Loading...
|
Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item:
https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/139291
|
| Title: | 集體安全制度與非國際性武裝衝突： 區域組織於非洲之實踐
The Collective Security System and Non-International Armed Conflicts: Practice of Regional Organizations in Africa |
| Authors: | 張毓恬
Chang, Yu-Tien |
| Contributors: | 蔡沛倫
Tsai, Pei-Lun
張毓恬
Chang, Yu-Tien |
| Keywords: | 非洲和平安全架構
非洲聯盟
聯合國憲章第八章
集體安全制度
西非國家經濟共同體
國際刑事法
邀請干涉
非洲團結組織
保護責任
非憲政秩序政府更迭
保持占有
African Peace and Security Architecture
African Union
chapter VIII of the United Nations Charter
collective security system
Economic Community of West African States
international criminal law
intervention by invitation
Organization of African Unity
responsibility to protect
unconstitutional changes of government
uti possidetis |
| Date: | 2022 |
| Issue Date: | 2022-03-01 18:05:02 (UTC+8) |
| Abstract: | 在無中央政府狀態的國際社會中，國家藉由加入全球以及區域的集體安全制度保障自身避免戰爭自二十世紀中期變得蓬勃。於此之際，非國際性武裝衝突已成為國際和平及安全威脅的來源，不僅衝擊聯合國的集體安全制度，也刺激非洲次區域以及區域集體安全制度的發展。
本文回顧聯合國、非洲聯盟、西非國家經濟共同體之集體安全制度的發展歷程並分析其主要規範；透過聯合國與非洲聯盟在蒲隆地、索馬利亞、蘇丹達佛、中非共和國，以及聯合國與西非國家經濟共同體在賴比瑞亞、象牙海岸、馬利的共同實踐，探討全球-區域如何運用集體安全制度處理非國際性武裝衝突。
在集體安全制度的規範方面，非洲聯盟與西非國家經濟共同體的集體安全制度共同的特色皆涵蓋衝突預防、訂定有條件的干涉權，以及訂有非憲政秩序政府更迭的制裁機制。此外，兩者的調停以及決策機制也反映非洲問題非洲方法解決的特性。
在全球-區域合作方面，聯合國維和行動的部署多為接替非洲聯盟、西非國家經濟共同體的和平任務，整體而言，在區域辦法優先的原則下，非洲區域組織是處理會員國發生國內衝突第一線的反應者，而聯合國目前仍主要責任的承擔者以及建設和平的主導者。此外，非洲和平安全架構仍存在各次區域能力發展不均的現象，如何有效解決跨區域的衝突仍是難題。在對抗大規模暴行的合作上，對於聯合國以國際刑事法院機制究責，非洲聯盟採取抵制的態度，欲將國際刑事管轄權非洲化，但後續的實踐顯示許多非洲國家願意與安全理事會合作，終結在武裝衝突中有罪不罰的文化。
Since mid-20th century, in the international community, where there is an absence of a central government, states have secured themselves from armed conflicts by participating in regional and global collective security systems. In the meantime, non-international armed conflicts have become the main sources of threats to international peace and security, not only impacting the United Nations (UN) collective security system, but also contributing to the development of collective security systems in sub-regional and regional organizations, including those in Africa.
This thesis reviews collective security systems of the UN, the African Union (AU), and the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) and their development, and analyzes their core instruments. It also explores how these systems have been applied to manage non-international armed conflicts through examinng practice of the UN and the AU in Burundi, Somalia, Darfur, and Central African Republic and that of the UN and the ECOWAS in Liberia, Côte d’Ivoire, and Mali.
The analysis of the legal and institutional frameworks reveals that both the AU and the ECOWAS collective security systems cover conflict prevention, the right of conditioned intervention, and sanctions to the unconstitutional changes of government. Also, their mediation and decision-making mechanisms reflect characteristics of African solutions to African problems.
The study of cooperation patterns under the global-regional security framework shows that the AU and ECOWAS peace missions have been frequently taken over by UN operations. Overall, following the doctrine of priority to regional arrangements, African regional organizations are the first responders to African intra-state conflicts, but the UN still plays a leading role and often shoulders the primary duty in the peacebuilding process. In addition, the African Peace and Security Architecture has existed unequal capacity development of subregional organizations, and effectively tackling transregional conflicts remains a difficult task. In combating mass atrocities, the AU had refused the UN’s stance on holding perpetrators accountable through the International Criminal Court, and the AU tried to Africanize jurisdiction over the atrocity crimes. But subsequent states practice indicates that many African states are willing to cooperate with the Security Council to end the culture of impunity in armed conflicts. |
| Reference: | 英文專書
Abass, A. (2004). Regional organisations and the development of collective security: Beyond chapter viii of the UN Charter. Hart Publishing.
Abegunrin, O. (2009). Africa in global politics in the twenty-first century: A Pan-African perspective. Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi-org.autorpa.lib.nccu.edu.tw/10.1057/9780230623903
Akonor, K. (2017). UN peacekeeping in Africa: A critical examination and recommendations for improvement. Springer. https://doi-org.autorpa.lib.nccu.edu.tw/10.1007/978-3-319-39162-5
Amoah, M. (2011). Nationalism, globalization, and Africa. Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi-org.autorpa.lib.nccu.edu.tw/10.1057/9781137002167
Binder, M. (2017). The United Nations and the politics of selective humanitarian intervention. Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-42354-8
Breau, S. (2016). The responsibility to protect in international law: An emerging paradigm shift. Routledge.
