政大機構典藏-National Chengchi University Institutional Repository(NCCUR):Item 140.119/140646

政大機構典藏-National Chengchi University Institutional Repository(NCCUR):Item 140.119/140646

English | 正體中文 | 简体中文 | Post-Print筆數 : 27 | Items with full text/Total items : 113318/144297 (79%)
Visitors : 51047501 Online Users : 916

RC Version 6.0 © Powered By DSPACE, MIT. Enhanced by NTU Library IR team.

Scope

please add "double quotation mark" for query phrases to get precise results

please goto advance search for comprehansive author search

Adv. Search

Home ‧ Login ‧ Upload ‧ Help ‧ About ‧ Administer

Goto mobile version

政大典藏 > College of Commerce > International MBA > Theses > Item 140.119/140646

Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/140646

Title:	奧林匹克大會與城市轉型： 2008年北京與2012年倫敦奧運之比較研究 Evaluating Olympic legacy and urban transformation: a comparative case study of the Olympic Games in Beijing 2008 and London 2012
Authors:	徐坦諾 Schreiber, Daniel
Contributors:	冷則剛 Leng, Tse-Kang 徐坦諾 Daniel Schreiber
Keywords:	奧運傳奇都市發展都市轉型永續 Olympic legacy Urban development Urban transformation Sustainability
Date:	2022
Issue Date:	2022-07-01 16:18:04 (UTC+8)
Abstract:	Sports mega-events are deeply rooted in modern societies, from FIFA World Cups to Olympic Games. These events are more than the sports competitions they deliver. They create a substantial impact on host cities, countries, and societies by changing people`s urban landscape and behavior. Furthermore, the dimensions of such events are ever-growing, and a rethinking of hosting the Olympics has led to the establishment of legacy planning policies required by the IOC. Throughout a comparative case study of the Olympic Games in Beijing and London, 2008 and 2012, this thesis shows that implementing this new procedure changed the sustainable legacy outcome with a particular focus on urban development and sustainability. Moreover, Beijing 2008 and London 2012 are analyzed with a mixed-method approach, combining and comparing qualitative and quantitative results of content analysis and further analyzing the sustainable impact of the Olympic legacy in the form of a linear regression model. All models are based on the following dimensions analyzed: urban development, environmental enhancement, policy and governance, human development, intellectual property, and social development. The combined results clearly show that both host cities, Beijing and London, created a long-lasting legacy for their cities and people. However, a clear difference is visible when legacy factors are further analyzed, then the legacy of London 2012 is more sustainable than the one of Beijing 2008. The underlying rationale for hosting Olympic Games in Beijing is fundamentally different from the one in London. China wanted to take a new role by hosting the Olympics and creating a new sports and infrastructure construction movement. In contrast, London intended to upgrade its old and not well-developed neighborhoods.
Reference:	Anthony, E. (2017). The Beijing Olympic Green. https://www.flickr.com/photos/mydailyart/35247216394/in/photostream/ Arup. (2022). Designing the National Aquatics Center (Water Cube) for Beijing Olympics 2008. https://www.arup.com/projects/chinese-national-aquatics-center Barnett, J. (2011). A short guide to 60 of the newest urbanisms. Planning, 77(4). Bartlett, L., & Vavrus, F. (2017). Comparative Case Studies: An Innovative Approach. Nordic Journal of Comparative and International Education (NJCIE), 1(1). https://doi.org/10.7577/njcie.1929 Beck, U. (2010). Climate for Change, or How to Create a Green Modernity? Theory, Culture & Society, 27(2–3), 254–266. https://doi.org/10.1177/0263276409358729 BeFreeTour. (2022). Beijing National Center for the Performing Arts Ticket. https://www.befreetour.com/en/detail/5013-national-centre-performing-arts-beijing Bradsher, K. (2022). For China, Hosting the Olympics Is Worth Every Billion. https://www.nytimes.com/2022/02/14/business/economy/olympics-china-economics.html Bramley, Glen., Munro, Moira., & Pawson, Hal. (2004). Key issues in housing : policies and markets in 21st- century Britain. Palgrave Macmillan. Brannagan, P. M., & Giulianotti, R. (2014). Qatar, global sport and the 2022 FIFA world cup. In Leveraging Legacies from Sports Mega-Events: Concepts and Cases (pp. 154–165). Springer. Brown, S. (2012). De Coubertin’s Olympism and the Laugh of Michel Foucault: Crisis Discourse and the Olympic Games. Quest, 64(3), 150–163. https://doi.org/10.1080/00336297.2012.693750 Bryman, A. (2016). Social research methods. Oxford university press. Burrows, T. (2020). Legacy, what