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| Title: | 從國際船舶航行規範論北極地區沿海國管轄權之爭議
The Conflicts of Jurisdictions of Coastal States in the Arctic Region from the Perspective of International Navigation Rules for Vessels |
| Authors: | 謝皓翔
Hsieh, Hao-Hsiang |
| Contributors: | 陳貞如
Chen, Chen-Ju
謝皓翔
Hsieh, Hao-Hsiang |
| Keywords: | 北極航道
俄羅斯
加拿大
《聯合國海洋法公約》第二三四條
《國際船舶極區水域營運章程》
Arctic shipping routes
The Russian Federation
Canada
Article 234 of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS)
International Code for Ships Operating in Polar Waters (Polar Code) |
| Date: | 2022 |
| Issue Date: | 2022-03-01 18:05:25 (UTC+8) |
| Abstract: | 鑑於北極航道法律地位爭議未能獲得有效解決，俄羅斯和加拿大持續透過《聯合國海洋法公約》第二三四條所賦予沿海國之權利來制定相關的國內法規範，針對北極航行活動進行管制。二〇一七年一月一日，《國際船舶極區水域營運章程》（Polar Code）正式生效，為極區水域船舶航行提供一致性且具有拘束力的標準來規範船旗國，以免船舶航行於極區水域時面臨標準不一的情況，雖然彌補了北極航行治理規範的不足，卻也衍生了不同層次國際規範間的潛在衝突。因此，本文旨在探討《極區章程》與第二三四條之互動，並檢視俄羅斯和加拿大在實踐上如何對其航行管制措施進行調適。
關於《極區章程》與第二三四條之互動，就法理上而言，《極區章程》的通過並未消除第二三四條作為沿海國採取更嚴格標準的法律依據。然而，《極區章程》對於第二三四條並非毫無影響。隨著《極區章程》訂定的技術標準成為極區水域船舶營運的最基本要求，在面對第二三四條關於「適當顧及航行」的解釋性爭議時，顯然無法將其排除在外。再者，即便沿海國仍可援引第二三四條來為其更嚴格的國內法規範進行辯護，但有鑑於《極區章程》是建立在良好的科學基礎之上，倘若沿海國在制定更嚴格的要求時能夠舉證說明，將更好地說服國際社會成員。最後，在實踐方面，俄羅斯和加拿大在《極區章程》生效之後皆有參考該章程的標準來修訂現有規範或制定新的規範並予以執行，但也有加入更詳細或更嚴格的要求。對此，俄羅斯和加拿大依舊能夠解釋為第二三四條所賦予沿海國的權利。
The dispute on the legal status of Arctic shipping routes and the applicable regime of navigation remains unresolved. Article 234 of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea is being used as a justification for the Russian Federation and Canada to adopt and enforce their own national regulations in the Arctic region. International Code for Ships Operating in Polar Waters (Polar Code) entered in force on 1 January 2017, providing polar shipping with the mandatory and consistent rules. In order to prevent vessels facing different standards in polar waters, the Polar Code applies to flag states. The Polar Code could make up for the lack of governance in Arctic shipping and navigation, but it might cause the potential conflict of international regulations on different levels. Therefore, this article aims to explore the interaction between the Polar Code and Article 234 and to examine how the Russian Federation and Canada have adjusted their own measures which control Arctic shipping and navigation.
Regarding the interaction between the Polar Code and Article 234, adoption of the Polar Code doesn’t eliminate Article 234 as an jurisdictional basis for adopting stricter standards in terms of relationship clauses. However, it doesn’t mean that the Polar Code is without any influence on Article 234. Technical standards in the Polar Code have become basic requirements for ships operating in polar waters, it is clear that the Polar Code couldn’t be excluded when we face how “due regard to navigation” should be interpreted. Furthermore, coastal states could still invoke Article 234 to defend stricter national regulations, but the members of the international community would be better persuaded if coastal states are able to give evidence for the reason why they establish stricter requirements, given that the Polar Code is based on the best available scientific evidence. Finally, both the Russian Federation and Canada have amended existing regulations or adopted new regulations with reference to the Polar Code in practice, but they have also added more detailed or stricter requirements to their own national regulations. In this regard, the Russian Federation and Canada could still interpret that this is the right of coastal states under Article 234. |
| Reference: | 壹、 中文部分
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貳、 英文部分
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“Informal Single Negotiating Text, Part III, Official Records of the Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea,” UN Doc., A/CONF.62/WP.8/PART III, Vol. IV.