Brown, M. L. (2018). The 1990 Economic Community of West African States-Liberian civil war challenge. Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-70533-0_4
Carisch, E., Rickard-Martin, L., & Meister, S. R. (2017). The evolution of UN sanctions: From a tool of warfare to a tool of peace, security and human rights. Springer. https://doi-org.autorpa.lib.nccu.edu.tw/10.1007/978-3-319-60005-5
Crawford, J. (2012). Brownlie’s principles of public international law. Oxford University Press.
Dokken, K. (2008). African security politics redefined. Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi-org.autorpa.lib.nccu.edu.tw/10.1057/9780230612495
Doyle, M. W., & Sambanis, N. (2006). Making war and building peace: United Nations peace operations. Princeton University Press
Erforth, B. (2020). Contemporary French security policy in Africa. Springer. https://doi-org.autorpa.lib.nccu.edu.tw/10.1007/978-3-030-17581-8
Falola, T. (2002). Key events in African history: A reference guide. Greenwood. http://publisher.abc-clio.com.autorpa.lib.nccu.edu.tw/9780313006685
Geldenhuys, D. (2009). Contested states in world politics. Springer. https://doi-org.autorpa.lib.nccu.edu.tw/10.1057/9780230234185
Haastrup, T. (2013). Charting transformation through security: Contemporary EU-Africa relations. Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137315496
Hodzi, O. (2019). The end of China’s non-intervention policy in Africa. Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi-org.autorpa.lib.nccu.edu.tw/10.1007/978-3-319-97349-4
Imoedemhe, O. C. (2017). The complementarity regime of the international criminal court: National implementation in Africa. Springer. https://doi-org.autorpa.lib.nccu.edu.tw/10.1007/978-3-319-46780-1
Iyi, J. M. (2016). Humanitarian intervention and the AU-ECOWAS intervention treaties under international law. Springer. https://doi-org.autorpa.lib.nccu.edu.tw/10.1007/978-3-319-23624-7
Jeng, A. (2012). Peacebuilding in the African Union, law, philosophy and practice. Cambridge University Press.
Kolb, A. S. (2018). The UN Security Council members` responsibility to protect: A legal analysis. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-55644-3
Kuranga, D. O. (2012). The power of interdependence lessons from Africa. Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137019936.
Lehti, M. (2019). The era of private peacemakers: A new dialogic approach to mediation. Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi-org.autorpa.lib.nccu.edu.tw/10.1007/978-3-319-91201-1
Levitt, J. I. (2012). Illegal peace in Africa: An inquiry into the legality of power sharing with warlords, rebels, and junta. Cambridge University Press.
Malu, L. N. (2019). The International Criminal Court and peace processes. Palgrave MacMillan. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-19905-0_6
Murphy, R. (2009). UN peacekeeping in Lebanon, Somalia and Kosovo: Operational and legal issues in practice. Cambridge University Press. https://doi-org.autorpa.lib.nccu.edu.tw/10.1017/CBO9780511494413
Murray, R. (2004). Human rights in Africa: From the OAU to the African Union. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511494031
Muyangwa, M., & Vogt, M. A. (2000). An assessment of the OAU mechanism for conflict prevention, management and resolution, 1993-2000. International Peace Academy.
Nyathi, M. (2019). The Southern African Development Community and law. Springer. https://doi-org.autorpa.lib.nccu.edu.tw/10.1007/978-3-319-76511-2
Orakhelashvili, A. (2011). Collective security. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199579846.001.0001
Peters, L. (2015). The United Nations: History and core ideas. Palgrave MacMillan. https://doi-org.autorpa.lib.nccu.edu.tw/10.1007/978-1-137-52866-7
Ramcharan, B., & Ramcharan, R. (2020). Conflict prevention in the UN’s agenda 2030: development, peace, justice and human rights. Springer. https://doi-org.autorpa.lib.nccu.edu.tw/10.1007/978-3-030-36510-3
Sarooshi, D. (1999). The United Nations and the development of collective security: The delegation by the UN Security Council of its chapter vii powers. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198299349.001.0001
Schütte, R. (2015). Civilian protection in armed conflicts: Evolution, challenges and implementation. Springer. https://doi-org.autorpa.lib.nccu.edu.tw/10.1007/978-3-658-02206-8
Solomon, H. (2015). Terrorism and counter-terrorism in Africa. Palgrave MacMillan. https://doi-org.autorpa.lib.nccu.edu.tw/10.1057/9781137489890
Strangio, D. (2012). The reasons for underdevelopment: The case of decolonisation in Somaliland. Springer. https://doi-org.autorpa.lib.nccu.edu.tw/10.1007/978-3-7908-2778-1
Thakur, R. (2006). The United Nations, peace and security: From collective security to the responsibility to protect. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511755996
Tom, P. (2017). Liberal peace and post-conflict peacebuilding in Africa. Palgrave MacMillan. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-57291-2
Tsagourias, N., & White, N. D. (2013). Collective security : Theory, law and practice. Cambridge University Press.
Wilén, N. (2012). Justifying interventions in Africa: (De)Stabilizing sovereignty in Liberia, Burundi and the Congo. Palgrave MacMillan. https://doi-org.autorpa.lib.nccu.edu.tw/10.1057/9780230374966
英文專書篇章
Abass, A. (2012). UN cooperation with regional organisations in peacekeeping operations. In F. Baert, T. Felício & P. De Lombaerde (Eds.), The United Nations and the regions (pp.109-128). Springer. https://doi-org.autorpa.lib.nccu.edu.tw/10.1007/978-94-007-2751-9
Adedeji, A. (2004). ECOWAS: A retrospective journey. In A. Adebajo & I. Rashid (Eds.), West Africa`s security challenges: Building peace in a troubled region (pp.21-49). Lynne Rienner Publisher.