legacy? Five years on the London Olympic park battle still rages. https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2017/jul/27/london-olympic-park-success-five-years-depends Catuogno, C. (2021). Olympia 2036: Der Sport hat in Geschichte nicht aufgepasst. https://www.sueddeutsche.de/sport/olympia-2036-deutschland-1.5461357 Chalip, L. (2004). Beyond impact: A general model for sport event leverage. In B. W. Ritchie & D. Adair (Eds.), Sport tourism: Interrelationships, impacts and issues. Channel View Publications. Chalkley, B., & Essex, S. (1999). Urban development through hosting international events: a history of the Olympic Games. Planning Perspectives, 14(4), 369–394. https://doi.org/10.1080/026654399364184 Chan, W., Lu, M., & Zhang, J. (2006). Attaining Cost Efficiency in Constructing Sports Facilities for Beijing 2008 Olympic Games by use of Operations Simulation. Proceedings of the 2006 Winter Simulation Conference, 2063–2070. https://doi.org/10.1109/WSC.2006.322994 Chappelet, J.-L. (1970). Mega Sporting Event Legacies: A Multifaceted Concept. Papeles de Europa, 0(25). https://doi.org/10.5209/rev_PADE.2012.n25.41096 Chappelet, J.-L. (2008). Olympic Environmental Concerns as a Legacy of the Winter Games. International Journal of The History of Sport, 25, 1884–1902. https://doi.org/10.1080/09523360802438991 China Business Review. (2020). The 2008 Olympics’ Impact on China. https://www.chinabusinessreview.com/the-2008-olympics-impact-on-china/ Choong-soon, K. (1987). The Olympic Games as a force of cultural exchange and changes. In K. Sh.-P., J. MacAloon, & R. DaMatta (Eds.), The Olympics and cultural exchange. Hanyang University. Clark, J., & Wise, N. (2017). Urban transformations : geographies of renewal and creative change /. Routledge,. https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781315624457 Coubertin Carl-Diem-Institut., P. de. (1967). The Olympic idea. Discourses and essays. Editions internationales Olympic; Olympischer Sport-Verlag. Daothong, J., & Stubbs, D. (2014). London 2012 legacy: creating a more sustainable future for London and beyond. Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Civil Engineering, 167(6), 3–12. https://doi.org/10.1680/cien.14.00006 Deng, C. (2022). China’s Olympics Guest List Highlights Tensions With West. https://www.wsj.com/articles/foreign-leaders-counter-biden-by-heading-to-beijing-for-olympics-11643894449 Denyer, D., & Tranfield, D. (2009). Producing a systematic review. Diaconu, C. (2018). East Village Contract Secured by Mace. https://www.bdcmagazine.com/2018/09/mace-secures-east-village-contract/ DPA. (2021). Harting: Nicht-Bewerbung für Olympia 2036 “peinlich.” https://www.zeit.de/news/2021-07/23/harting-nicht-bewerbung-fuer-olympia-2036-peinlich Essex, S., & Chalkley, B. (1998). Olympic Games: catalyst of urban change. Leisure Studies, 17(3), 187–206. https://doi.org/10.1080/026143698375123 Finlay, J. L. (1997). The Modern Olympics: A Struggle for Revival. History: Reviews of New Books, 26(1), 44–44. https://doi.org/10.1080/03612759.1997.10525338 Forsyth, A. (2007). Innovation in Urban Design: Does Research Help? Journal of Urban Design, 12(3), 461–473. https://doi.org/10.1080/13574800701602569 Fraser, D. (2018). Haunting photos of Olympic wasteland. https://www.foxsports.com.au/more-sports/beijings-2008-olympic-venues-lay-unused-and-abandoned-a-decade-on-from-showpiece-event/news-story/a21136093bda8b47e8d2b7ff1b09ae58 Frawley, S., & Adair, D. (2013). Managing the Olympics (S. Frawley & D. Adair, Eds.). Palgrave Macmillan UK. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230389588 Gasser, Stol. I. S. (2011). Dreier-Landtag lehnt Olympische Spiele in Euregio ab / Lokal / Politik im Überblick / Artikel / Home - stol.it - Suedtirol Online mit Nachrichten, Bildern und Videos. https://web.archive.org/web/20110504181254/http://www.stol.it/Artikel/Politik-im-Ueberblick/Lokal/Dreier-Landtag-lehnt-Olympische-Spiele-in-Euregio-ab Geels, F. (2002). Understanding the Dynamics of Technological Transitions. Girginov, V. (2018). Rethinking Olympic Legacy (1st ed.). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315114965 Girginov, V., & Parry, S. J. (S. J. (2005). The Olympic games explained : a student guide to the evolution of the modern Olympic games. 