“International Code for Ships Operating in Polar Waters (Polar Code),” IMO Doc., Resolution MEPC.264(68), (adopted on May 15, 2015) in MEPC 68/21/Add.1, Annex 10 (June 5, 2015).
“International Code of Safety for Ships Operating in Polar Waters (Polar Code),” IMO Doc., Resolution MSC.385(94), (adopted on November 21, 2014).
“International Code of Safety for Ships Operating in Polar Waters (Polar Code),” IMO Doc., Resolution MSC.385(94), (adopted on November 21, 2014).
“LOS Conference—Classified Analysis and Supplement to Final Report on Caracas Session,” US Department of State, Confidential message (August 30, 1974), Declassified and released (June 30, 2005).
“LOS: Arctic Pollution Article,” US Department of State, Confidential message (April 30, 1976), Declassified and released (May 4, 2006).
“LOS: Regional Pollution Agreement for Arctic,” US Department of State, Confidential message (May 3, 1974), Declassified and released (June 30, 2005).
“LOS: Soviet Approach on Arctic,” US Department of State, Confidential message (April 23, 1975), Declassified and released (July 5, 2006).
“Negotiations with Canadians on Environmental Special Area for Arctic and Transit of International Straits,” US Department of State, Confidential message (January 15, 1975), Declassified and released (July 5, 2006).
“Norway, Development of a Mandatory Code for Ships Operating in Polar Waters: Report of the Correspondence Group,” IMO Doc., DE 56/10/1 (November 11, 2011).
“Note by the Secretariat: Legal opinion on making the Polar Code mandatory,” IMO Doc. MEPC 62/11/4/Add.1 (May 6, 2011).
“Report of The Marine Environment Protection Committee on its Fifty-Ninth Session,” IMO Doc., MEPC 59/24 (July 27, 2009).
“Report of The Marine Environment Protection Committee on its Forty-Eighth Session,” IMO Doc., MEPC 48/21 (October 24, 2002).
“Report of The Marine Environment Protection Committee on its Sixty-Third Session,” IMO Doc., MEPC 63/23 (March 14, 2012).
“Report of the Marine Environment Protection Committee on its Sixty-Sixth Session,” IMO Doc., MEPC 66/21 (April 25, 2014).
“Report of The Maritime Safety Committee on its Eighty-Eighth Session,” IMO Doc., MSC 88/26/Add.1 (January 19, 2011).
“Report of The Maritime Safety Committee on its Eighty-Sixth Session,” IMO Doc., MSC 86/26 (June 12, 2009).
“Report of The Maritime Safety Committee on its Ninety-First Session,” IMO Doc., MSC 91/22 (December 17, 2012).
“Report of The Maritime Safety Committee on its Seventy-Ninth Session,” IMO Doc., MSC 79/23 (December 15, 2004).
“Report of The Maritime Safety Committee,” IMO Doc., DE 52/21 (April 14, 2009).
“Report to The Maritime Safety Committee and The Marine Environment Protection Committee,” IMO Doc., DE57/25 (April 5, 2013).
“Report to the Maritime Safety Committee,” IMO Doc. SDC 1/26 (February 11, 2014).
“Report to the Maritime Safety Committee,” IMO Doc., DE 55/22 (April 15, 2011).
“Report to the Maritime Safety Committee,” IMO Doc., DE 56/25 (February 28, 2012).
“Report to The Maritime Safety Committee,” IMO Doc., DE 56/25 (February 28, 2012).
“Requirements for Ships Intended for Polar Waters,” IMO Doc., MSC 59/30/32 (April 12, 1991).
“Revised single negotiating text (part III), Official Records of the Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea,” UN Doc., A/CONF.62/WP.8/Rev.1/Part III, Vol. V.
“Russian Federation, Development of a Mandatory Code for Ships Operating in Polar Waters: A Proposal to Appoint Categories Depending on the Ice Reinforcements of Ships,” IMO Doc., DE 56/10/14 (December 24, 2011).
“Russian Federation. Development of a Mandatory Code for Ships Operating in Polar Waters: Procedure of Accounting for National Regulations,” IMO Doc., DE 55/12/23 (February 1, 2011.).
“Ship Design and Equipment,” IMO Doc., MSC 79/8/2 (August 18, 2004)
“Ship Design and Equipment,” IMO Doc., MSC 79/INF.2 (August 20, 2004).