Afolabi, B. (2020). ECOWAS and preventive diplomacy in West Africa. In O. Akiba (Ed.), Preventive diplomacy, security, and human rights in West Africa (pp. 45-76). Palgrave MacMillan. https://doi-org.autorpa.lib.nccu.edu.tw/10.1007/978-3-030-25354-7
Akiba, O. (2020). Making and enforcing peace through mediation and fire power: A retrospective on the Liberia experience. In O. Akiba (Ed.), Preventive diplomacy, security, and human rights in West Africa (pp. 175-214). Palgrave MacMillan. https://doi-org.autorpa.lib.nccu.edu.tw/10.1007/978-3-030-25354-7
Aniche, E. T. (2020). Pan-Africanism and regionalism in Africa: The journey so far. In S. O. Oloruntoba (Ed.), Pan Africanism, regional integration and development in Africa (pp. 17-38). Palgrave MacMillan. https://doi-org.autorpa.lib.nccu.edu.tw/10.1007/978-3-030-34296-8
Anthoni, V. N. (2013). The peace and security architecture of African subregional organizations. In J. Boulden (Ed.), Responding to conflict in Africa (pp. 51-76). Palgrave MacMillan. https://doi-org.autorpa.lib.nccu.edu.tw/10.1057/9781137367587
Bala, B., & Tar, U. A. (2021). The giant of Africa? Explaining the Nigerian governance, security, and development paradox. In K. Omeje (Ed.), The governance, security and development nexus (pp. 315-339). Palgrave MacMillan. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-49348-6_16
Bangura, I. (2021). Regional trade and security cooperation: A case study of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS). In K. Omeje (Ed.), The governance, security and development nexus (pp. 133-148). Palgrave MacMillan. https://doi-org.autorpa.lib.nccu.edu.tw/10.1007/978-3-030-49348-6
Bangura, J. J. (2010).The anatomy of peacekeeping: ECOMOG’s role in the Sierra Leone civil war. In M. Mustapha, & J. J Bangura (Eds.), Sierra Leone beyond the Lomé Peace Accord (pp. 35-48). Palgrave MacMillan. https://doi-org.autorpa.lib.nccu.edu.tw/10.1057/9780230111530
Bigombe, B. O. (2021). Field reflections on post-conflict reconstruction: The social imperatives of disarmament, demobilization and reintegration. In T. McNamee, & M. Muyangwa (Eds.), The state of peacebuilding in Africa (pp. 65-80). Palgrave MacMillan. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-46636-7
Bouka, Y. (2017). Burundi: Between war and negative peace. In G. M. Khadiagala (Ed.), War and peace in Africa’s great lakes region (pp. 17-32). Palgrave MacMillan. https://doi-org.autorpa.lib.nccu.edu.tw/10.1007/978-3-319-58124-8
Brauch, G. H. (2012). Reconceptualisation of security and regional dimension of UN activities: Towards a mediterranean environmental and human security initiative. In F. Baert, T. Felício & P. De Lombaerde (Eds.), The United Nations and the regions (pp.175-188). Springer. https://doi-org.autorpa.lib.nccu.edu.tw/10.1007/978-94-007-2751-9
Carrasco, C. M. (2010). International justice and collective security: between pragmatism and principle. In P. G. Danchin & H. Fischer (Eds.), United Nations reform and the new collective security (pp. 282-309). Cambridge University Press. https://doi-org.autorpa.lib.nccu.edu.tw/10.1017/CBO9780511675966.014
Chibundu, M. O. (2010). Assessing the high-level panel report: Rethinking the causes and consequences of threats to collective security. In P. G. Danchin & H. Fischer (Eds.), United Nations reform and the new collective security (pp. 117-154). Cambridge University Press. https://doi-org.autorpa.lib.nccu.edu.tw/10.1017/CBO9780511675966.007
Cocodia, J. (2017). Nationalist sentiment, terrorist incursions and the survival of the Malian state. In C. Varin & D. Abubakar (Eds.), Violent non-state actors in Africa: Terrorists, rebels and warlords (pp. 49-76). Palgrave MacMillan. https://doi-org.autorpa.lib.nccu.edu.tw/10.1007/978-3-319-51352-2
Coleman, K. (2013). Liberia. In J. Boulden (Ed.), Responding to conflict in Africa (pp. 203-230). Palgrave MacMillan. https://doi-org.autorpa.lib.nccu.edu.tw/10.1057/9781137367587
Danchin, P. G. (2010). Things fall apart: The concept of collective security in international law. In P. G. Danchin & H. Fischer (Eds.), United Nations reform and the new collective security (pp. 35-75). Cambridge University Press. https://doi-org.autorpa.lib.nccu.edu.tw/10.1017/CBO9780511675966
Danchin, P. G., & Fischer, H. (2010). Introduction: The new collective security. In P. G. Danchin & H. Fischer (Eds.), United Nations reform and the new collective security (pp. 1-32). Cambridge University Press. https://doi-org.autorpa.lib.nccu.edu.tw/10.1017/CBO9780511675966
Degila, D. E., & Amegan, C. K. (2019). The African peace and security architecture: An African response to regional peace and security challenges. In A. Kulnazarova & V. Popovski (Eds.), The palgrave handbook of global approaches to peace (pp. 393-410). Palgrave MacMillan. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-78905-7
Dersso, S. (2017). The African Union’s role in maintaining peace and security in the great lakes region. In G. M. Khadiagala (Ed.), War and peace in Africa’s great lakes region (pp. 85-100). Palgrave MacMillan. https://doi-org.autorpa.lib.nccu.edu.tw/10.1007/978-3-319-58124-8
Dobinson, I., & Johns, F. (2007). Qualitative legal research. In M. McConville & W. H.Chui (Eds.), Research methods for law (pp.16-45). Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
Eze, C. B., & Frimpong, O. B. (2021). Contributions of earlywarning to the African Peace and Security Architecture: The experience of the West Africa Network for Peacebuilding (WANEP). In T. McNamee & M. Muyangwa (Eds.), The state of peacebuilding in Africa (pp. 181-194). Palgrave MacMillan. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-46636-7_11
Frowein, J. A., & Krisch, N. (2002). Introduction to chapter vii, articles 39-43, article 2(5). In B. Simma et al. (Eds.), The Charter of the United Nations: A commentary (pp. 701-763). Oxford University Press.
