Loading...
|
Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item:
https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/140002
|
| Title: | 社企下的女性賦權:以緬甸乾旱區為例
Women`s Empowerment through Social Entrepreneurship: the Case of Dry Zone in Myanmar |
| Authors: | 裴方嵐
Perekrestova, Vlada |
| Contributors: | 劉曉鵬
Liu, Hsiao Pong
裴方嵐
Perekrestova, Vlada |
| Keywords: | 賦予婦女權力
發展中國家
社會企業家精神
緬甸
Women’s empowerment
Developing countries
Social entrepreneurship
Myanmar studies |
| Date: | 2021 |
| Issue Date: | 2022-05-02 15:05:19 (UTC+8) |
| Abstract: | 過去幾十年來，人們對全球不平等現象有了普遍的認識。2015年實施的可持續發展目標就是證明。性別平等是實現2030年可持續發展議程的一個重要因素，該議程希望建立一個普遍尊重人權和人類尊嚴的世界，"每個婦女和每個女孩都能實現性別平等，並消除賦予她們權力的所有法律、社會和經濟障礙"（聯合國，2018）。這篇研究論文重點關注減少性別不平等的目標之一，即：婦女賦權。
更具體地說，我將在發展中國家的背景下，以社會轉型為目標來看待它。研究表明，在緬甸的環境中，社會企業可以作為賦予婦女權力的有效模式，幫助實現經濟獨立，通過資產建設克服貧困，並改善家庭和促進社區的福祉。我將嘗試界定可能出現的挑戰，同時強調這種方法的效果。我將根據在緬甸幹旱地區進行的一項案例研究進行分析，從而具體說明社會企業家精神及其集體行動、積極參與和地方倡議的潛力，同時會討論婦女面對的挑戰和局限。在討論17個主要挑戰時，我將在嚴格的背景介紹下，為國際發展領域的各種行為者帶來可利用的實際貢獻，以幫助他們理解婦女賦權的概念，組織社會企業和規劃其項目。我亦提出了一條關於男性在這一概念中的地位的理論思考，以促進整個社會的發展。
Gender equality is critical for the achievement the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, which aspires to a world where universally respected human rights, human dignity and “equality of gender [are] a reality for every woman and every girl and where all the legal, social and economic obstacles to their empowerment have been lifted” (UN, 2015). The 2030 Agenda affirms gender equality as a necessary foundation of a peaceful, prosperous, and sustainable world. This research thesis focuses on one of the flagship goals of reducing gender inequalities: women`s empowerment.
More specifically, I will look at it in the context of developing countries and with a view to social transformation. The study suggests that in the environment of Myanmar, social enterprises can be used as an efficient model for the empowerment of women, helping achieve economic independence, overcoming poverty through asset building, and improving the well-being of families and communities. I will try to define what are the challenges that can arise while highlighting the effects of such an approach. I will base my analysis on a case study carried out in the Dry Zone of Myanmar, thus illustrating concretely the potential but also the challenges and limitations of social entrepreneurship and its collective action, active participation, and local initiatives. Discussing major challenges of social entrepreneurship in Myanmar, I will bring an exploitable practical contribution, under the guise of a rigorous contextualization, by the various actors in the field of international development to help them in their understanding of the concept of women’s empowerment and the organizing of social enterprises and planning of their programs. I also propose a line of theoretical reflection on the place of men within this concept to promote the development of the whole of society. |
| Reference: | Bibliography
Books
Becker G. 1991. A Treatise on the Family, Harvard University Press.
Bernard H. R. 2014. Social Research Methods: Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches (SAGE Publications)
Blanchard K., John P., Randolph A. 2001. Empowerment takes more than a minute, Berrett-Koehler Publishers.
Born K., Brest P. 2013. Unpacking the Impact in Impact Investing. Stanford Social Innovation Review.
Borzaga C., Defourney J. 2001. The Emergence of Social Enterprise, London: Routledge.
Bаcquе M., Biewener C. 2013. Empowerment, an emancipatory practice, Paris: Editions La Découverte, coll. Politics and societies, 175 p.
Cassen. R. 1986. Does Aid Work, Oxford: OUP.
Charlier S. 2006. "The analysis of the empowerment of women who participate in a fair trade organization. A methodological proposal”, in Auroi, Claude and Isabel Yepez (dir.), Solidarity economy and fair trade. Actors and actresses from Europe and Latin America., Geneva, Presses University of Louvain / IUED, p. 87-109.