272. Goodrick, D. (2014). Comparative case studies: Methodological briefs-Impact evaluation No. 9. Goodrick, D. (2020). Comparative case studies. SAGE Publications Limited. Gordon, B. F. (1983). Olympic architecture : building for the Summer Games. Wiley. https://books.google.com/books/about/Olympic_Architecture.html?hl=de&id=qvdOAAAAMAAJ Gratton, C., & Henry, I. (2001). Sport and the City: the Role of Sport in Economic and Social Generation. Routledge. Gratton, C., & Preuss, H. (2008). Maximizing Olympic Impacts by Building Up Legacies. The International Journal of the History of Sport, 25(14), 1922–1938. https://doi.org/10.1080/09523360802439023 Grix, J. (2018). The foundations of research. Macmillan International Higher Education. Grix, J., & Brannagan, P. M. (2016). Of mechanisms and myths: conceptualising states’“soft power” strategies through sports mega-events. Diplomacy & Statecraft, 27(2), 251–272. Grix, J., Brannagan, P., Wood, H., & Wynne, C. (2017). State strategies for leveraging sports mega-events: unpacking the concept of ‘legacy.’ International Journal of Sport Policy and Politics, 9, 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1080/19406940.2017.1316761 Harris, S., & Dowling, M. (2022). Sport participation and Olympic legacies : : a comparative study. Routledge,. Heathrow Press Center. (2019). Local support for Heathrow expansion remains strong as airport’s largest ever public consultation closes. https://mediacentre.heathrow.com/pressrelease/details/81/Expansion-News-23/11544 Hill, C. R. (1996). Olympic politics. Manchester University Press ; Distributed exclusively in the USA and Canada by St. Martin’s Press. Holt, R., & Ruta, D. (2017). Routledge Handbook Of Sport And Legacy: Meeting the challenge of major sports events (J. Panter, R. Holt, & D. Ruta, Eds.; 1st ed.). https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203132562 Horne, J. (2002). Japan, Korea and the 2002 World Cup (1. publ..). Routledge. https://ubdata.univie.ac.at/AC03562534 Horne, J., & Whannel, G. (2020). Understanding the Olympics. Routledge. Inam, A. (2013). Designing Urban Transformation. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203728284 Ingerson, L. (2001). A comparison of the economic contribution of hallmark sporting and performing events. In C. Gratton & I. Henry (Eds.), Sport and the City: the Role of Sport in Economic and Social Generation. Routledge. International Olympic Committee. (2004). IOC Annual Report. International Olympic Committee. (2007). Olympic charter. International Olympic Committee. (2013). Olympic Legacy. International Olympic Committee. International Olympic Committee. (2020). IOC Annual Report. IOC. (2015). Host city selection for the 2022 Olympic Winter Games. https://olympics.com/ioc/2022-host-city-election IOC. (2021). London 2012 Cultural Olympiad keeping visitors entertained. https://olympics.com/en/news/london-2012-cultural-olympiad-keeping-visitors-entertained IOC. (2022a). Medal Table Beijing 2022. https://olympics.com/de/olympic-games/beijing-2022/medals IOC. (2022b). COVID-19 counter measures for Beijing 2022. https://olympics.com/ioc/news/covid-19-countermeasures-for-beijing-2022 IOC. (2022c). Sustainability in the spotlight at Beijing 2022. https://olympics.com/ioc/news/sustainability-in-the-spotlight-at-beijing-2022#:~:text=In%20line%20with%20IOC%20requirements,emissions%20and%20reach%20carbon%20neutrality. Kaarbo, J., & Beasley, R. K. (1999). A practical guide to the comparative case study method in political psychology. Political Psychology, 20(2), 369–391. Krieger, A. (2009). Where and How Does Urban Design Happen. In A. Krieger & W. Saunders (Eds.), Urban Design (pp. 115–129). University of Minnesota Press. Krippendorff, K. (2013). Content analysis : an introduction to its methodology (3. ed..). Sage. https://ubdata.univie.ac.at/AC08977231 L.A. 2028. (2022a). How will you ensure a sustainable Games? https://la28.org/en/faqs/how-will-you-ensure-a-sustainable-games-.html L.A. 2028. (2022b). What benefit will the Games bring to Los Angeles? https://la28.org/en/faqs/what-benefit-will-the-games-bring-to-los-angeles–.html#articleIntro Lane, D. (2018). Sports and foreign policy: President Jimmy Carter and the 1980 Moscow Olympics boycott. Li, S., & Jago, L. (2013). Evaluating economic impacts of major sports events - A meta analysis of the key trends. Current Issues in Tourism, 16, 591–611. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2012.736482 Liao, H., & Pitts, A. (2006). A brief historical review of Olympic urbanization. The International Journal of the History of Sport, 23(7), 1232–1252. https://doi.org/10.1080/09523360600832502 Lindau, L. A., Petzhold, G., Tavares, V. B., & Facchini, D. (2016). Mega events and the transformation of Rio de Janeiro into a mass-transit city. Research in Transportation Economics, 59, 196–203. LOCOG. (2012). London 2012: Pre Games Sustainability Report. LOCOG. https://cleanair.london/app/uploads/CAL-190-CSL-2012-pre-games-sustainability-report-transport.pdf LOCOG. (2018). 