Hara, F., & Yabi, G. (2013). Côte d’ivoire, 2002-2011. In J. Boulden (Ed.), Responding to conflict in Africa (pp. 145-175). Palgrave MacMillan. https://doi-org.autorpa.lib.nccu.edu.tw/10.1057/9781137367587
Hellestveit, C. (2015). International fact-finding mechanisms: Lighting candles or cursing darkness? In C. M. Bailliet & K. M. Larsen (Eds.), Promoting peace through international law (pp. 368-394). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198722731.001.0001
Hilpold, P. (2014). From humanitarian intervention to the responsibility to protect. In P. Hilpold (Ed.), The responsibility to protect (r2p): A new paradigm of international law? (pp. 1-37). Brill Nijhoff. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004230002_008
Jamila, E. A. (2010). The African Union and security in Africa. In J. Mangala (Ed.), New security threats and crises in Africa: Regional and international perspectives (pp. 19-38). Palgrave MacMillan. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230115538
Juma, M. (2019). Local peace committees and election violence in Burundi, 2015. In M. Hove & G. Harris (Eds.), Infrastructures for peace in sub-saharan Africa (pp. 127-145). Springer. https://doi-org.autorpa.lib.nccu.edu.tw/10.1007/978-3-030-14694-8
Kuwali, D. (2018). Squaring the Circle: The Role of the African Peace and Security Architecture. In T. Karbo & K. Virk. (Eds.), The palgrave handbook of peacebuilding in Africa (pp. 45-63). Palgrave MacMillan. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-62202-6_3
Landsberg, C. (2018). The troubled socialising agent: Democratic governance and the African Union’s quest to become an independent foreign policy actor. In J. Warner & T. M. Shaw (Eds.), African foreign policies in international institutions (pp. 49-61). Palgrave MacMillan. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-57574-6_4
Larmer, M., & Kennes, E. (2019). Katanga’s secessionism in the Democratic Republic of Congo. In L. de Vries, M. Schomerus & P. Englebert (Eds.), Secessionism in African politics: Aspiration, grievance, performance, disenchantment (pp. 361-392). Palgrave MacMillan. https://doi-org.autorpa.lib.nccu.edu.tw/10.1007/978-3-319-90206-7
Lecocq, B., & Klute, G. (2019). Tuareg separatism in Mali and Niger. In L. de Vries, M. Schomerus & P. Englebert (Eds.), Secessionism in African politics: Aspiration, grievance, performance, disenchantment (pp. 23-58). Palgrave MacMillan. https://doi-org.autorpa.lib.nccu.edu.tw/10.1007/978-3-319-90206-7
Meister, S. (2013). Sierra Leone. In J. Boulden (Ed.), Responding to conflict in Africa (pp. 231-256). Palgrave MacMillan. https://doi-org.autorpa.lib.nccu.edu.tw/10.1057/9781137367587
Mundy, J. (2009). The Morocco-Polisario war for Western Sahara, 1975-1991. In B. Rubin (Ed.), Conflict and insurgency in the contemporary middle East (pp. 209-231). Routledge. https://doi-org.autorpa.lib.nccu.edu.tw/10.4324/9780203881873
Nagar, D. (2018). Pillars of Africa’s peace and security architecture: The African standby force. In T. Karbo & K. Virk. (Eds.), The palgrave handbook of peacebuilding in Africa (pp. 65-79). Palgrave MacMillan. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-62202-6_4
Obi, C. (2018). Nigeria’s Foreign Policy in Relation to the Economic Community of West African States. In J. Warner, & T. M. Shaw (Eds.), African Foreign Policies in International Institutions (pp. 311-326). Palgrave MacMillan. https://doi.org. autorpa.lib.nccu.edu.tw/10.1057/978-1-137-57574-6_20
Odowa, A. M. (2021). State-society relations and state capacity in Somalia. In K. Omeje (Ed.), The governance, security and development nexus (pp. 273-294). Palgrave MacMillan. https://doi-org.autorpa.lib.nccu.edu.tw/10.1007/978-3-030-49348-6
Oellers-Frahm, K. (2015).Responsibility to protect: Any new obligations for the Security Council and its members? In P. Hilpold (Ed.), The responsibility to protect (r2p): A new paradigm of international law? (pp. 184-206). Brill Nijhoff. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004230002_008
Popovski, V. (2019). The UN Security Council and Responsibility to Protect as Global Approach to Prevent Mass Atrocities. In A. Kulnazarova & V. Popovski (Eds.), The palgrave handbook of global approaches to peace (pp. 497-517). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-78905-7_24
Rhoads, E. P. (2017). The United Nations in the great lakes region. In G. M. Khadiagala (Ed.), War and peace in Africa’s great lakes region (pp. 121-136). Palgrave MacMillan. https://doi-org.autorpa.lib.nccu.edu.tw/10.1007/978-3-319-58124-8
Tancredi, A. (2014). Secession and use of force. In C. Walter, A. Von Ungern-Sternberg & K. Abushov (Eds.), Self-determination and secession in international law (pp. 68-94). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198702375.001.0001
Tieku, T. K. (2013). The African Union. In J. Boulden (Ed.), Responding to conflict in Africa (pp. 33-50). Palgrave MacMillan. https://doi-org.autorpa.lib.nccu.edu.tw/10.1057/9781137367587
Warner, J. (2017). The African Union and article 4(h): Understanding changing norms in sovereignty and intervention in Africa through an integrated level-of-analysis approach. In E. N. Sahle (Ed.), Democracy, constitutionalism, and politics in Africa (pp. 167-203). Palgrave MacMillan. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-55592-2_6
Williams, P. D. (2013). Somalia. In J. Boulden (Ed.), Responding to conflict in Africa (pp. 257-282). Palgrave MacMillan. https://doi-org.autorpa.lib.nccu.edu.tw/10.1057/9781137367587
Wrange, P. (2015). Protecting which peace for whom against what? A conceptual analysis of collective security. In C. M. Bailliet & K. M. Larsen (Eds.), Promoting peace through international law (pp. 85-107). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198722731.001.0001
英文期刊文章
“Efforts continue to solve Western Sahara problem”. (1989). UN Chronicle, 29.
