Reference: | 林以正(2000):虛擬與真實之間:網路世界與真實生活的對比。行政院國科會專題研究成果報 告(編號:NSC 89-2413-H-002-014)。[Lin, Y. C. (2000). Between the virtual and reality: The comparison of online world and real life. National Science Council research report (No: NSC 89-2413-H-002-014)] 韓佩凌(1999):台灣中學生網路使用者特性、網路使用行為、心理特性對網路沉迷現象之影響。 臺灣師範大學教育心理與輔導研究所碩士論文。[Harn, P. L. (1999). The impact of internet users’ characteristics, behaviors, and psychological traits on Internet Addiction for Taiwanese high school students. Master`s dissertation of Department of educational psychology and counseling, National Taiwan Normal University.] 許韶玲, 施香如 (2013): 網路成癮是一種心理疾病嗎?, 從實證與論述文獻的脈絡檢視。國立臺灣師範大學教育心理與輔導學系 教育心理學報,2013,44 卷,4 期,773-792 頁。 Ahmad, S., Mustafa, M., & Ullah, A. (2016). Association of demographics, motives and intensity of using Social Networking Sites with the formation of bonding and bridging social capital in Pakistan. Computers in Human Behavior, 57, 107–114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2015.12.027 Andreassen, C. S. (2015). Online social network site addiction: A comprehensive review. Current Addiction Reports, 2(2), 175–184. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40429-015-0056-9 Andreassen, C. S., Billieux, J., Griffiths, M. D., Kuss, D. J., Demetrovics, Z., Mazzoni, E.,& Pallesen, S. (2016). The relationship between addictive use of social media and video games and symptoms of psychiatric disorders: A large-scale cross-sectional study. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 30(2), 252–262. https://doi.org/10.1037/adb0000160 Andreassen, C. S., Pallesen, S., & Griffiths, M. D. (2017). The relationship between addictive use of social media, narcissism, and self-esteem: Findings from a large national survey. Addictive Behaviors, 64, 287–293. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2016.03.006 Andreassen, C. S., Torsheim, T., Brunborg, G. S., & Pallesen, S. (2012). Development of a Facebook addiction scale. Psychological Reports, 110(2), 501- 517. https://doi.org/10.2466/02.09.18.pr0.110.2.501-517 Andrews, F. M., & Withey, S. B. (1976). Measuring global well-being. Social Indicators of Well-Being, 63–106. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-2253-5_3 Appel, M., Marker, C., & Gnambs, T. (2020). Are social media ruining our lives? A review of meta-analytic evidence. Review of General Psychology: Journal of Division 1, of the American Psychological Association, 24(1), 60–74. https://doi.org/10.1177/1089268019880891 Bányai, F., Zsila, Á., Király, O., Maraz, A., Elekes, Z., Griffiths, M. D., Andreassen, C. S., & Demetrovics, Z. (2017). Problematic social media use: Results from a large-scale nationally representative adolescent sample. PloS One, 12(1), e0169839. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0169839 Bekalu, M. A., McCloud, R. F., & Viswanath, K. (2019). Association of social media use with social well-being, positive mental health, and self-rated health: Disentangling routine use from emotional connection to use. Health Education & Behavior: The Official Publication of the Society for Public Health Education, 46(2_suppl), 69–80. https://doi.org/10.1177/1090198119863768 Beyens, I., Pouwels, J. L., van Driel, I. I., Keijsers, L., & Valkenburg, P. M. (2020). The effect of social media on well-being differs from adolescent to adolescent. Scientific Reports, 10(1), 10763. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-67727-7 Błachnio, A., Przepiorka, A., & Pantic, I. (2016). Association between Facebook addiction, self-esteem and life satisfaction: A cross-sectional study. Computers in Human Behavior, 55, 701–705. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2015.10.026 Boer, M., van den Eijnden, R. J. J. M., Boniel-Nissim, M., Wong, S.-L., Inchley, J. C., Badura, P., Craig, W. M., Gobina, I., Kleszczewska, D., Klanšček, H. J., & Stevens, G. W. J. M. (2020). Adolescents’ intense and problematic social media use and their well-being in 29 countries. The Journal of Adolescent Health: Official Publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine, 66(6S), S89–S99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2020.02.014 Boursier, V., Gioia, F., Musetti, A., & Schimmenti, A. (2020). Facing loneliness and anxiety during the COVID-19 isolation: The role of excessive social media use in a sample of Italian adults. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 11, 586222. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.586222 Brailovskaia, J., Schillack, H., & Margraf, J. (2018). Facebook addiction disorder in Germany. Cyberpsychology, Behavior and Social Networking, 21(7), 450–456. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2018.0140 Brand, M., Laier, C., & Young, K. S. (2014). Internet addiction: coping styles, expectancies, and treatment implications. Frontiers in Psychology, 5, 1256. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01256 Bücker, S., Nuraydin, S., Simonsmeier, B. A., Schneider, M., & Luhmann, M. (2018). Subjective well-being and academic achievement: A meta-analysis. Journal of Research in Personality, 74, 83–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2018.02.007 Caplan, S. E., & High, A. C. (2012). Online social interaction, psychosocial well-being, and problematic internet use. In Internet Addiction (pp. 35–53). John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Carbonell, X., & Panova, T. (2017). A critical consideration of social networking sites’ addiction potential. Addiction Research & Theory, 25(1), 48–57. https://doi.org/10.1080/16066359.2016.1197915 Chang Y. B. (2020). Internet use, purpose of internet use, social capital and Internet addiction: An exploratory research through the lens of life course. DOI:10.6814/NCCU202000999 Chang, C.-W., Chen, i. H., Strong, C., Lin, Y.-C., Tsai, M.-C., Lin, C.-Y., Pakpour, A. H., & Griffiths, M. (2021). Reciprocal relationships between problematic internet use and psychological distress: A nine-month longitudinal study. In PsyArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/zqr4g Chen, A. (2019). From attachment to addiction: The mediating role of need satisfaction on social networking sites. Computers in Human Behavior, 98, 80–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2019.03.034 Chen, C.-Y. (2020). Smartphone addiction: psychological and social factors predict the use and abuse of a social mobile application. Information, Communication and Society, 23(3), 454–467. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118x.2018.1518469 Cheng, C., Lau, Y.-C., Chan, L., & Luk, J. W. (2021). Prevalence of social media addiction across 32 nations: Meta-analysis with subgroup analysis of classification schemes and cultural values. Addictive Behaviors, 117(106845), 106845. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2021.106845 Chaplin, W. F. (1991). The next generation of moderator research in personality psychology. Journal of Personality, 59(2), 143–178. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.1991.tb00772.x Dailey, S. L., Howard, K., Roming, S. M. P., Ceballos, N., & Grimes, T. (2020). A biopsychosocial approach to understanding social media addiction. Human Behavior and Emerging Technologies, 2(2), 158–167. https://doi.org/10.1002/hbe2.182 Demir, Y. (2016). The relationship between loneliness and depression: Mediation role of internet addiction. Educational Process: International Journal, 5(2), 97–105. https://doi.org/10.12973/edupij.2016.52.1 Diener, E. (1984). Subjective well-being. Psychological Bulletin, 95(3), 542–575. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.95.3.542 Diener, E., & Ryan, K. (2009). Subjective well-being: A general overview. South African Journal of Psychology, 39(4), 391–406. https://doi.org/10.1177/008124630903900402 Diener, E., & Seligman, M. E. P. (2002). Very happy people. Psychological Science, 13(1), 81–84. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9280.00415 Diener, E., Oishi, S., & Tay, L. (2018). Advances in subjective well-being research. Nature Human Behaviour, 2(4), 253–260. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-018-0307-6 Donchi, L., & Moore, S. (2004). It’s a boy thing: The role of the Internet in young people’s psychological wellbeing. Behaviour Change: Journal of the Australian Behaviour Modification Association, 21(2), 76–89. https://doi.org/10.1375/bech.21.2.76.55426 Dong, G., Lu, Q., Zhou, H., & Zhao, X. (2011). Precursor or sequela: Pathological disorders in people with internet addiction disorder. PLoS ONE, 6(2). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0014703 Duradoni, M., Innocenti, F., & Guazzini, A. (2020). Well-being and social media: A systematic review of Bergen addiction scales. Future Internet, 12(2), 24. https://doi.org/10.3390/fi12020024 Eid, M., & Larsen, R. J. (2008). The science of subjective well-being. The Guilford Press. Escobar-Viera, C. G., Shensa, A., Bowman, N. D., Sidani, J. E., Knight, J., James, A. E., & Primack, B. A. (2018). Passive and active social media use and depressive symptoms among United States adults. Cyberpsychology, Behavior and Social Networking, 21(7), 437–443. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2017.0668 Griffiths, M. D., Kuss, D. J., & Demetrovics, Z. (2014). Social Networking Addiction. In Behavioral Addictions (pp. 119–141). Elsevier. Griffiths, M. (2000). Internet addiction - Time to be taken seriously? Addiction Research, 8(5), 413-418. https://doi.org/10.3109/16066350009005587 Gross, E. F. (2011). Logging on, bouncing back: An experimental investigation of online communication following social exclusion. Psychology of Popular Media Culture, 1(S), 60–68. https://doi.org/10.1037/2160-4134.1.s.60 Ha, Y.-M., & Hwang, W. J. (2014). Gender differences in internet addiction associated with psychological health indicators among adolescents using a national web-based survey. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 12(5), 660–669. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-014-9500-7 Han, X., Han, W., Qu, J., Li, B., & Zhu, Q. (2019). What happens online stays online? —— Social media dependency, online support behavior and offline effects for LGBT. Computers in Human Behavior, 93, 91–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2018.12.011 Hawi, N. S., & Samaha, M. (2016). The relations among social media addiction, self-esteem, and life satisfaction in university students. Social Science Computer Review, 35(5), 576–586. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894439316660340 Ho, R. C., Zhang, M. W. B., Tsang, T. Y., Toh, A. H., Pan, F., Lu, Y., Cheng, C., Yip, P. S., Lam, L. T., Lai, C.-M., Watanabe, H., & Mak, K.-K. (2014). The association between internet addiction and psychiatric co-morbidity: a meta-analysis. BMC Psychiatry, 14(1), 183. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-244X-14-183 Huang, C. (2017). Time spent on social network sites and psychological well-being: A meta-analysis. Cyberpsychology, Behavior and Social Networking, 20(6), 346–354. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2016.0758 Indian, M., & Grieve, R. (2014). When Facebook is easier than face-to-face: Social support derived from Facebook in socially anxious individuals. Personality and Individual Differences, 59, 102–106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2013.11.016 Jeong, S.-H., Kim, H., Yum, J.-Y., & Hwang, Y. (2016). What type of content are smartphone users addicted to?: SNS vs. games. Computers in Human Behavior, 54, 10–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2015.07.035 Joinson, A.N. (2003). Understanding the psychology of Internet behaviour: Virtual worlds, real lives. Palgrave Macmillan. Kang, S. (2007). Disembodiment in online social interaction: impact of online chat on social support and psychosocial well-being. Cyberpsychology & Behavior: The Impact of the Internet, Multimedia and Virtual Reality on Behavior and Society, 10(3), 475–477. https://doi.org/10.1089/cpb.2006.9929 Kardefelt-Winther, D. (2014). A conceptual and methodological critique of internet addiction research: Towards a model of compensatory internet use. Computers in Human Behavior, 31, 351–354. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2013.10.059 Kardefelt-Winther, D., Rees, G., & Livingstone, S. (2020). Contextualising the link between adolescents’ use of digital technology and their mental health: a multi-country study of time spent online and life satisfaction. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines, 61(8), 875–889. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.13280 Kim, B., & Kim, Y. (2017). College students’ social media use and communication network heterogeneity: Implications for social capital and subjective well-being. Computers in Human Behavior, 73, 620–628. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2017.03.033 Kim, K., Ryu, E., Chon, M.-Y., Yeun, E.-J., Choi, S.-Y., Seo, J.-S., & Nam, B.-W. (2006). Internet addiction in Korean adolescents and its relation to depression and suicidal ideation: a questionnaire survey. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 43(2), 185–192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2005.02.005 Kitazawa, M., Yoshimura, M., Murata, M., Sato-Fujimoto, Y., Hitokoto, H., Mimura, M., Tsubota, K., & Kishimoto, T. (2018). Associations between problematic Internet use and psychiatric symptoms among university students in Japan: Problematic Internet use among students. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 72(7), 531–539. https://doi.org/10.1111/pcn.12662 Kross, E., Verduyn, P., Demiralp, E., Park, J., Lee, D. S., Lin, N., Shablack, H., Jonides, J., & Ybarra, O. (2013). Facebook use predicts declines in subjective well-being in young adults. PloS One, 8(8), e69841. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0069841 Kross, E., Verduyn, P., Sheppes, G., Costello, C. K., Jonides, J., & Ybarra, O. (2021). Social media and well-being: Pitfalls, progress, and next steps. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 25(1), 55–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2020.10.005 Kubey, R. W., Lavin, M. J., & Barrows, J. R. (2001). Internet use and collegiate academic performance decrements: Early findings. The Journal of Communication, 51(2), 366–382. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2001.tb02885.x Kuss, D. J., & Griffiths, M. D. (2011). Online social networking and addiction--a review of the psychological literature. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 8(9), 3528–3552. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph8093528 Laconi, S., Kaliszewska-Czeremska, K., Gnisci, A., Sergi, I., Barke, A., Jeromin, F., Groth, J., Gamez-Guadix, M., Ozcan, N. K., Demetrovics, Z., Király, O., Siomos, K., Floros, G., & Kuss, D. J. (2018). Cross-cultural study of Problematic Internet Use in nine European countries. Computers in Human Behavior, 84, 430–440. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2018.03.020 LaRose, R., Lin, C. A., & Eastin, M. S. (2003). Unregulated internet usage: Addiction, habit, or deficient self-regulation? Media Psychology, 5(3), 225–253. https://doi.org/10.1207/s1532785xmep0503_01 Leung, H., Pakpour, A. H., Strong, C., Lin, Y.-C., Tsai, M.-C., Griffiths, M. D., Lin, C.-Y., & Chen, I.-H. (2020). Measurement invariance across young adults from Hong Kong and Taiwan among three internet-related addiction scales: Bergen Social Media Addiction Scale (BSMAS), Smartphone Application-Based Addiction Scale (SABAS), and Internet Gaming Disorder Scale-Short Form (IGDS-SF9) (Study Part A). Addictive Behaviors, 101(105969), 105969. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2019.04.027 Lindenberg, K., Kindt, S., & Szász-Janocha, C. (2020). The protect intervention. Internet Addiction in Adolescents, 43–48. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-43784-8_5 Li, X., Chen, W., & Popiel, P. (2015). What happens on Facebook stays on Facebook? The implications of Facebook interaction for perceived, receiving, and giving social support. Computers in Human Behavior, 51, 106–113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2015.04.066 Liu, C., & Ma, J. (2018). Chinese social media addiction scale. In PsycTESTS Dataset. American Psychological Association (APA). Liu, C., & Ma, J.-L. (2019). Adult attachment style, emotion regulation, and social networking sites addiction. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 2352. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02352 Liu, C.-Y., & Kuo, F.