2012 Summer Olympics and Paralympics Logo. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2012_Summer_Olympics_logos.svg Longmen, T. N. Y. (2001). Beijing Is Selected as 2008 Host City. https://www.nytimes.com/2001/07/13/sports/beijing-is-selected-as-2008-host-city.html Lucas, C. (1904). The Olympic Games 1904. Mackay, D. (2021). Munich citizens vote against bid for 2022 Winter Olympics and Paralympics. https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1016892/munich-citizens-against-bid-for-2022-winter-olympics-and-paralympics MacRury, I. (2016). Olympic Legacy. In G. Poynter & V. Viehoff (Eds.), Mega-event cities : urban legacies of global sports events. Routledge. Maennig, W. (2008). The feel-good effect at mega sport events: Recommendations for public and private administration informed by the experience of the FIFA World Cup 2006 (Issue 18). Hamburg contemporary economic discussions. Malfas, M., Theodoraki, E., & Houlihan, B. (2004). Impacts of the Olympic Games as mega-events. Municipal Engineer, 157(3), 209–220. https://doi.org/10.1680/muen.157.3.209.49461 Mandell, R. D. (1976). The first modern olympics. University of California Press. Maxwell, J. A. (2012). Qualitative research design: An interactive approach. Sage publications. May, T. (2011). Social research: Issues, methods and research. McGraw-Hill Education (UK). McCormick, K., Anderberg, S., Coenen, L., & Neij, L. (2013). Advancing sustainable urban transformation. Journal of Cleaner Production, 50, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2013.01.003 McKay, M., & Plumb, C. P. (2001). Reaching beyond the gold: the impact of the Olympic Games on real estate markets. Merriam, S. B. (1998). Qualitative Research and Case Study Applications in Education. Revised and Expanded from" Case Study Research in Education.". ERIC. Minnaert, L. (2012). An Olympic legacy for all? The non-infrastructural outcomes of the Olympic Games for socially excluded groups (Atlanta 1996–Beijing 2008). Tourism Management, 33(2), 361–370. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2011.04.005 Mohsin Hashmi, S., Fida, B., & Alhayky, A. (2008). Economic impact studies of Beijing 2008 Olympic Games. China-USA Business Review, 7, 27–35. Müller, M. (2017). What makes an event a mega-event? Definition and sizes. In S. Frawley (Ed.), Managing Sport Mega-Events. Routledge. Müller, M., & Gaffney, C. (2018). Comparing the Urban Impacts of the FIFA World Cup and Olympic Games From 2010 to 2016. Journal of Sport and Social Issues, 42(4), 247–269. https://doi.org/10.1177/0193723518771830 Muñoz, F. (2006). Olympic Urbanism and Olympic Villages: Planning Strategies in Olympic Host Cities, London 1908 to London 2012. The Sociological Review, 54(2_suppl), 175–187. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-954X.2006.00660.x Muñoz, F. (2016). Urbanalisation and City Mega-events: From “Copy&Paste” Urbanism to Urban Creativity. In G. Poynter & V. Viehoff (Eds.), Mega-event Cities: Urban Legacies of Global Sports Events. Routledge. Nafziger, J. A. R. (1980). Diplomatic fun and the games: A commentary on the United States boycott of the 1980 Summer Olympics. Willamette L. Rev., 17, 67. National Bureau of Statistics of China. (2022). Annual Data. http://www.stats.gov.cn/english/Statisticaldata/AnnualData/ National Post Wire Services. (2014). IOC reportedly made some ridiculous demands to help push Oslo out of 2022 Winter Olympics bidding. https://nationalpost.com/sports/olympics/ioc-reportedly-made-some-ridiculous-demands-to-help-push-oslo-out-of-2022-winter-olympics-bidding Neuendorf, K. A. (2017). The Content Analysis Guidebook. SAGE Publications, Inc. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781071802878 Office for National Statistics. (2022). Regional gross domestic product: city regions - Office for National Statistics. https://www.ons.gov.uk/economy/grossdomesticproductgdp/datasets/regionalgrossdomesticproductcityregions Oliver, M. (2017). London wins 2012 Olympics. https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2005/jul/06/olympics2012.olympicgames1 Osgood, M. (2022). What Everyone Got Wrong About the Last Beijing Olympics’ Opening Ceremony. https://slate.com/culture/2022/02/2008-beijing-olympics-opening-ceremony-zhang-yimou-meaning.html Painjet. (2021). Beijing Subway network during the 2008 Summer and 2022 Winter Olympic Games. https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Beijing_Subway_network_during_the_2008_Summer_and_2022_Winter_Olympic_Games.png Palinkas, L. A., Horwitz, S. M., Green, C. A., Wisdom, J. P., Duan, N., & Hoagwood, K. (2015). Purposeful sampling for qualitative data collection and analysis in mixed method implementation research. Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research, 42(5), 533–544. Palmer, M. (2016). The property legacy of London 2012: Four years on, what’s it like to live in the Olympic village? https://www.dailymail.co.uk/property/article-3725436/The-property-legacy-London-2012-Four-years-s-like-live-Olympic-village.html Paris 2024. (2022a). Paris 2024 - Environmental ambition. https://www.paris2024.org/en/a-pioneering-ambition-for-the-environment/ Paris 2024. (2022b). Paris 2024 presents an opening ceremony like no other. https://www.paris2024.org/en/ceremony/ Patton, M. Q. (2014). Qualitative research & evaluation methods: Integrating theory and practice. Sage publications. Pixabay. (2018a). Beijing National Aquatic Center. https://pixabay.com/images/id-3675426/ Pixabay. (2018b). Beijing National Stadium. https://pixabay.com/images/id-3675420/ Populous. (2020). London Olympic Stadium Transformation. https://populous.com/project/london-olympic-stadium-transformation Poynter, G., & Viehoff, V. (2016). Mega-event cities : urban legacies of global sports events. In G. Poynter & V. Viehoff (Eds.), Mega-event cities : urban legacies of global sports events. Routledge. Poyntner, G., Viehoff, V., & Li, Y. (2015). The London Olympics and Urban Development (G. Poynter, V. Viehoff, & Y. Li, Eds.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315758862 Preuss, H. (2000). Economics of the Olympic Games: hosting the games 1972-2000. Walla Walla Press in conjunction with the Centre for Olympic Studies, University of New South Wales. Preuss, H. (2007). The Conceptualisation and Measurement of Mega Sport Event Legacies. Journal of Sport & Tourism, 12(3–4), 207–228. https://doi.org/10.1080/14775080701736957 Preuss, H. (2015). A framework for identifying the legacies of a mega sport event. Leisure Studies, 34(6), 643–664. https://doi.org/10.1080/02614367.2014.994552 Preuss, H. (2019). Event legacy framework and measurement. International Journal of Sport Policy and Politics, 11(1), 103–118. https://doi.org/10.1080/19406940.2018.1490336 Ray, M. (2021). London bombings of 2005 \| History, Facts, & Map. https://www.britannica.com/event/London-bombings-of-2005 Reuters. (2022). Britain-Ireland, Russia, Turkey interested in hosting Euro 2028 - UEFA. https://www.reuters.com/lifestyle/sports/uefa-confirms-russia-turkey-joint-britain-ireland-bids-euro-2028-2022-03-23/ Riding, A. (1993). OLYMPICS: 2000 Olympics Go to Sydney In Surprise Setback for China. https://www.nytimes.com/1993/09/24/sports/olympics-2000-olympics-go-to-sydney-in-surprise-setback-for-china.html Ritner, J. (2022). The Beijing Olympics’ snow problem is more serious than you think. https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/2022/02/08/beijing-olympics-snow-problem-is-more-serious-than-you-think/ Roche, M. (1994). Mega-Events and Urban Policy. Journal of Travel Research, 32(3), 78. https://doi.org/10.1177/004728759403200369 Roche, M. (1998). Mega-events, culture and modernity: Expos and the origins of public culture. International Journal of Cultural Policy, 5(1), 1–31. https://doi.org/10.1080/10286639809358087 Roche, M. (2002). Mega-events and modernity: Olympics and expos in the growth of global culture. Roche, M. (2003). Mega-events, Time and Modernity: On Time Structures in Global Society. Time & Society - TIME SOC, 12, 99–126. https://doi.org/10.1177/0961463X03012001370 Scheu, A., Preuß, H., & Könecke, T. (2021). The Legacy of the Olympic Games: A Review. Journal of Global Sport Management, 6(3), 212–233. https://doi.org/10.1080/24704067.2019.1566757 Scott, J. (2014). A matter of record: Documentary sources in social research. John Wiley & Sons. Serico, C. (2016). Queen Elizabeth II at 90: Funny moments, James Bond skydive. https://www.today.com/popculture/time-queen-skydived-james-bond-7-other-silly-moments-t85446 Sina. (2008). Beijing 2008 Olympic Games posters. http://2008.sina.com.cn/en/photo/2008-07-19/10404780.html Smith, R. (2018). London’s Tube map has just been updated to include the Elizabeth Line â€” take a look. https://www.businessinsider.com/london-tube-map-now-includes-the-elizabeth-line-take-a-look-2017-12?international=true&r=US&IR=T Sola, F. E. (1998). The impact of mega-events. Annals of Tourism Research, 25(1), 241–245. Staff, T. W. (2019). London backed to make bid for the 2036 Olympic Games. https://www.theweek.co.uk/olympics/99891/london-backed-to-make-bid-for-the-2036-olympic-games Stevenson, A., & Kleyn, B. (2021). Brisbane’s 2032 “climate-positive” Olympics commitment sets high bar on delivering sustainable legacy. https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-11-08/qld-olympic-climate-positive-brisbane-2032-games-commitment/100598202 Sukhdev, P. (2009, November). Green economy for an urban age. Paper for the Urban Age Conference. Urban Age Conference. Swann, P. (2020). The Illustrated Guide to the Content Analysis Research Project. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429468308 Swedish Olympic Committee. (1912). The official report of the Olympic Games of Stockholm 1912 : the Fifth Olympiad. https://library.olympics.com/Default/doc/SYRACUSE/31965/the-official-report-of-the-olympic-games-of-stockholm-1912-the-fifth-olympiad-issued-by-the-swedish-?_lg=en-GB Sylvain, G. (2019). A responsible project. https://www.paris2024.org/en/responsible-project/ TES. (2018). History / Geography - How East London Has Changed \| Teaching Resources. https://www.tes.com/teaching-resource/history-geography-how-east-london-has-changed-11434265 Thorpe, R., & Holt, R. (2008). The SAGE Dictionary of Qualitative Management Research. SAGE Publications Ltd. https://doi.org/10.4135/9780857020109 TOCOG. (1964). Games of the XVIII Olympiad, Tokyo 1964: the official report. Tomlinson, R. (2012). London 2012: infrastructure legacy or a costly waste? https://theconversation.com/london-2012-infrastructure-legacy-or-a-costly-waste-7542 Toohey, K., & Veal, A. J. (2007). The Olympic games: a social science perspective (K. Toohey & A. J. Veal, Eds.). CABI. https://doi.org/10.1079/9781845933463.0000 Tsang, E. W. K. (2014). Generalizing from Research Findings: The Merits of Case Studies. International Journal of Management Reviews, 16(4), 369–383. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijmr.12024 UK Trade & Investment. (2014). Turning the Games into gold: economic boost from London 2012 has passed £14 billion. https://www.gov.uk/government/news/turning-the-games-into-gold-economic-boost-from-london-2012-has-passed-14-billion United Nations Fund for Population Activities. (2007). State of the World’s Population 2007: Unleashing the Potential of Urban Growth. United Nations Population Fund, New York. Veal, A., & Toohey, K. (2007). The Olympic games: a social science perspective (K. Toohey & A. J. Veal, Eds.). CABI. https://doi.org/10.1079/9781845933463.0000 Wang, H., Shen, Q., Tang, B., Lu, C., Peng, Y., & Tang, L. (2014). A framework of decision-making factors and supporting information for facilitating sustainable site planning in urban renewal projects. Cities, 40, 44–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2014.04.005 Weinberger, J. (2012). London’s Temporary Olympic Stadium, Built for Change \| The Takeaway. https://www.wnycstudios.org/podcasts/takeaway/segments/226753-embracing-temporary-londons-olympic-stadium-built-change Whitson, D., & Macintosh, D. (1996). The Global Circus: International Sport, Tourism, and the Marketing of Cities. Journal of Sport and Social Issues, 20(3), 278–295. https://doi.org/10.1177/019372396020003004 Wilson, J. (2019). Mayor of London and UK Sport back idea of London bid for 2036 Olympics. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/olympics/2019/02/26/mayor-london-uk-sport-back-idea-oflondon-bid-2036-olympics/ Wirth, L. (1938). Urbanism as a Way of Life. American Journal of Sociology, 44(1), 1–24. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2768119 Xinhua. (2008). Art performance showcases Chinese culture at Games opener. https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/olympics/2008-08/08/content_6918455_3.htm Yin, R. K. (2009). Case study research: Design and methods (Vol. 5). sage. Yin, R. K. (2018). Case study research and applications : design and methods (Sixth edition.). SAGE. https://ubdata.univie.ac.at/AC14516944 Young. (2008). International Airport, Beijing. https://arquitecturaviva.com/works/aeropuerto-internacional-de-pekin-3 Young, D. C. (2004). A Brief History of the Olympic Games (D. C. Young, Ed.). Blackwell Publishing Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470774823 Zongwei, K. (2021). 陳致中籲高雄申辦2036奧運陳其邁：相信有天會辦. https://ynews.page.link/6HTU?soc_src=social-sh&soc_trk=ma
Description:	碩士國立政治大學國際經營管理英語碩士學位學程(IMBA) 110933068
Source URI:	http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0110933068
Data Type:	thesis
DOI:	10.6814/NCCU202200481
Appears in Collections:	[International MBA] Theses

