of Media Literacy and Its Application in K-12 Curriculum and Instruction. Curriculum & Instruction Quarterly, 15(1), 35-65.
Chanon (2021). Taiwanese Facebook users are at this age! What does Facebook’s Q3 report tell us? Business Weekly. Retrieved from
https://www.businessweekly.com.tw/international/blog/3008195
Cinelli, M., Brugnoli, E., Schmidt, A. L., Zollo, F., Quattrociocchi, W., & Scala, A. (2020). Selective exposure shapes the Facebook news diet. PloS one, 15(3), e0229129.
CNA. (2019). Taiwan’s unique culture of older adult memes via Line with the most videos s[2] hared globally. CNA.Retrieved from
https://www.cna.com.tw/news/firstnews/201910230107.aspx
CNA. (2020). Chinese Internet army spreads misinformation regarding COVID-19 pandemic, Facebook takes off sixty fake accounts. Tech News. Retrieved from
https://technews.tw/2020/03/13/facebook-fake-accounts-take-off/
Del Vicario, M., Bessi, A., Zollo, F., Petroni, F., Scala, A., Caldarelli, G., ... & Quattrociocchi, W. (2016). The spreading of misinformation online. Proceedings of
the National Academy of Sciences, 113(3), 554-559.
Del Vicario, M., Scala, A., Caldarelli, G., Stanley, H. E., & Quattrociocchi, W. (2017). Modeling confirmation bias and polarization. Scientific reports, 7(1), 1-9.
Eronen, J., Paakkari, L., Portegijs, E., Saajanaho, M., & Rantanen, T. (2019). Assessment of health literacy among older Finns. Aging clinical and experimental research, 31(4), 549-556.
Fazio, L. K., Brashier, N. M., Payne, B. K., & Marsh, E. J. (2015). Knowledge does not protect against illusory truth. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 144(5), 993.
Gamliel, T. (2017). Education in civic participation: Children, seniors and the challenges of an intergenerational information and communications technology program. New Media & Society, 19(9), 1388-1405.
Gell, N. M., Rosenberg, D. E., Demiris, G., LaCroix, A. Z., & Patel, K. V. (2015). Patterns of technology use among older adults with and without disabilities. The Gerontologist, 55(3), 412-421.
Giatti, L., do Valle Camelo, L., de Castro Rodrigues, J. F., & Barreto, S. M. (2012). Reliability of the MacArthur scale of subjective social status-Brazilian Longitudinal
Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil). BMC public health, 12(1), 1-7.
Glisky, E. L., Rubin, S. R., & Davidson, P. S. (2001). Source memory in older adults: An encoding or retrieval problem?. Journal of experimental psychology: learning,
memory, and cognition, 27(5), 1131.
Goldman, N., Cornman, J. C., & Chang, M. C. (2006). Measuring subjective social status: A case study of older Taiwanese. Journal of cross-cultural gerontology, 21(1-2), 71-89.
González, A., Ramírez, M. P., & Viadel, V. (2015). ICT learning by older adults and their attitudes toward computer use. Current gerontology and geriatrics research, 2015.
Grinberg, N., Joseph, K., Friedland, L., Swire-Thompson, B., & Lazer, D. (2019). Fake news on Twitter during the 2016 US presidential election. Science, 363(6425), 374-378.
Guess, A., Nagler, J., & Tucker, J. (2019). Less than you think: Prevalence and predictors of fake news dissemination on Facebook. Science advances, 5(1), eaau4586.
Gui, M., Fasoli, M., & Carradore, R. (2017). “Digital well-being”. Developing a new theoretical tool for media literacy research. Italian Journal of Sociology of Education, 9(1).
Hall, J. A., Pennington, N., & Lueders, A. (2013). Impression management and formation on Facebook: A lens model approach. New Media & Society, 16(6), 958–982.
Hargittai, E., & Hsieh, Y. P. (2012). Succinct survey measures of web-use skills. Social Science Computer Review, 30(1), 95-107.
Hargittai, E., Piper, A. M., & Morris, M. R. (2019). From internet access to internet skills: digital inequality among older adults. Universal Access in the Information Society, 18(4), 881-890.
Hollingshead, A. B. (1957). Two factor index of social position. New Haven. Yale University.