-Y. (2007). A study of Internet addiction through the lens of the interpersonal theory. Cyberpsychology & Behavior: The Impact of the Internet, Multimedia and Virtual Reality on Behavior and Society, 10(6), 799–804. https://doi.org/10.1089/cpb.2007.9951 Longstreet, P., & Brooks, S. (2017). Life satisfaction: A key to managing internet & social media addiction. Technology in Society, 50, 73–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2017.05.003 Lopez-Fernandez, O., Williams, A. J., & Kuss, D. J. (2019). Measuring female gaming: Gamer profile, predictors, prevalence, and characteristics from psychological and gender perspectives. Frontiers in Psychology, 10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00898 Marttila, E., Koivula, A., & Räsänen, P. (2021). Does excessive social media use decrease subjective well-being? A longitudinal analysis of the relationship between problematic use, loneliness and life satisfaction. Telematics and Informatics, 59(101556), 101556. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tele.2020.101556 Mazzoni, E., Baiocco, L., Cannata, D., & Dimas, I. (2016). Is internet the cherry on top or a crutch? Offline social support as moderator of the outcomes of online social support on Problematic Internet Use. Computers in Human Behavior, 56, 369–374. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2015.11.032 Meshi, D., Cotten, S. R., & Bender, A. R. (2020). Problematic social media use and perceived social isolation in older adults: A cross-sectional study. Gerontology, 66(2), 160–168. https://doi.org/10.1159/000502577 Meshi, D., & Ellithorpe, M. E. (2021). Problematic social media use and social support received in real-life versus on social media: Associations with depression, anxiety and social isolation. Addictive Behaviors, 119(106949), 106949. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2021.106949 Monacis, L., de Palo, V., Griffiths, M. D., & Sinatra, M. (2017). Social networking addiction, attachment style, and validation of the Italian version of the Bergen Social Media Addiction Scale. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 6(2), 178–186. https://doi.org/10.1556/2006.6.2017.023 Morahan-Martin, J. (2005). Internet abuse. Social Science Computer Review, 23(1), 39–48. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894439304271533 Morahan- Martin, J. (1999). The relationship between loneliness and internet use and abuse. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 2(5), 431–439. https://doi.org/10.1089/cpb.1999.2.431 Müller, K. W., Dreier, M., Beutel, M. E., Duven, E., Giralt, S., & Wölfling, K. (2016). A hidden type of internet addiction? Intense and addictive use of social networking sites in adolescents. Computers in Human Behavior, 55, 172–177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2015.09.007 Nie, P., Sousa-Poza, A., & Nimrod, G. (2017). Internet use and subjective well-being in China. Social Indicators Research, 132(1), 489–516. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-015-1227-8 Oberst, U., Wegmann, E., Stodt, B., Brand, M., & Chamarro, A. (2017). Negative consequences from heavy social networking in adolescents: The mediating role of fear of missing out. Journal of Adolescence, 55, 51–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2016.12.008 Oh, H. J., Ozkaya, E., & LaRose, R. (2014). How does online social networking enhance life satisfaction? The relationships among online supportive interaction, affect, perceived social support, sense of community, and life satisfaction. Computers in Human Behavior, 30, 69–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2013.07.053 Ostic, D., Qalati, S. A., Barbosa, B., Shah, S. M. M., Galvan Vela, E., Herzallah, A. M., & Liu, F. (2021). Effects of social media use on psychological well-being: A mediated model. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 678766. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.678766 Pratarelli, M. E., Browne, B. L., & Johnson, K. (1999). The bits and bytes of computer/internet addiction: A factor analytic approach. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 31(2), 305–314. https://doi.org/10.3758/bf03207725 Pierce, G. R., Sarason, I. G., & Sarason, B. R. (1996). Coping and social support. In M. S. Zeidner & N (Ed.), Handbook of coping: Theory, research, applications (pp. 434–451). John Wiley & Sons. Rachubinska K., Cybulska A.M., Grochans E. (2021). The relationship between loneliness, depression, internet and social media addiction among young Polish women. European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences, 25, 1982-1989. Rachubińska, K., Cybulska, A., Owczarek, A., Stanisławska, M., & Grochans, E. (2019). Psychosocial contributors to Internet and social media addiction among adult women. In Research Square. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.2.18528/v1 Rae, J. R., & Lonborg, S. D. (2015). Do motivations for using Facebook moderate the association between Facebook use and psychological well-being? Frontiers in Psychology, 6, 771. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00771 Rains, S. A., & Meng, J. (2022). Social enhancement and compensation in online social support among cancer patients: The role of social network properties. Health Communication, 37(4), 490–497. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2020.1853327 Samaha, M., & Hawi, N. S. (2016). Relationships among smartphone addiction, stress, academic performance, and satisfaction with life. Computers in Human Behavior, 57, 321–325. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2015.12.045 Sandel, T. L. (2014). “oh, I’m here!”: Social media’s impact on the cross-cultural adaptation of students studying abroad. Journal of Intercultural Communication Research, 43(1), 1–29. https://doi.org/10.1080/17475759.2013.865662 Savci, M., & Aysan, F. (2017). Technological addictions and social connectedness: predictor effect of internet addiction, social media addiction, digital game addiction and smartphone addiction on social connectedness. Dusunen Adam: The Journal of Psychiatry and Neurological Sciences, 202–216. https://doi.org/10.5350/dajpn2017300304 Schou Andreassen, C., Billieux, J., Griffiths, M. D., Kuss, D. J., Demetrovics, Z., Mazzoni, E., & Pallesen, S. (2016). The relationship between addictive use of social media and video games and symptoms of psychiatric disorders: A large-scale cross-sectional study. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors: Journal of the Society of Psychologists in Addictive Behaviors, 30(2), 252–262. https://doi.org/10.1037/adb0000160 Settanni, M., Marengo, D., Fabris, M. A., & Longobardi, C. (2018). The interplay between ADHD symptoms and time perspective in addictive social media use: A study on adolescent Facebook users. Children and Youth Services Review, 89, 165–170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2018.04.031 Shaffer, H. J., Hall, M. N., & Vander Bilt, J. (2000). "Computer addiction": A critical consideration. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 70(2), 162-168. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0087741 Shakya, H. B., & Christakis, N. A. (2017). Association of Facebook use with compromised well-being: A longitudinal study. American Journal of Epidemiology, 185(3), 203–211. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kww189 Shaw, M., & Black, D. W. (2008). Internet addiction: Definition, assessment, epidemiology and Clinical management. CNS Drugs, 22(5), 353–365. https://doi.org/10.2165/00023210-200822050-00001 Sheldon, P., Antony, M. G., & Ware, L. J. (2021). Baby Boomers’ use of Facebook and Instagram: uses and gratifications theory and contextual age indicators. Heliyon, 7(4), e06670. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e06670 Shensa, A., Escobar-Viera, C. G., Sidani, J. E., Bowman, N. D., Marshal, M. P., & Primack, B. A. (2017). Problematic social media use and depressive symptoms among U.S. young adults: A nationally-representative study. Social Science & Medicine (1982), 182, 150–157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.03.061 Smith, D., Leonis, T., & Anandavalli, S. (2021). Belonging and loneliness in cyberspace: impacts of social media on adolescents’ well-being. Australian Journal of Psychology, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1080/00049530.2021.1898914 Steinsbekk, S., Wichstrøm, L., Stenseng, F., Nesi, J., Hygen, B. W., & Skalická, V. (2021). The impact of social media use on appearance self-esteem from childhood to adolescence – A 3-wave community study. Computers in Human Behavior, 114(106528), 106528. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106528 Tang, J.-H., Chen, M.-C., Yang, C.-Y., Chung, T.-Y., & Lee, Y.