Charlier S., Caubergs L. 2007. The approach to women`s empowerment: a methodological guide, Brussels, Commission on Women and Development.
Chossudovsky M. and Lise R. 2005. Globalization of poverty and new world order, Ecosociety.
Clark. 2013. Watering the leaves, Starving the Roots: the Status of Financing for Women’s Rights Organizing and Gender Equality, Association for Women’s Rights in Development: Toronto.
Collier. P. 2007. The Bottom Billion: Why the Poorest Countries Are Failing and What Can Be Done About It, New York: Oxford University Press.
Coughlin J.H., Thomas A.R. 2002. The rise of women entrepreneurs: People, processes and global trends, Westport, CT: Quorum Books.
Couton A. et al. 2015. The Landscape for Impact Investing in South Asia, New York: Global Impact Investing Network.
Creswell J.W. 2014. Research Design Qualitative, Quantitative and Mixed Methods Approaches. Thousand Oaks, CA Sage.
Dees J., Economy P., Emerson J. 2001. Enterprising nonprofits, New York: Wiley.
Dees. J. 1998. The Meaning of Social Entrepreneurship, Stanford: Stanford Business School Centre for Social Innovation.
Easterly. W. 2006. The White Man`s Burden: Why the West`s Efforts to Aid the Rest Have Done So Much Ill and So Little Good, New York: The Penguin Press.
Esteva G., Sachs W. 1996. From the ruins of development, Montreal: Éditions Écosociété.
Eyben R. 2003. The Rise of Rights: Rights-based Approaches to International Development, Brighton: IDS.
Ferguson. A. 2009. “Empowerment, Development and Women’s Liberation.”12 years In The Political Interests of Gender Revisited: Redoing Theory and Research, edited by Anna G. Jónasdóttir and Kathleen B. Jones, New York: United Nations University Press, pp. 85–103.
Freire, Paulo. 1974. Pedagogy of the oppressed followed by awareness raising and revolution, Paris, François Maspero.
Glinski A., Schwenke, C., O’Brien-Milne, L., Farley, K. 2018. Gender Equity and Male Engagement: It only works when everyone plays. Washington, D.C.: ICRW.
Hamadache A. 1993. Articulation of formal and non-formal education. Implications for teacher training, Paris.
Hansen H., Tarp. F. 2000 “Aid Effectiveness Disputed.” In: Tarp, F. and Hjertholm, P., Foreign Aid and Development: Lessons Learnt and Directions for the Future, Routledge, London.
Hofmann E. 2000. Measuring the empowerment of disadvantaged women, Chair Quételet, Louvain-la-Neuve.
Hofmann E., Marius-Gnanou K. 2003. The gender approach in the fight against poverty the example of microfinance, in Bordeaux, Presses academics (dir.), Poverty and socially sustainable development.
Hogan.M.J.1989.The Marshall Plan: America, Britain and the Reconstruction of Western Europe, 1947-1952, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Humbert, A. L. 2012. Women as social entrepreneurs, Birminghan: Third Sector Research Centre.
Huybrechts, B., Nicholls, A. 2012. “Social Entrepreneurship and Social Business” in Volkmann C. K., Tokarski K. O., Ernst K., Social Entrepreneurship and Social Business, Wiesbaden: Gabler Verlag.
Kabееr N. 2001. Reflections on the measurement of women’s empowerment: Theory and practice, Stockholm: Novum Grafiska, AB.
Kickul, J., Lyons T.S. 2003. Understanding Social Entrepreneurship: The Relentless Pursuit of Mission in an Ever Changing World, New York, NY: Routledge.
Killick. T. 1998. Conditionality: The Political Economy of Policy Change, London: Routledge.
King E., Mason A. 2001. Engendering Development: Through Gender Equality in Rights, Resources and Voice, Oxford & Washington, DC: Oxford University Press and World Bank.
Klеin, J-L, J.M. 2008. “Local development as social innovation: the Case of Montreal”, in Drewe, Paul, J.L. Klеin and E. Hulsbergen (eds), The Challenge of social innovation in urban revitalization. Amsterdam: Design/Science/Planning Techne Press.
Klеin, J-L.,
Kramer T. 2011. Civil Society Gaining Ground: Opportunities for Change and Development in Myanmar, The Transnational Institute.