Hu, Y. H. (2018). When False Claims Take Root Do Corrections Matter? A Preliminary Study on Third-Party Fact-Checking Mechanisms. Journal of Communication Research and Practice, 8(2), 43-73.
Hunsaker, A., & Hargittai, E. (2018). A review of Internet use among older adults. New Media & Society, 20(10), 3937-3954.
Jang, S. M., & Kim, J. K. (2018). Third person effects of fake news: Fake news regulation and media literacy interventions. Computers in human behavior, 80, 295-302.
Jiang, M. Y. (2011). Media literacy courses for primary students in higher grade levels, Journal of Educational Practice and Research, 24(2), 33-64.
Johnson, T. J., & Kaye, B. K. (2015). Reasons to believe: Influence of credibility on motivations for using social networks. Computers in human behavior, 50, 544-555.
Jones-Jang, S. M., Mortensen, T., & Liu, J. (2019). Does media literacy help identification of fake news? Information literacy helps, but other literacies don’t. American Behavioral Scientist. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764219869406
Keller, F. B., Schoch, D., Stier, S., & Yang, J. (2020). Political astroturfing on Twitter: How to coordinate a disinformation campaign. Political Communication, 37(2), 256-280.
Kemp, S. (2020). Digital 2020: Digital global overview. DataReportal. Retrieved June 26th, 2021 from
https://datareportal.com/reports/digital-2020-global-digital-overview?rq=internet%20use%20global
Kemp, S. (2021). Digital 2021: Taiwan. DataReportal. Retrieved June 26th, 2021 from
https://datareportal.com/reports/digital-2021-taiwan?rq=taiwan
Kim, Y. S., & Merriam, S. B. (2010). Situated learning and identity development in a Korean older adults’ computer classroom. Adult Education Quarterly, 60(5), 438-455.
König, R., Seifert, A., & Doh, M. (2018). Internet use among older Europeans: an analysis based on SHARE data. Universal Access in the Information Society, 17(3), 621-633.
Krafft, P. M., & Donovan, J. (2020). Disinformation by design: The use of evidence collages and platform filtering in a media manipulation campaign. Political Communication,
37(2), 194-214.
Laato, S., Islam, A. K. M., Islam, M. N., & Whelan, E. (2020). Why do people share misinformation during the Covid-19 pandemic?. arXiv preprint arXiv:2004.09600.
Laganà, L., Oliver, T., Ainsworth, A., & Edwards, M. (2011). Enhancing computer self-efficacy and attitudes in multi-ethnic older adults: a randomised controlled study.
Ageing & Society, 31(6), 911-933.
Lai, K., Xiong, X., Jiang, X., Sun, M., & He, L. (2020). Who falls for rumor? Influence of personality traits on false rumor belief. Personality and Individual Differences, 152, 109520.
Lazer, D. M., Baum, M. A., Benkler, Y., Berinsky, A. J., Greenhill, K. M., Menczer, F., ... & Zittrain, J. L. (2018). The science of fake news. Science, 359(6380), 1094-1096.
Lee, O. E. K., & Kim, D. H. (2019). Bridging the digital divide for older adults via intergenerational mentor-up. Research on Social Work Practice, 29(7), 786-795.
Li, T., & Fung, H. H. (2013). Age differences in trust: An investigation across 38 countries. Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 68(3),
347-355.
Lin, C. C. (2020). The Models of Fake News and Media Convergence: An Exploration on the 2018 Taiwan Election. Mass Communication Research, (142), 111-153.
Maksl, A., Craft, S., Ashley, S., & Miller, D. (2017). The usefulness of a news media literacy measure in evaluating a news literacy curriculum. Journalism & Mass Communication
Educator, 72(2), 228-241.
Manafò, E., & Wong, S. (2013). eSEARCH©: A tool to promote the eHealth literacy skills of older adults. Journal of Consumer Health on the Internet, 17(3), 255-271
Martin, C. (2019). Coding as a literacy. In R. Hobbs & P. Mihailidis (Eds.), The international encyclopedia of media literacy (vol 1, pp. 181–188). Hoboken, NJ: WILEY Blackwell.
Marwick, A. E. (2018). Why do people share fake news? A sociotechnical model of media effects. Georgetown Law Technology Review, 2(2), 474-512.