“Statement on Canada’s Arctic Foreign Policy,” Government of Canada, (May 12, 2017).
“Summary Records of Meetings of the Third Committee 4th Meeting, 16 July 1974, Official Records of the Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea,” UN Doc., A/CONF.62/C.3/SR.4, Vol. II.
“Summary Records of Plenary Meetings 27th Plenary Meeting, 3 July 1974, Official Records of the Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea,” UN Doc., A/CONF.62/SR.27, Vol. I.
“The Arctic Sunrise Arbitration (Netherlands v. Russia),” Permanent Court of Arbitration, Award on the Merits, (August 14, 2015).
“The Corfu Channel case (Merits),” International Court of Justice, (April 9, 1949).
“The development strategy of the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation,” Government of Russia, (February 20, 2013).
“UN General Assembly Resolution 2340 (XII),” UN Doc., (18 December 1967)
“UN General Assembly Resolution 2750 C (XXV),” UN Doc., (17 December 1970).
“United Nations Conference on the Human Environment, 5-16 June 1972, Stockholm,” UN Doc., (accessed May 21, 2021).
“USSR: Draft articles for a convention on general principles for the preservation of the marine environment,” UN Doc., A/AC.138/SC.III/L.32 (March 15, 1973).
“Work Programme-Mandatory application of the polar guidelines Submitted by Denmark, Norway and the United States,” IMO Doc., MSC 86/23/9 (February 24, 2009).
五、 國際公約/條約
“Agreement Between the Government of Canada and the Government of the United States of America on Arctic Cooperation,” Government of Canada, <https://www.treaty-accord.gc.ca/text-texte.aspx?id=101701> (1988).
“Convention on the Territorial Sea and the Contiguous Zone,” Geneva, (April 29, 1958).
“International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL),” International Maritime Organization, Adoption: 1973 (Convention), 1978 (1978 Protocol), 1997 (Protocol - Annex VI); Entry into force: October 2, 1983 (Annexes I and II).
“International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS), 1974,” International Maritime Organization, Adoption: November 1, 1974; Entry into force: May 25, 1980.
“International Convention on Standards of Training, Certification and Watchkeeping for Seafarers (STCW),” International Maritime Organization, Adoption: 7 July 1978; Entry into force: 28 April 1984; Major revisions in 1995 and 2010
“United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea,” Montego Bay, Jamaica, (December 10, 1982).
“Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties,” Vienna, (May 23, 1969).
六、 國內法規範
“Amendments to the Rules of Navigation in the Water Area of the Northern Sea Route,” Ministry of Transport of Russian Federation, (January 17, 2013).
“An Act to amend the Arctic Waters Pollution Prevention Act,” Government of Canada, S.C. 2009, c. 11, <https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/PDF/2009_11.pdf >.
“Arctic Shipping Safety and Pollution Prevention Regulations (ASSPPR),” Government of Canada, SOR/2017-286, <https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/PDF/SOR-2017-286.pdf>.
“Arctic Waters Pollution Prevention Act (AWPPA),” Government of Canada, R.S.C., 1985, c. A-12, <https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/PDF/A-12.pdf>.
“Explanatory Note to the Draft of Federal Law ‘On Introduction of Changes to Some Legislative Acts of the Russian Federation as Related to the Governmental Regulation of Merchant Shipping in the Water Area of the Northern Sea Route’,” The Northern Sea Route Administration, <https://web.archive.org/web/20170711133453/http://www.arctic-lio.com/docs/nsr/legislation/Explanatory_note_to_the_Draft_of_NSR_Federal_Law.pdf>.
“Guidelines on the Application of The International Code for Ships Operating in Polar Water (Polar Code),” Russian Maritime Register of Shipping, ND No. 2-030101-031-E (2017).
“Northern Canada Vessel Traffic Services Zone Regulations (NORDREG),” Government of Canada, SOR/2010-127, <https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/PDF/SOR-2010-127.pdf>.
“On Amendments to Certain Legislative Acts of the Russian Federation Concerning State Regulation of Merchant Shipping on the Water Area of the Northern Sea Route,” The Northern Sea Route Administration, Federal Law No. 132-FZ, <http://www.nsra.ru/en/ofitsialnaya_informatsiya/zakon_o_smp.html>.
“On Introduction of Changes to Some Legislative Acts of the Russian Federation as Related to the Governmental Regulation of Merchant Shipping in the Water Area of the Northern Sea Route,” Collection of Legislation of the Russian Federation of 2012, No. 31, Art. 4321 (July 30, 2012).