Latouche, S. 2004. Degrowth Economics Why Less Should Be So Much More. Paris Le Monde Diplomatique.
Moyo D. 2009. Dead Aid. Why aid is not working and how there is another way for Africa, Penguin Group.
Nahavandi F. 2009. From development to globalization: History of stigmatization, 3rd ed., Brussels, Bruylant eds.
Nelson J. M., Eglinton S. J. 1992. Encouraging Democracy: What role for Aid? Overseas Development Council.
Parpart, J. L., Rai S. Staudt K. 2003. Rethinking empowerment: Gender and development in a global / local world, Routledge.
Pastureau G. 2013. From social use to money market practices. A brief history of the origins of social microcredit, Groupe de Recherche en Theoretical and Applied Economics.
Rathgeber E M. 1994. “WID, WAD, GAD. Trends in research and practice in the field of development ”, in Dagenais, Huguette and Stewart, Aileen Mitchell (1994). Empowering people, Pitman London.
Riddell. R.C. 2008. Does Foreign Aid Really Work?, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Rostow. W. W. 1960 The Stages of Economic Growth: A Non-communist Manifesto, New York: Cambridge University Press.
Roudi F., Moghadam V. 2003. Empowering women, developing society: female education in the Middle East and North Africa, PRB Policy Brief. Washington DC: Population Reference Bureau.
Rowlands J. 1998. “A word of the times, but what does it mean? Empowerment in the Discourse and Practice of Development”, in Afshar, Haleh (dir.), Women and Empowerment: Illustrations from the Third World, New-York, St. Martin`s Press, p. 13.
Rutherford S. 2001. The Poor and Their Money, Oxford India Paperbacks.
Sachs J. 2005. The End of Poverty: Economic Possibilities for our Time, New York: The Penguin Press.
Sen A. 1999. Development as freedom. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999.
Servet J.l. 2006. Barefoot Bankers: Microfinance, Odile Jacob.
Shaw S.M. 2018. Women’s Lives around the World: A Global Encyclopedia, ABC-Clio.
Stake R. 2005. “Qualitative case studies”, in Denzin, N.K and Y.S Lincoln (eds.), The SAGE handbook of qualitative research, 3rd ed, Thousand Oaks, CA, Sage, p. 443-466.
Stewart A. 1994. Empowering people, Pitman London.
Steyart C., Hjorth D. 2006. Entrepreneurship as social change, Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
Stromquist, N. P. 2002. “Education as a means for empowering women”, in Parpart, Jane L., Shirin M. Rai and Kathleen A. Staudt (eds), Rethinking empowerment: Gender and development in a global / local world, Warwick, Routledge, coll. Routledge / Warwick Studies in Globalization, 3, p. 22-38.
Yin R. K. 2013. Case study research: Design and methods, Sage publications.
Оxааl Z., Baden S. 1997. Gender and empowerment definitions, approaches and implications for policy, Brighton, BRIDGE - Institute od Development studies - University of Sussex.
Journal Articles and Periodicals
Alesina A., Weder. B. 2003. “Do corrupt governments receive less aid?” American Economic Review, 92(4), pp. 1126-1137.
Alvord S.H., Brown L.D., Letts C.W. 2004. “Social Entrepreneurship and Societal Transformation. An Exploratory Study,” The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 40 (3), pp. 260-282.
Andersen T. B., Hansen H., Markussen T. 2006. “US politics and World Bank IDA-lending”. Journal of Development Studies, 42(5), pp. 772-794
Austin J., Stevenson H.,Wei-Skillern J. 2006. “Social and Commercial Entrepreneurship: Same, Different, or Both?” Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 30(1), pp. 1-22.
Barki E., Comini G., Cunliffe A., Hart S., Rai S. 2015. “Social entrepreneurship and social business: retrospective and prospective research”, RAE- Revista de Administração de Empresas, 55 (4), pp. 380-384.
Battilana J., Lee M. 2014. “Advancing Research on Hybrid Organizing – Insights from the Study of Social Enterprises”, The Academy of Management Annals, 8 (1), pp. 1–44.
Belton S. 2004. “Fertility and Abortion: Burmese Women`s Health on the Thai-Burma Border", Forced Migration Review, 19 (1).
Bisnath S. 2000. "Women’s empowerment revisited", Background paper for Progress of the World`s Women.