“Guei gone.” (2000). The Economist, 357,42.
“Morocco’s bid to rejoin: Observers see obstacles as a decisive date draws nearer”. (2017). Africa Research Bulletin, 21277-21278.
“The OAU and African Disunity”. (2013). New African, 164-167.
Abass, A. (2007). The United Nations, the African Union and the Darfur crisis: of apology and utopia. Netherlands International Law Review, 54(3), 415-440.
Abbott, D. W. (2002). The United Nations and intrastate conflict: Legislative history of article 39 of the United Nations Charter. U.C. Davis Journal of International Law & Policy, 8(2), 276-292.
Adeleke, A. (1995). The politics and diplomacy of peacekeeping in West Africa: The ECOWAS operation in Liberia. The Journal of Modern African Studies, 33(4), 569-593.
Aitken, H. (2017). The Security Council and international law enforcement: Kelsenian perspective on civilian protection peacekeeping mandates. Journal of Conflict and Security Law, 22(3), 395-432.
Allo, A. K. (2010). Ethiopia’s armed intervention in Somalia: The legality of self-defense in response to the threat of terrorism. Denver Journal of International Law and Policy, 39(1), 139-168.
Amankwah, H. H. (1981). Self-determination in the Spanish Sahara: credibility gap inthe United Nations’ practice and procedure in the decolonisation process. Comparative and International Law Journal of Southern Africa, 14(1), 34-55.
Amvane, G. (2015). Intervention pursuant to article 4(h) of the Constitutive Act of the African Union without United Nations Security Council authorisation. African Human Rights Law Journal, 15(2), 282-298.
Ani, K. J. (2017). Pan-Africanism, African Union and the challenge of transformative development in Africa. Journal of African Union Studies, 6(1), 5-23.
Aning, K., & Edu-Afful, F. (2017). Peacekeeping in a Francophone space: Experiences of Ghanaian peacekeepers in Côte d’Ivoire. The Round Table, 106(4), 375-391. https://doi.org/10.1080/00358533.2017.1352146
Apuuli, K. P. (2019). The ‘speculated’ intervention of the East African Standby Force (EASF) in the Sudan: Lessons from its failed deployment in Burundi. African Security Review, 28(3-4), 229-244. https://doi.org/10.1080/10246029.2020.1719169
Arieff, A. (2014). Crisis in the Central African Republic. Current Politics and Economics of Africa, 7(1), 27-46.
Arthur, P. (2010). ECOWAS and regional peacekeeping integration in West Africa: Lessons for the future. Africa Today, 57(2), 3-24.
Asante, C. (2020). Ghana and the United Nations’ 1960s mission in the Congo: A pan-African explanation. Third World Quarterly, 41(3), 470-486. https://doi.org/10.1080/01436597.2019.1678383
Ayeni, V. O., & Olong, M. A. (2017). Opportunities and challenges to the UN Security Council referral under the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court. African Journal of International and Comparative Law, 25(2), 239-260.
Badar, M., Amin, E. M., & Higgins, N. (2014). The International Criminal Court and the Nigerian crisis. International Human Rights Law Review, 3(1), 29-60.
Bamidele, O., & Ayodele, B. (2018). In the service of democratic governance: The African Union normative framework on unconstitutional change of government and ECOWAS protocol on good governance and democracy in the post-Arab Spring. Journal of Asian and African Studies, 53(1), 132-146. https://doi.org/10.1177/0021909616666104
Bannelier, K., & Christakis, T. (2013). Under the UN Security Council’s watchful eyes: Military intervention by invitation in the Malian conflict. Leiden Journal of International Law, 26(4), 855-874. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0922156513000447
Bappah, H. Y. (2018). ECOWAS protagonists for peace: An internal perspective on policy and community actors in peacemaking interventions. South African Journal of International Affairs, 25(1), 83-98. https://doi.org/10.1080/10220461.2018.1417905
Barnett, M. (1995). Partners in peace? The UN, regional organizations, and peace-keeping. Review of International Studies, 21(4), 411-433. https://www.jstor.org/stable/20097424
Berger, L. F. (2001). State practice evidence of the humanitarian intervention doctrine: The ECOWAS intervention in Sierra Leone. Indiana International & Comparative Law Review, 11(3), 605-632.