Files in This Item:

File	Description	Size	Format
306801.pdf		13682Kb	Adobe PDF2	83	View/Open

All items in 政大典藏 are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved.

社群 sharing

著作權政策宣告 Copyright Announcement

1.本網站之數位內容為國立政治大學所收錄之機構典藏，無償提供學術研究與公眾教育等公益性使用，惟仍請適度，合理使用本網站之內容，以尊重著作權人之權益。商業上之利用，則請先取得著作權人之授權。
The digital content of this website is part of National Chengchi University Institutional Repository. It provides free access to academic research and public education for non-commercial use. Please utilize it in a proper and reasonable manner and respect the rights of copyright owners. For commercial use, please obtain authorization from the copyright owner in advance.

2.本網站之製作，已盡力防止侵害著作權人之權益，如仍發現本網站之數位內容有侵害著作權人權益情事者，請權利人通知本網站維護人員(nccur@nccu.edu.tw)，維護人員將立即採取移除該數位著作等補救措施。
NCCU Institutional Repository is made to protect the interests of copyright owners. If you believe that any material on the website infringes copyright, please contact our staff(nccur@nccu.edu.tw). We will remove the work from the repository and investigate your claim.

DSpace Software Copyright © 2002-2004 MIT & Hewlett-Packard / Enhanced by NTU Library IR team Copyright © - Feedback