Brandstetter L., Lehner O. 2015. “Opening the Market for Impact Investments: The Need for Adapted Portfolio Tools,” Entrepreneurship Research Journal, 5 (2), pp. 87-107.
Braunstein E., Folbre N. 2001. “To Honor and Obey: Efficiency, Inequality, and Patriarchal Property Rights,” Feminist Economics, 7 (1), pp. 25-44.
Buzinde C.N.et al. 2014. “Tourism and community well-being”. Annals of Tourism Research, 44, pp. 20–35.
Camara R. 2013. “Content analysis: from theory to practice in social research applied to organizations”. Gerais, Rev. Interinst. Psicol. [online], 6, (2), 179-191.
Campelli M, Son N, Barbejat M, Mortiz G. 2011. “Entrepreneurship in Brazil: situation and trends,” Science Journal of Administration, 13 (29), pp. 112-132.
Cantelli F. 2013. "Two conceptions of empowerment", Politics and Societies, 32 (1), p. 63-87.
Carnegie M. 2020. “Gender, decision-making and farm practice change: An action learning intervention in Myanmar”, Journal of Rural Studies, 78(1).
Catford J. 1998. “Social entrepreneurs are vital for health promotion – but they need supportive environments too”, Health Promotion International, 13(2) pp. 95-97
Celasun O., Walliser J. 2008. “Predictability of Aid: Do Fickle Donors Undermine Aid Effectiveness?” Economic Policy, 23(55), pp. 545-594.
Chang-Lin, Y., Yu-Ping, L. 2016. “Training system building for social enterprise managers and social entrepreneurs”. Annual International Conference on Business Strategy & Organizational Behaviour (BizStrategy).
Cheston S., Kuhn L. 2002. “Empowering women through microfinance”, Draft, Opportunity International.
Clemens M. A., Radelet S., Bhavnani R.R., Bazzi S. 2011. “Counting chickens when they hatch: Timing and the effects of aid on growth.” The Economic Journal, 122 (6), pp. 590-617.
Cohen M. (2006). "The condition of women in developing and developed countries”, Independent Review, 11 (2), p. 261.
Collier P. 1999. “On the economic consequences of civil war.” Oxford Economic Papers, 51, pp. 168–183.
Cаlves A. 2009." Empowerment ": genealogy of a key concept of contemporary discourse on development ”, Tiers-Monde, 200 (4), p. 735-749.
Dahm H. 2019. “Joint Workshop by Ande/Nexus for Development and Launch of Myanmar Entrepreneurial Ecosystem Snapshot,” Aspen Network of Development Entrepreneurs.
Dees, J. G., Emerson, J., & Economy, P. 2002. “Enterprising nonprofits: A toolkit for social entrepreneurs”. John Wiley & Sons, 186.
Deshmukh-Ranadive, J. 2005. “Measuring empowerment: A gender analysis of household and family dynamics”, Center for Women`s Development Studies.
Di Domenico M., Tracey P., Haugh, H. 2009. “The dialectic of social exchange: Theorizing corporate–social enterprise collaboration,” Organization Studies, 30, pp. 887–907.
Diogo M., Coutinho M. 2006. “The dialectic of inclusion / exclusion and female work,” Interactions, 11 (21), pp. 121-142.
Dionisio M. 2019. "The evolution of social entrepreneurship research: a bibliometric analysis," Social Enterprise Journal, 15 (1), pp. 22-45.
Doucouliagos H., Paldam M. 2009. “The aid effectiveness literature: The sad results of 40 years of research,” Journal of Economic Surveys, 23(3), pp. 433- 461.
Dreher A., Sturm J. E., Vreeland J. R..2009 “Development aid and international politics: Does membership on the UN Security Council influence World Bank decisions?” Journal of Development Economics, 88(1), pp. 1-18.
Dufios et al. 2017. “Microfinance in Myanmar – Sector Assessment”, IFC, CGAP
Easterly W., Pfutze T. 2008. “Where does the money go? Best and worst practices in foreign aid.” Journal of Economic Perspective, 22(2), pp. 29-52.
Easterly. W. 2006. “The Big Push Déjà Vu: A Review of Jeffrey Sachs`s The End of Poverty: Economic Possibilities for Our Time.” Journal of economic literature,44, pp. 96-105
Emmerij L. 2002. “Aid as a flight forward”. Development and Change, 33(2), pp. 247-259.