Marwick, A., & Lewis, R. (2017). Media manipulation and disinformation online. New York: Data & Society Research Institute.
McGrew, S., Breakstone, J., Ortega, T., Smith, M., & Wineburg, S. (2018). Can students evaluate online sources? Learning from assessments of civic online reasoning. Theory
& Research in Social Education, 46(2), 165-193.
Mcdougall, J. (2019). Media literacy versus fake news: critical thinking, resilience and civic engagement. Media Studies, 10(19), 29-45.
Moore, R. C., & Hancock, J. T. (2022). A digital media literacy intervention for older adults improves resilience to fake news. Scientific reports, 12(1), 1-9.
Nickerson, R. S. (1998). Confirmation bias: A ubiquitous phenomenon in many guises. Review of general psychology, 2(2), 175-220.
Ofcom. (2019a). Adults’media use and attitudes: Report 2019. https://www.ofcom.org.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0021/149124/adults-media-use-and-attitudes-report.pdf
Ofcom. (2019b). Adults’media lives: A report for Ofcom. https://www.ofcom.org.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0022/149251/adults-media-lives-report.pdf
Operario, D., Adler, N. E., & Williams, D. R. (2004). Subjective social status: Reliability and predictive utility for global health. Psychology & health, 19(2), 237-246.
Pan, L. Y. (2021). Detect and manage: let older adults bid farewell to the risks of false information. Taiwan Communication Survey Newsletter, retrieved from
https://www.crctaiwan.nctu.edu.tw/ResultsShow_detail.asp?RS_ID=124
Pariser, E. (2011). The filter bubble: What the Internet is hiding from you. Penguin UK.
Patrício, M. R., & Osório, A. (2016). Intergenerational learning with ICT: A case study.
Pennycook, G., Cannon, T. D., & Rand, D. G. (2018). Prior exposure increases perceived accuracy of fake news. Journal of experimental psychology: general, 147(12), 1865.
Potter, W. J. (2018). Media literacy. Sage Publications.
Poulin, M. J., & Haase, C. M. (2015). Growing to trust: Evidence that trust increases and sustains well-being across the life span. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 6(6), 614-621.
Rasi, P., Kangas, M., & Ruokamo, H. (2019). Promoting multiliteracy in the Finnish educational system. Introduction to the Finnish educational system, 97-111.
Rasi, P., Vuojärvi, H., & Rivinen, S. (2021). Promoting media literacy among older people: A systematic review. Adult Education Quarterly, 71(1), 37-54
Rasi, P., Vuojärvi, H., & Ruokamo, H. (2019). Media literacy education for all ages. Journal of Media Literacy Education, 11(2), 1-19.
Ruffman, T., Murray, J., Halberstadt, J., & Vater, T. (2012). Age-related differences in deception. Psychology and aging,27(3), 543.
Sayago, S., Forbes, P., & Blat, J. (2013). Older people becoming successful ICT learners over time: Challenges and strategies through an ethnographical lens. Educational
Gerontology, 39(7), 527-544.
Shen, Y. C. (2019). 2018 Taiwanese Local Elections and Cross-strait Relations. Development Studies Monthly, 17(1), 65-73.
Skurnik, I., Yoon, C., Park, D. C., & Schwarz, N. (2005). How warnings about false claims become recommendations. Journal of Consumer Research, 31(4), 713-724.
Slessor, G., Phillips, L. H., Ruffman, T., Bailey, P. E., & Insch, P. (2014). Exploring own-age biases in deception detection. Cognition & emotion, 28(3), 493-506.
Stanley, J. T., & Blanchard-Fields, F. (2008). Challenges older adults face in detecting deceit: The role of emotion recognition. Psychology and Aging, 23(1), 24.
Starnini, M., Frasca, M., & Baronchelli, A. (2016). Emergence of metapopulations and echo chambers in mobile agents. Scientific reports, 6(1), 1-8.
Ştefăniţă, O., Corbu, N., & Buturoiu, R. (2018). Fake News and the Third-Person Effect: They are More Influenced than Me and You. Journal of Media research, 11(3).
Strong, M. L., Guillot, L., & Badeau, J. (2012). Senior CHAT: A model for health literacy instruction. New Library World.