Berhe, M. G. (2017). The norms and structures for African peace efforts: The African peace and security architecture. International Peacekeeping, 24(4), 661-685. https://doi.org/10.1080/13533312.2017.1346475
Binaisa, G. L. (1977). Organization of African Unity and decolonization: Present and future trends. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 432, 52-69.
Blank, L. R. (2011). Understanding when and how domestic courts apply IHL. Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law, 44(1-2), 205-224.
Borgen, C. J. (1994). The theory and practice of regional organization intervention in civil wars. New York University Journal of International Law and Politics, 26(4), 797-836.
Boussaid, F. (2021). Brothers in arms: Morocco’s military intervention in support of Mobutu of Zaire during the 1977 and 1978 Shaba crises. The International History Review, 43(1), 185-202. https://doi.org/10.1080/07075332.2020.1739113
Branch, D. (2014). Violence, decolonisation and the Cold War in Kenya’s north-eastern province, 1963-1978. Journal of Eastern African Studies, 8(4), 642-657. https://doi.org/10.1080/17531055.2014.946331
Butterworth, R. L. (1976). Organizing collective security: The UN Charter`s chapter viii in practice. World Politics, 28(2), 197-222. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2009890
Carayannis, T., & Fowlis, M. (2017). Lessons from African Union-United Nations cooperation in peace operations in the Central African Republic. African Security Review, 26(2), 220-236. https://doi.org/10.1080/10246029.2017.1302707
Cowell, F. (2011). The impact of the ECOWAS Protocol on Good Governance and Democracy. African Journal of International and Comparative Law, 19(2), 331-342. https://doi.org/10.3366/ajicl.2011.0015
Davis, M. P. (2016). The historical and theoretic evolution of collective security (including in the Baltic Sea region) from the 1648 Westphalia peace to Woodrow Wilson’s 1920 League of Nations. Security and Defence Quarterly, 10(1), 75-98.
De Coning, C. (2017). Peace enforcement in Africa: Doctrinal distinctions between the African Union and United Nations. Contemporary Security Policy, 38(1), 145-160.
De Wet, E. (2014). The evolving role of ECOWAS and the SADC in peace operations: A challenge to the primacy of the United Nations Security Council in matters of peace and security? Leiden Journal of International Law, 27(2), 353-369.
Deans, N. A. (2005). Tragedy of humanity: The issue of intervention in the Darfur crisis. Emory International Law Review, 19(3), 1653-1696.
Dieng, M. (2019). The multi-national joint task force and the G5 Sahel joint force: The limits of military capacity-building efforts. Contemporary Security Policy, 40(4), 481-501. https://doi.org/10.1080/13523260.2019.1602692
Dugard, C. C. (1967). The Organisation of African Unity and colonialism: An inquiry into the plea of self-defence as justification for the use of force in the eradication of colonialism. International and Comparative Law Quarterly, 16(1), 157-190.
Duursma, A. (2020). African solutions to african challenges: The role of legitimacy in mediating civil wars in Africa. International Organization, 74(2), 295-330. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020818320000041
Duursma, A., & Müller, T. R. (2019). The ICC indictment against Al-Bashir and its repercussions for peacekeeping and humanitarian operations in Darfur. Third World Quarterly, 40(5), 890-907. https://doi.org/10.1080/01436597.2019.1579640
Elias, T. T. (1965). The Charter of the Organization of African Unity. American Journal of International Law, 59(2), 243-267.
Engel, U., & Porto, J. G. (2014). Imagining, implementing, and integrating the African peace and security architecture: The African Union’s challenges. African Security, 7(3), 135-146. https://doi.org/10.1080/19392206.2014.945379
Fox, G. H., Boon, K. E., & Jenkins, I. (2018). The contributions of United Nations Security Council resolutions to the law of non-international armed conflict: New evidence of customary international law. American University Law Review, 67(3), 649-732.
Franck, T. M. (1962). United Nations law in Africa: The Congo operation as case study. Law and Contemporary Problems, 27(4), 632-652.
Franck, T. M., & Hoffman, P. (1976). The right to self-determination in very small places. New York University Journal of International Law and Politics, 8(3), 331-386.
Franke, B. (2006). A Pan-African army: The evolution of an idea and its eventual realisation in the African Standby Force. African Security Studies, 15(4), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1080/10246029.2006.9627617
Franke, B., & Esmenjaud, R. (2008). Who owns African ownership? The Africanisation of security and its limits. South African Journal of International Affairs, 15(2), 137-158. https://doi.org/10.1080/10220460802614486
Fruchtbaum, H. (1994). From ‘Associated Power’ to ‘United Nations’. UN Chronicle, 31(1), 93.
Genser, J. (2018). The United Nations Security Council’s implementation of the responsibility to protect: A review of past interventions and recommendations for improvement. Chicago Journal of International Law, 18(2), 420-501.
Gifkins, J. (2016). R2P in the UN Security Council: Darfur, Libya and beyond. Cooperation and Conflict, 51(2), 148-165. https://doi.org/10.1177/0010836715613365
Gleijeses, P. (1994). “Flee! The white giants are coming!”: The United States, the mercenaries, and the Congo, 1964-1965. Diplomatic History, 18(2), 207-237.
Gray, C. (2007). Crisis of legitimacy for the UN collective security system. International and Comparative Law Quarterly, 56(1), 157-170.
Hartmann, C. (2017). ECOWAS and the restoration of democracy in the Gambia. Africa Spectrum, 52(1), 85-99.
Héibé, M. (2015). Was there something missing in the decolonization process in Africa?: The territorial dimension. Leiden Journal of International Law, 28, 529-556. https://doi.org/10.1017/S092215651500028X
Heraclides, A. (2014). Humanitarian intervention in international law 1830-1939: The debate. Journal of the History of International Law, 16(1), 26-62.