Escobar A., Boulianne M. 2005. "Develop differently, build a another world or get out of modernity? (Interview)”, Anthropologie et Sociétés, 29, (3), p. 139-150.
Ford R., Myron D. Fottler, Diane E. Russ and Elaine R. Millam. 1995. "Empowerment: A matter of degree”, The Academy of Management Executive, 9 (3), p. 21.
Ghauri P. 2004. "Designing and conducting case studies in international business research”, Handbook of qualitative research methods for international business, p. 109-124.
Giovannini, M. 2012. “Social enterprises for development”. Journal of Enterprising Communities: People and Places in the Global Economy, 6(3), 284-299.
Grimes M. G., Mcmullen J. S., Vogus T. J., Miller T. L. 2013. “Studying the Origins of Social Entrepreneurship: Compassion and the Role of Embedded Agency”. Academy of management review, 38(3), pp. 460-463.
Guerin I. 2008. "The money of poor women: between daily survival, family obligations and social norms”, Revue Française de Socio-Économie, 2 (2), p. 59-78.
Guerin I., Palier J. 2006. “Will the silent revolution take place? ", Finance & Common Good, 2 (25), p. 7.
Dahm H. 2019. “Unleashing Entrepreneurship’s Potential”, the Myanmar Times, 12.
Hahn T., Figge F., Pinkse J., Preuss L. 2018. “A Paradox Perspective on Corporate Sustainability: Descriptive, Instrumental, and Normative Aspect,” Journal of Business Ethics, 148 (2), pp. 235-248
Hattori T. 2009. The moral politics of foreign aid. “Review of International Studies”, 29(2), pp. 229-247.
Henton D., Melville J.,Walesh K. 1997. “The Age of the Civic Entrepreneur: Restoring Civil Society and Building Economic Community”. National Civic Review, 86(2), pp. 149-156.
Herridge D. 2019. “The cropping systems of the Central Dry Zone of Myanmar: Productivity constraints and possible solutions”, Agricultural Systems, 169, pp 31-40
Hofmann E., Marius-Gnanou K. 2004. "The empowerment of women between cultural relativism and instrumentalisation in evaluations of microfinance in India”, communication presented at the First Days of GRES, Bordeaux, France.
Hofmann E., Marius-Gnanou K. 2007. "Is microcredit a false nose of neoliberalism?", Les Cahiers d’Outre-Mer, 60 (238), p. 217-233.
Huchet-Bourdon M., Lipchitz A., Rousson A. 2009 “Aid for trade in developing countries: Complex linkages for real effectiveness.” African Development Review, 21(2), pp. 243-290.
Hulgard L. 2010. “Discourses of social entrepreneurship – Variations of the same theme.” EMES European Research Network.
Islam M. 2014. “Women`s Empowerment in Bangladesh: A Case Study of Two NGOs” Bangladesh Development Research Working Paper Series BDRWPS 23.
Jegou A. 2007. "The origins of sustainable development", L`Information geographic, 71(3), p. 19-28.
Jiao H. 2011. “A conceptual model for social entrepreneurship directed toward social impact on society”. Social Enterprise Journal, 7(2), pp. 130-149.
Johnson S. 2002. “Social entrepreneurship literature review”. New Academy Review, 2(2), 2 pp. 42-56.
Jonathan E. 2011. “Women entrepreneurs: the challenge of choosing entrepreneurship and the exercise of power,” Clinical Psychology, 23 (1), pp. 65-85.
Jouve B. 2006. “Editorial. Empowerment: between myth and realities, between hope and disenchantment”, Geography, Economy, Society, 8 (1), p. 5- 15.
Kabееr N. 1999. "Resources, agency, achievements: Reflections on the measurement of women`s empowerment”, Development and change, 30(3), p. 435-464.
Kabееr N. 2005. "Gender equality and women`s empowerment: A critical analysis of the third millennium development goal”, Gender & Development, 13(1), p. 13-24.
Kharas H., Fengler W. 2011. “Delivering Aid Differently: Lessons from the Field.” Economic Premise, 15(49), pp. 123-135.
Klеin, J-L. 2009. “Social Entrepreneurs, Local Initiatives and Social Economy: Foundations for a Socially Innovative Strategy to Fight against Poverty and Exclusion”, Canadian Journal of Regional Science, 17: 1.