“Rules for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships Intended for Operation in Sea Areas and Inland Waterways of the Russian Federation,” Russian Maritime Register of Shipping, ND No. 2–020101-134-E, (2020).
“Rules of navigation in the water area of the Northern Sea Route (2013 NSR Rules),” Ministry of Transport of Russia, No. 7 (January 17, 2013).
“Rules of navigation in the water area of the Northern Sea Route (2020 NSR Rules),” Ministry of Transport of Russia, No. 1487 (Latest updated on September 18, 2020).
“Shipping Safety Control Zones Order,” Government of Canada, C.R.C., c. 356, <https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/PDF/C.R.C.,_c._356.pdf>.
七、 研究機構
Bowden, Anna ed., “The Economic Cost of Maritime Piracy,” One Earth Future Foundation, (December, 2010).
Breton, Daniel, “Canadian Coast Guard services in the Arctic,” presentation at the Centre for Foreign Policy Studies, <https://cdn.dal.ca/content/dam/dalhousie/pdf/sites/cssd/nsps/Arctic%20presentations/CCG%20Presentation%20-%20Daniel%20Breton.pdf> (June 5, 2015).
Collins, Jeffrey, “The Arctic in an Age of Geopolitical Change: Assessment and Recommendations,” Valdai Discussion Club, (September 21, 2017).
“DNV Annual Report 2012: Doing the right thing,” Det Norske Veritas, (May 3, 2013).
Lalonde, Suzanne, “Canada’s Influence on the Law of the Sea,” Centre for International Governance Innovation, (February 2018).
Olenicoff, S. M., “Territorial Waters in the Arctic: The Soviet Position,” RAND Corporation, (July 1972).
Zandee, Dick et al., “The Future of Arctic Security: The Geopolitical Pressure Cooker and the Consequences for the Netherlands,” Clingendael Institute, (April 15, 2020).
八、 網際網路
“Arctic shipping routes,” The European Space Agency, <https://www.esa.int/ESA_Multimedia/Images/2019/07/Arctic_shipping_routes> (July 16, 2019).
Bognar, Dorottya, “Sea-change in polar shipping: from Arctic to Antarctic Polar Code initiatives,” The blog of the Norwegian Centre for the Law of the Sea, <https://site.uit.no/nclos/2017/02/01/sea-change-in-polar-shipping-from-arctic-to-antarctic-polar-code-initiatives/> (1 February, 2017).
“Canada Transportation Act Review – Report Vol. 1&2,” Government of Canada, <https://tc.canada.ca/en/corporate-services/acts-regulations/canada-transportation-act-review-report> (February 25, 2016).
“Canada’s Arctic and Northern Policy Framework,” Government of Canada, <https://www.rcaanc-cirnac.gc.ca/eng/1560523306861/1560523330587> (accessed September 21, 2021).
Exner-Pirot, Heather, “Why governance of the North needs to go beyond the Arctic Council,” Open Canada, <https://opencanada.org/why-governance-north-needs-go-beyond-arctic-council/> (October 14, 2016).
“Highlights of Canada`s Arctic and Northern Policy Framework,” Government of Canada, <https://www.rcaanc-cirnac.gc.ca/eng/1567697304035/1567697319793> (accessed September 21, 2021).
“Improving marine safety through the Oceans Protection Plan,” Government of Canada, <https://tc.canada.ca/en/initiatives/oceans-protection-plan/improving-marine-safety-through-oceans-protection-plan#toc_1> (accessed September 21, 2021).
“Oceans Protection Plan,” Government of Canada, <https://tc.canada.ca/en/initiatives/oceans-protection-plan> (accessed September 21, 2021).
“Prime Minister Trudeau of Canada,” Government of Canada, <https://pm.gc.ca/en/news/statements/2016/12/20/united-states-canada-joint-arctic-leaders-statement> (20 December 2016).
“Radio Aids to Marine Navigation 2022 Part 3 - Vessel Traffic Services,” Government of Canada, <https://www.ccg-gcc.gc.ca/publications/mcts-sctm/ramn-arnm/part3-eng.html> (accessed August 10, 2021).
Roston, Eric & Blacki Migliozzi, “How a Melting Arctic Changes Everything Part II: The Political Arctic,” Bloomberg, <https://www.bloomberg.com/graphics/2017-arctic/the-political-arctic/> (May 16, 2017).