Jackson, R. (2000). The dangers of regionalsing international conflict management: The African experience. Political Science, 52(1), 41-60. https://doi.org/10.1177/003231870005200103
Jo-Ansie, V. W. (2020). The ECOWAS Council of the Wise: An exploratory assessment. Journal of African Union Studies, 9(1), 101-122. https://doi.org/10.31920/2050-4306/2020/s9n1a6
Jordaan, E. (2017). Collective security in Africa: The tension between theory and practice. Strategic Review for Southern Africa, 39(1), 160-184.
Kaplan, S. (2008). The remarkable story of Somaliland. Journal of Democracy, 19(3), 143-157.
Karine, B. C. (2016). Military interventions against ISIL in Iraq, Syria and Libya, and the legal basis of consent. Leiden Journal of International Law, 29(3), 743-775. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0922156516000303
Kendie, D. D. (2003). Toward northeast African cooperation: Resolving the Ethiopia-Somalia disputes. Northeast African Studies, 10(2), 67-109.
Kenny, C., & Butler, S. (2018). The legality of intervention by invitation in situations of r2p violations. New York University Journal of International Law and Politics, 51(1), 135-178.
Khayre, A. M. (2014). Self-defence, intervention by invitation, or proxy war: The legality of the 2006 Ethiopian invasion of Somalia. African Journal of International and Comparative Law, 22(2), 208-233.
Kioko, B. (2003). The right of intervention under the African Union’s Constitutive Act: From non-interference to non-intervention. International Review of the Red Cross, 852, 807-825.
Kuwali, D. (2015). From stopping to preventing atrocities. African Security Review, 24(3), 248-269. https://doi.org/10.1080/10246029.2015.1073604
Labuda, P. I. (2017). The special criminal court in the Central African Republic: Failure or vindication of complementarity. Journal of International Criminal Justice, 15(1), 175-207.
Lee, J. (2015). Collective self-defense or collective security: Japan’s reinterpretation of article of the constitution. Journal of East Asia and International Law, 8(2), 373-392.
Levitt, J. I. (2006). Pro-democratic intervention in Africa. Wisconsin International Law Journal, 24(3), 785-834.
Lieblich, E. (2011). Intervention and consent: Consensual forcible interventions in internal armed conflicts as international agreements. Boston University International Law Journal, 29(2), 337-382.
Lizak, W. (2016). Peace operations in the activities of the Organization of African Unity and the African Union. Politeja, 3(42), 75-92. https://doi.org/10.12797/Politeja.13.2016.42.06
Lopez-Lucia, E. (2020). A tale of regional transformation: From political community to security regions the politics of security and regionalism in West Africa. Political Geography, 82, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polgeo.2020.102256
Maiangwa, B. (2017). Assessing the responses of the Economic Community of West African States to the recurring and emerging security threats in West Africa. Journal of Asian and African Studies, 52(1), 103-120. https://doi.org/10.1177/0021909615570951
Majinge, C. R. (2012). Emergence of new states in Africa and territorial dispute resolution: The role of the International Court of Justice. Melbourne Journal of International Law, 13(1), 462-504.
Malawer, S. S. (1970). The withdrawal of UNEF and new notion of consent. Cornell International Law Journal, 4(1), 25-36.
Maluwa, T. (2012). Ratification of African Union treaties by member states: Law, policy and practice. Melbourne Journal of International Law, 13(2), 636-684.
May, R., & Massey, S. (1998). The OAU interventions in Chad: Mission impossible or mission evaded? International Peacekeeping, 5(1), 46-65. https://doi.org/10.1080/13533319808413707
Mays, T. M. (1997). Peacekeeping from a realist viewpoint: Nigeria and the OAU operation in Chad. Journal of Political Science, 25(1), 59-74. https://digitalcommons.coastal.edu/jops/vol25/iss1/4
Menkhaus, K. (2007). The crisis in Somalia: Tragedy in five acts. African Affairs, 106(204), 357-390. https://doi.org/10.1093/afraf/adm040
Meyers, B. D. (1974). Intraregional conflict management by the Organization of African Unity. International Organization, 28(3), 345-373.
Morley, F. (1945). The San Francisco charter. Human Events, 2, 108.
Munya, P. (1999). The Organization of African Unity and its role in regional conflict resolution and dispute settlement: Critical evaluation. Boston College Third World Law Journal, 19(2), 537-592.
Murphy, S. D. (1994). Security Council, legitimacy, and the concept of collective security after the Cold War. The Columbia Journal of Transnational Law, 32(2), 201-288.
Naldi, G. J. (1985). Peace-keeping attempts by the Organisation of African Unity. International and Comparative Law Quarterly, 34(3),593-601.
Nanda, V. P. (2020). The Security Council veto in the context of atrocity crimes, uniting for peace, and the responsibility to protect. Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law, 52, 119-142.
Nasu, H. (2011). The expanded conception of security and international law: Challenges to the UN collective security system. Amsterdam Law Forum, 3(3), 15-33.
Ncube, S. (2019). The Burundi crisis and the mirage of an African governance architecture. South African Journal of International Affairs, 26(3), 349-366. https://doi.org/10.1080/10220461.2019.1653792
Nmehielle, V. O. (2011). Preventing and responding to atrocity crimes in Africa: Interrogating the African response in Darfur. African Journal of Legal Studies, 4(2), 209-224.
Nolte, G. (1993). Restoring peace by regional action: International legal aspects of the Liberian conflict. Zeitschrift für ausländisches öffentliches Recht und Völkerrecht, 53(3), 603-637.