Klеin, J-L. 2010. “Social economy-based local initiatives and social innovation: A Montreal case study”, International Journal of Technology Management 51 (1)
Kyi K. S., Oo T. T. 2012. “Gender equality and empowerment of women in Myanmar. Case study: candidates of EMPA and EMDEVs at YIE during 2011-12 academic year,” IOSR Journal of Business and Management, 16 (8), pp. 39-44
Labie M. 2004. "Microfinance: an inventory", Mondes en développement, 126 (2), p. 9-23.
Labrecque M. 1991. “Women and development: who are we talking about exactly?”, Research feminists, 4(2), p. 9-24.
Lagerlof N. 2003. “Gender Equality and Long-Run Growth,” Journal of Economic Growth, 8, pp. 403-426.
Legoas J. 2006. “Peace and development in the Andes?: Political imaginaries and structural violence in Ilave (Peru) ”, Anthropologie et Sociétés, 30(1), p. 51-74.
Lesinaand A., Dollar D. 2000. “Who gives foreign aid to whom and why”. Journal of Economic Growth, 5(1), pp. 33-63.
Maas K., Liket K. 2011. “Talk the Walk: Measuring the Impact of Strategic Philantrophy”, Journal of Business Ethics, 100 (3), pp. 445-464.
Malhotra A, Schuler S. 2005. "Women’s empowerment as a variable in international development”, Measuring empowerment: Cross-disciplinary perspectives, p. 71-88.
Malik N. 2008. “Reply: What’s changed (since 1975)? From good government to good governance. “Dialectical Anthropology, 32(1/2), pp. 31-36.
Martin L., Osberg S. 2007. “Social entrepreneurship: the case for definition”. Stanford Social Innovation Review, 5(2), 30-39.
Mary A., Anthuvan M., Christie P., Indira A. 2018. “Variables for Measuring the Impact of the Social Enterprises in the Field of Community Development”, International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 12 (1).
Mayoux L. 2000. “Sustainable Micro-finance for Women’s Empowerment: A Participatory Learning and Action Approach”, UNIFEM.
Melton G.B. 1994. “The Individual, the Family, and Social Good: Personal Fulfillment in Times of Change”, Nebraska Symposium on Motivation, V42.
Minoiu C. 2019. “Development Aid and Economic Growth: A Positive Long-Run Relation,” Economic and Social Affairs, 29, p.30.
Molyneux M. 1981. “Women`s Emancipation Under Socialism: a model for the third world?”, World Development, 9(9), p. 1019-1037.
Mosedale S. 2005. “Assessing women`s empowerment: towards a conceptual framework," Journal of International Development, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., 17(2), p. 243.
Najafizadeh M., Mennerick LA. 2003. “Gender and social entrepreneurship in societies in transition: the case of Azerbaijan,” Journal of Third World Studies, 20 (2), p. 17.
Neumayer E., Soysa I. 2011. “Globalization and the empowerment of women: analysis of spatial dependence via trade and foreign direct investment,” World development, 7 (39), pp. 1065-1074.
Neves E, Guedes C, Santos K. 2010. “Social entrepreneurship and sustainability: a case study on the project “women in action playing clean with nature”. Electronic Journal of Business Sciences, 3 (6), pp. 76-88.
Ninacs W. 2003. "Empowerment: Conceptual framework and tool for evaluating social and community intervention”, communication presented to De la Income Security in the Workplace: A Canadian Forum. Colloque Saint-Jean., 6 November, Newfoundland and Labrador (Canada).
Oliveira E. 2017. “Social and Solidarity Economy Gender: emancipation challenges real possible utopias”. Proceedings of the I Abep, pp 1-12.
Parisi L. 2002. “Feminist praxis and women’s human rights,” Journal of Human Rights, 1(4), p. 572.
Parsons. T. 1964. “Evolutionary universals in society”. America Sociological Review, 29, pp. 339-357.
Pelicand, J, Fournier C., Aujoulat I. 2009. "Observance, self-care (s), empowerment, autonomy: four terms to question the challenges of patient education in the care relationship ", Health news and files public, 66, p. 21-23.
Pines A, Lerner M., Schwartz D. 2010. “Gender differences in entrepreneurship: equality, diversity and inclusion in times of global crisis,” Equality, Diversity and Inclusion: An International Journal, 29 (2), pp. 186-198.