Swire, B., Ecker, U. K., & Lewandowsky, S. (2017). The role of familiarity in correcting inaccurate information. Journal of experimental psychology: learning, memory, and
cognition, 43(12), 1948.
Syam, H. M., & Nurrahmi, F. (2020). “I Don’t Know If It Is Fake or Real News” How Little Indonesian University Students Understand Social Media Literacy. Jurnal
Komunikasi: Malaysian Journal of Communication, 36(2).
Taiwan Communication Survey. (2020). TCS survey data of 2019. Retrieved June 20th, 2021
from https://www.crctaiwan.nctu.edu.tw/AnnualSurvey.asp
Taiwan Factcheck Center. (2021). False information: Rumors that a pandemic has already spread in Taiwan as of May 4th, with 44 people from Taoyuan, 24 people from New Taipei City. Taiwan Factcheck Center.
https://tfc-taiwan.org.tw/articles/5394
Talwar, S., Dhir, A., Kaur, P., Zafar, N., & Alrasheedy, M. (2019). Why do people share fake news? Associations between the dark side of social media use and fake news sharing
behavior. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 51, 72-82.
Talwar, S., Dhir, A., Singh, D., Virk, G. S., & Salo, J. (2020). Sharing of fake news on social media: Application of the honeycomb framework and the third-person effect
hypothesis. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 57, 102197.
Tambaum, T. (2017). Teenaged Internet tutors’ use of scaffolding with older learners. Journal of Adult and Continuing Education, 23(1), 97-118.
Unkelbach, C., Koch, A., Silva, R. R., & Garcia-Marques, T. (2019). Truth by repetition: Explanations and implications. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 28(3), 247-253.
Vaportzis, E., Martin, M., & Gow, A. J. (2017). A tablet for healthy ageing: the effect of a tablet computer training intervention on cognitive abilities in older adults. The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 25(8), 841-851.
Vraga, E. K., Tully, M., Kotcher, J. E., Smithson, A. B., & Broeckelman-Post, M. (2015). A multi-dimensional approach to measuring news media literacy. Journal of Media
Literacy Education, 7(3), 41-53.
Vraga, E. K., & Tully, M. (2019). News literacy, social media behaviors, and skepticism toward information on social media. Information, Communication & Society, 1-17.
Wagner, M. C., & Boczkowski, P. J. (2019). The reception of fake news: The interpretations and practices that shape the consumption of perceived misinformation. Digital journalism, 7(7), 870-885.
Wang, M. Y., Huang, Y. D., Tsai, H. J., & Lee, X. J., (2020). The Effect of Fake News: The News of Taiwanese diplomat Su Chii-Cherng. Journal of Graphic Communication
Arts, 273-280.
Wang, T. L. (2019). Fake news and the crisis for democracy. Taiwan Democracy Quarterly, 16(3), 155-161.
Wineburg, S., & McGrew, S. (2019). Lateral reading and the nature of expertise: Reading less and learning more when evaluating digital information. Teachers College Record,
121(11), 1-40.
Wu, Z. P. (2020). Research on Teaching Media Literacy in Technical High Schools with Animation. Journal of National Taichung University of Science and Technology, 7(2), 151-169.
Yeh, N. J. (2020) Yeh, Nai Jing’s perspective: Does older adults sharing fake news trouble you? The Storm Media. Retrieved from https://www.storm.mg/article/2696377
Zhang, H., & Zhu, C. (2016). A study of digital media literacy of the 5th and 6th grade primary students in Beijing. The Asia-Pacific Education Researcher, 25(4), 579-592.
Zhou, X., & Zafarani, R. (2020). A survey of fake news: Fundamental theories, detection methods, and opportunities. ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR), 53(5), 1-40. |
| Description: | 碩士
國立政治大學
國際傳播英語碩士學位學程(IMICS)
108461002 |
| Source URI: | http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0108461002 |
| Data Type: | thesis |
| DOI: | 10.6814/NCCU202201471 |
| Appears in Collections: | [國際傳播英語碩士學程] 學位論文
|
Files in This Item:
| File |
Description |
Size | Format | |
|---|
| 100201.pdf | | 4289Kb | Adobe PDF2 | 0 | View/Open |
|
All items in 政大典藏 are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved.
|