-A. (2016). Personality traits, interpersonal relationships, online social support, and Facebook addiction. Telematics and Informatics, 33(1), 102–108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tele.2015.06.003 Tateno, M., Teo, A. R., Ukai, W., Kanazawa, J., Katsuki, R., Kubo, H., & Kato, T. A. (2019). Internet addiction, smartphone addiction, and hikikomori trait in Japanese young adult: Social isolation and social network. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 10, 455. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00455 Trepte, S., Dienlin, T., & Reinecke, L. (2015). Influence of social support received in online and offline contexts on satisfaction with social support and satisfaction with life: A longitudinal study. Media Psychology, 18(1), 74–105. https://doi.org/10.1080/15213269.2013.838904 Tutgun-Ünal, A., & Deniz, L. (2015). Development of the social media addiction scale. AJIT-e Online Academic Journal of Information Technology, 51–70. https://doi.org/10.5824/1309-1581.2015.4.004.x Uram, P., & Skalski, S. (2022). Still logged in? The link between Facebook addiction, FoMO, self-esteem, life satisfaction and loneliness in social media users. Psychological Reports, 125(1), 218–231. https://doi.org/10.1177/0033294120980970 Utz, S., & Breuer, J. (2017). The relationship between use of social network sites, online social support, and well-being: Results from a six-wave longitudinal study. Journal of Media Psychology, 29(3), 115–125. https://doi.org/10.1027/1864-1105/a000222 van den Eijnden, R. J. J. M., Lemmens, J. S., & Valkenburg, P. M. (2016). Social Media Disorder Scale. In PsycTESTS Dataset. American Psychological Association (APA). Wang, E. S.-T., & Wang, M. C.-H. (2013). Social support and social interaction ties on internet addiction: integrating online and offline contexts. Cyberpsychology, Behavior and Social Networking, 16(11), 843–849. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2012.0557 Weinstein, A., & Lejoyeux, M. (2010). Internet addiction or excessive internet use. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 36(5), 277- 283. https://doi.org/10.3109/00952990.2010.491880 Wong, H. Y., Mo, H. Y., Potenza, M. N., Chan, M. N. M., Lau, W. M., Chui, T. K., Pakpour, A. H., & Lin, C.-Y. (2020). Relationships between severity of internet gaming disorder, severity of problematic social media use, sleep quality and psychological distress. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(6), 1879. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17061879 Wong, T. Y., Yuen, K. S. L., & Li, W. O. (2014). A basic need theory approach to problematic Internet use and the mediating effect of psychological distress. Frontiers in Psychology, 5, 1562. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01562 Worsley, J. D., Mansfield, R., & Corcoran, R. (2018). Attachment anxiety and problematic social media use: The mediating role of well-being. Cyberpsychology, Behavior and Social Networking, 21(9), 563–568. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2017.0555 Yang, S., Liu, Y., & Wei, J. (2016). Social capital on mobile SNS addiction: A perspective from online and offline channel integrations. Internet Research, 26(4), 982–1000. https://doi.org/10.1108/intr-01-2015-0010 Yang, Y., Liu, K., Li, S., & Shu, M. (2020). Social media activities, emotion regulation strategies, and their interactions on people’s mental health in COVID-19 pandemic. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(23), 8931. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17238931 Yen, J.-Y., Ko, C.-H., Yen, C.-F., Wu, H.-Y., & Yang, M.-J. (2007). The comorbid psychiatric symptoms of Internet addiction: attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), depression, social phobia, and hostility. The Journal of Adolescent Health: Official Publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine, 41(1), 93–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2007.02.002 Young, K. S. (2001). Caught in the net: How to recognize the signs of internet addiction--and a winning strategy for recovery. J. Wiley. Young, K. (2016). Internet addiction test (IAT). Stoelting. Zivnuska, S., Carlson, J. R., Carlson, D. S., Harris, R. B., & Harris, K. J. (2019). Social media addiction and social media reactions: The implications for job performance. The Journal of Social Psychology, 159(6), 746–760. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224545.2019.1578725 |