Porter M. E., Kramer M.R. 2011. “Creating shared value Rethinking Capitalism,” Harvard Business Review, 89(1), pp. 32-49.
Porter M.E., Kramer M.R. 2011. “The Big Idea Creating Shared Value”. Harvard Business Review, 89, pp. 2-17.
Prevost B. 2010. " "Get up and walk!" : The injunctions of empowerment”, Economy and Institutions, 14, p. 15-39.
Rahim H.L., Abidin Z.Z., Ping S.D.S., Alias M.K., Muhamad A.I..2014 “Globalization and its effect on world poverty and inequality”. Global Journal of Management and Business, 1(2): pp. 9-13.
Rai S. 2007. "(Re) defining empowerment, measuring survival", communication presented at the Workshop on Empowerment: Obstacles, Flaws, Achievements, 3-5th May, Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada.
Riddell R.C. 2014. “Does Foreign Aid Really Work? An Updated Assessment” Development Policy Centre Discussion Paper, 3, pp. 2-17.
Rowlands J. 1995. “Empowerment Examined”, Development in Practice, 5(2), p. 101-107.
Runde D.F. 2017. “Leveraging Impact Investment for Global Development?”. Center for Strategic and International Studies, p.2.
Santiso. C. 2011. “Good Governance and Aid Effectiveness: The World Bank and Conditionality.” The Georgetown Public Policy Review, 7, pp. 1-22.
Santos F. M. 2014.“A positive theory of social entrepreneurship”. Journal of Business Ethics, 11(3), 335-351.
Stromquist N. 1988. "Women`s Education in Development: From Welfare to Empowerment”, Convergence: An International Journal of Adult Education, 21(4), p. 5-17.
Stromquist N. 2006. "Gender, education and the possibility of transformative knowledge”, Compare, 36 (2), p. 145-161.
Vinaygathasan T., Pallegedara. A. 2014. “Impacts of NGO intervention on poverty reduction” International Journal of Sustainable Economy 6(3), pp. 288-301
Win H.N. 2018. “Sexual assault cases rising in Myanmar,” the Myanmar Times, February 19.
Wong K. 2003. "Empowerment as a panacea for poverty - old wine in new bottles? Reflections on the World Bank`s conception of power”, Progress in Development Studies, 3(4), p. 307-322.
Wright J., Winters M. 2010. “The politics of effective foreign aid.” Annual Review of Political Science, 13, pp. 61-80
Zahra S.A.2008. “Globalization of social entrepreneurship opportunities”. Social Entrepreneurship Journal, 2008, 2(2), 117-131.
Zulfiqar G. 2017. “Does Microfinance Enhance Gender Equity in Access to Finance?” Feminist Economics, 23:1, 160-185.
Official Documents
Asian Development Bank, United Nations Development Programme, United Nations Population Fund, United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women, Gender equality and women’s rights in Myanmar: A situation analysis, 2016.
Asian Labor Update. Work, Rights, and Discrimination against Burmese Workers in Thailand, 2004
British Council. Activist to Entrepreneur: The Role of Social Enterprise in Supporting Women’s Empowerment, 2017.
Cf. Bridges Ventures and Parthenon Group, Investing for Impact, 2010.
CIDA. Culture, Gender Equality and Development Cooperation: Questions Raised, Gatineau, Quebec, 2010.
DFAT, Innovation strategy 2018-21. Seizing opportunities, Solving Strategies, 2018.
DFAT, International Investment Australia 2017, August 2018.
DFAT, Investing in Women Initiative: Aide Memoires, Literature Review and Program Design Document, 2015.
DFAT, Social Entrepreneurship and Impact Investing Report, 2017.
DGGF, Country Report Myanmar Entrepreneurial Ecosystem Assessment, 2019.
Dutch Good Growth Fund (DGGF), Investment funds local SMEs. Country Report Myanmar Entrepreneurial Ecosystem Assessment, 2019
DVB, Climate of uncertainty fuels anxiety, exodus in Dry Zone, 2017.
GIIN, The landscape for impact investing in South Asia, 2015.
Global Justice Center, Promises Not Progress: Burma`s National Plan for Women Falls Short of Gender Equality and CEDAW,2015
GSMA, Mobile phones, Internet and gender in Myanmar, 2018.