Shea, Neil, “A new Cold War brews as Arctic ice melts,” National Geographic, <https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/article/new-cold-war-brews-as-arctic-ice-melts> (May 9, 2019).
“Shipping in polar waters,” International Maritime Organization, <https://www.imo.org/en/MediaCentre/HotTopics/Pages/Polar-default.aspx> (accessed November 25, 2019).
“TP 12259E - Arctic Ice Regime Shipping System (AIRSS) Standard,” Government of Canada, <www.tc.gc.ca/eng/marinesafety/tp-tp12259-menu-605.htm> (accessed 15 December 2021).
“Transport Canada introduces new Arctic Shipping Safety and Pollution Prevention Regulations, Transport Canada,” Government of Canada, <https://www.canada.ca/en/transport-canada/news/2018/01/transport_canadaintroducesnewarcticshippingsafetyandpollutionpre.html> (accessed September 21, 2021).
“Trident Juncture 2018,” North Atlantic Treaty Organization, <https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/157833.htm>(accessed May 9, 2019).
“International Code for Ships Operating in Polar Waters (Polar Code),” International Maritime Organization, <https://www.imo.org/en/OurWork/Safety/Pages/polar-code.aspx> (accessed August 22, 2021).
參、 俄文部分
一、 期刊
Николаевич, Вылегжанин А., Иванов Г.Г., Дудыкина И.П, “Полярный кодекс (оценки и комментарии в зарубежных правовых источниках),” Московский журнал международного права, No.4 (2015), pp. 43-60.
二、 官方文件
“Выступление и ответы на вопросы Министра иностранных дел России С.В.Лаврова на открытии министерской сессии V Международного арктического форума «Арктика – территория диалога», Санкт-Петербург, 9 апреля 2019 года,” Министерство иностранных дел Российской Федерации, (April 9, 2019).
“Выступление Министра иностранных дел Российской Федерации С.В.Лаврова на XII министерской сессии Арктического совета, Рейкьявик, 20 мая 2021 года,” Министерство иностранных дел Российской Федерации, (May 20, 2021).
“Выступление Министра иностранных дел Российской Федерации С.В.Лаврова на XXXVI заседании Совета глав субъектов Российской Федерации при МИД России, Москва, 15 июня 2021 года,” Министерство иностранных дел Российской Федерации, (June 15, 2021).
“Интервью директора Второго Европейского департамента МИД России С.С.Беляева международному информационному агентству «Россия сегодня», 18 ноября 2019 года,” Министерство иностранных дел Российской Федерации, (September 21, 2019).
“Интервью Министра иностранных дел России С.В.Лаврова СМИ Монголии, Японии и КНР в преддверии визитов в эти страны, Москва, 12 апреля 2016 года,” Министерство иностранных дел Российской Федерации, (April 12, 2016).
“Интервью Посла по особым поручениям МИД России Н.В.Корчуновагазете «Коммерсант», 15 января 2021 года,” Министерство иностранных дел Российской Федерации, (January 15, 2021).
“О стратегии развития Арктической зоны России до 2035 года, Министерство иностранных дел Российской Федерации,” Министерство иностранных дел Российской Федерации, (October 30, 2020).
“O межмидовских российско-китайских консультациях по арктической тематике,” Министерство иностранных дел Российской Федерации, (April 6, 2021).
三、 研究報告
Mednikov, V.A., “Poljarnyj Kodeks. Popytka Kriticheskogo Osmyslenija (Polar Code: An Attempt of Critical Assessment),” Paper presented at the Russian Council for International Affairs, <http://russiancouncil.ru/common/upload/6_Mednikov.pdf> (October 13, 2016).
四、 網際網路
“Президент РФ подписал указ об основах госполитики в Арктике до 2035 года,” Министерство Российской Федерации по развитию Дальнего Востока и Арктики,<https://minvr.gov.ru/press-center/news/24454/> (March 3, 2020).
“Президент утвердил Основы государственной политики в Арктике,” Президент России, <http://www.kremlin.ru/acts/news/62947> (March 3, 2020). |
| Description: | 碩士
國立政治大學
外交學系
107253004 |
| Source URI: | http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0107253004 |
| Data Type: | thesis |
| DOI: | 10.6814/NCCU202200312 |
| Appears in Collections: | [外交學系] 學位論文
|
Files in This Item:
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Size | Format | |
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| 300401.pdf | | 20368Kb | Adobe PDF2 | 342 | View/Open |
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