Health Communication Capacity Collaborative, Gender Transformative Approaches, 2014
Human Right Year Book, Situation of Migrant Worker, 2017.
Human Rights Watch, Give us a baby and we’ll let you go” Trafficking of Kachin “Brides” from Myanmar to China, 2019.
ILO Country office for Myanmar, Weaving Gender: Challenges and Opportunities for the Myanmar Garment Industry, 2018.
ILO, Engaging men in women’s economic empowerment and entrepreneurship development interventions, 2019.
IPU, Proportion of seats held by women in national parliaments, 2018.
IWMI, Improving water management in Myanmar’s Dry Zone, 2013.
LIFT, Lift Annual Report – 2014, 2015.
MEDA, Male Engagement In Women’s Economic Empowerment: Male Gender Activists, 2018.
Ministry of Health and Sports, ICF, Myanmar Demographic and Health Survey, 2017
Ministry of Labour, Immigration and Population, Labor Force Survey, November, 2016. Myanmar Information Management Unit, Population and Housing Census, 2014
Myanmar Women’s Journalist Society, International Media Support, Gender in Myanmar News, November 2017.
OECD, OECD Investment Policy Reviews: Myanmar 2014, 2014.
OECD, Policy Brief on Social Impact Measurement for Social Enterprises. Policies for Social Entrepreneurship, 2015.
Oxfam Briefing Paper, Delivering Prosperity in Myanmar’s Dry Zone, 24 August 2014.
Oxfam, Gender Responsive Budgeting in Myanmar, March 2016.
Oxfam, Made in Myanmar: Entrenched Poverty or decent jobs for Garment Workers?, 2016.
PfC, Annual Report 2018. Empower women, create growth, 2018.
Proximity Design, Afford Two, Eat One, 2014.
Sasakawa Peace Foundation. National Assessment of Women’s Entrepreneurship Development Framework Conditions – Myanmar, 2019.
SHRF, SWAN. License to Rape: The Burmese Military Regime\\`s Use of Sexual Violence in the Ongoing War in Shan State, 2002.
Thabyay Education Foundation. Annual report 2018-2019, 2019.
The World Bank, Does Gender Inequality Reduce Growth and Development? Evidence from Gross-Country Regressions, 1999.
Trading Economics, Myanmar Foreign Direct Investment, 2019.
UNDP, Gender Equality and Women’s Rights in Myanmar, 2018.
UNDP, Myanmar Living Conditions Survey, 2017.
United Nations, 2018 Human Development Report, September 14, 2018.
United Nations, Financing for development: progress and prospects. Report of the Inter-agency Task Force on Financing and Development, 2017.
United Nations, Gender Equality and Women`s Rights in Myanmar, 2016
United Nations, Millennium Development Goals, 2013.
United Nations, Report of the Fourth World Conference on Women, 1995.
United Nations, Sexual and gender-based violence in Myanmar and the gendered Impact of its ethnic conflicts, 2019.
United Nations, The World`s Women 2015. Trends and statistic, 2015.
United Nations, Women 2000 and Beyond: The role of men and boys in achieving gender equality, 2008.
US Department of State, Trafficking in Persons Report: Burma, 2019
World Bank Group, Labor force participation rate, 2019.
World Bank Group, Myanmar Investment Climate Assessment, 2015.
World Bank Group, Myanmar: Ending poverty and boosting shared prosperity in a time of transition, 2014.
World Bank Group, Women’s Empowerment in Rural Community Driven Development Projects, 2011.
World Bank, An analysis of poverty in Myanmar, 2018.
World Bank, Assessing Aid- What Works, What Doesn`t and Why, 1998.
World Bank, Measuring empowerment: cross-disciplinary perspectives, 2000.
World Health Organization, Women and health: the reality of today the program of tomorrow, Report, Switzerland, World Organization of Health, 2019. |
| Description: | 博士
國立政治大學
亞太研究英語博士學位學程(IDAS)
104265513 |
| Source URI: | http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0104265513 |
| Data Type: | thesis |
| DOI: | 10.6814/NCCU202200409 |
| Appears in Collections: | [亞太研究英語博/碩士學位學程(IDAS/IMAS)] 學位論文
|
Files in This Item:
| File |
Size | Format | |
|---|
| index.html | 0Kb | HTML2 | 146 | View/Open |
|
All items in 政大典藏 are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved.
|