Nowrot, K., & Schebacker, E. W. (1998). The use of force to restore democracy: International legal implications of the ECOWAS intervention in Sierra Leone. American University of International Law Review, 14(2), 321-412.
Noyes, A., & Yarwood, J. (2013). The AU continental early warning system: From conceptual to operational? International Peacekeeping, 20(3), 249-262. https://doi.org/10.1080/13533312.2013.838393
Nweke, G. A. (1987). The Organization of African Unity and intra-African functionalism. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 489(1), 133-147.
Obi, C. I. (2009). Economic Community of West African States on the ground: Comparing peacekeeping in Liberia, Sierra Leone, Guinea Bissau, and Côte d’Ivoire. African Security, 2, 119-135. https://doi.org/10.1080/19362200903361945.
Ofodile, A. C. (1994). The legality of ECOWAS intervention in Liberia. The Columbia Journal of Transnational Law, 32(2), 381-418.
Ojo, O. J. B. (1980). Nigeria and the formation of ECOWAS. International Organization, 34(4), 571-604. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2706513
Okeke, G. S. M., & Odubajo, T. (2018). Regional economic groupings and security challenges: A comparative study of ECOWAS and SADC. Journal of International and Global Studies, 9(2), 111-126.
Okolo, J. E. (1985). Integrative and cooperative regionalism: The Economic Community of West African States. International Organization, 39(1), 121-153.
Olonisakin, F. (1997). African “homemade” peacekeeping initiatives. Armed Forces and Society, 23(3), 349-372.
O’Malley, A. (2015). Ghana, India, and the transnational dynamics of the Congo crisis at the United Nations, 1960-1. The International History Review, 37(5), 970-990. https://doi.org/10.1080/07075332.2015.1051082
O’Shea, E. (2012). Responsibility to protect (r2p) in Libya: Ghosts of the past haunting the future. International Human Rights Law Review, 1(1), 173-190.
Omorogbe, E. Y. (2012). The African Union, responsibility to protect and the Libyian crisis. Netherlands International Law Review, 59(2), 141-163.
Packer, C. A. A., & Rukare, D. (2002). The new African Union and its Constitutive Act. The American Journal of International Law, 96(2), 365-379.
Pagoaga Ruiz de la Illa, A. (2017). International dispute settlement in Africa: Dispute settlement and conflict resolution under the Organization of African Unity, the African Union, and African traditional practices: A critical assessment. Deusto Journal of Human Rights, 3, 57-92.
Pazzanita, A. G. (1985). Legal aspects of membership in the Organization of African Unity: The case of the Western Sahara. Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law, 17(1), 123-158.
Pham, J. P. (2011). State collapse, insurgency, and famine in the horn of Africa: Legitimacy and the ongoing Somali crisis. Journal of the Middle East and Africa, 2(2):153-187. https://doi.org/10.1080/21520844.2011.617238
Rechner, J. D. (2006). From the OAU to the AU: normative shift with implications for peacekeeping and conflict management, or just name change. Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law, 39(2), 543-576.
Reinold, T. (2019). The promises and perils of subsidiarity in global governance: evidence from Africa. Third World Quarterly, 40(11), 2092-2107. https://doi.org/10.1080/01436597.2019.1623665
Reinold, T. (2019). Multi-level approaches to countering unconstitutional changes of government in Africa: Implications for the rule of law. Journal of Asian and African Studies, 54(4), 467-484. https://doi.org/10.1177/0021909618824348
Ricciardi, M. M. (1992). Title to the Aouzou strip: legal and historical analysis. Yale Journal of International Law, 17(2), 301-488.
Rim, Y. (2012). Two governments and one legitimacy: International responses to the post-election crisis in Côte d’Ivoire. Leiden Journal of International Law, 25, 683-705.
Rodt, A. P. (2012). The African Union mission in Burundi. Civil Wars, 14(3), 373-392. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13698249.2012.706951
Rupp, R. (2000). NATO 1949 and NATO 2000: From collective defense toward collective security. The Journal of Strategic Studies, 23(3), 154-176. https://doi.org/10.1080/01402390008437804
Ryngaert, C., & Van de Meulebroucke, A. (2011). Enhancing and enforcing compliance with international humanitarian law by non-state armed groups: An inquiry into some mechanisms. Journal of Conflict and Security Law, 16(3), 443-472.
Saba, A., & Akbarzadeh, S. (2021). The ICC and r2p: Complementary or contradictory? International Peacekeeping, 28(1), 84-109. https://doi.org/10.1080/13533312.2020.1740057
Sampson, I. (2011). The responsibility to protect and ECOWAS mechanisms on peace and security: Assessing their convergence and divergence on intervention. Journal of Conflict and Security Law, 16(3), 507-540.
Samuels, K. (2008). Constitution-building during the war on terror: The challenge of Somalia. New York University Journal of International Law and Politics, 40(2), 597-614.
Sarooshi, D. (1999). The role of the United Nations Secretary-General in United Nations peace-keeping operations. Australian Year Book of International Law, 20, 279-298.
Sarooshi, D. (2000). The United Nations collective security system and the establishment of peace. Current Legal Problems, 53(1), 621-645.
Saura, J. (2006). Lawful peacekeeping: Applicability of international humanitarian law to United Nations peacekeeping operations. Hastings Law Journal, 58(3), 479-532.
Saxon, Z., & Pratt, L. (2015). From cause to responsibility: R2P as modern just war. University of Notre Dame Australia Law Review, 17, 135-172.
Selassie I , H. (1963). Towards African unity. The Journal of Modern African Studies, 1(3), 281-291.
Sesay, A. (1991). The limits of peace-keeping by a regional organization: The OAU peace-keeping force in Chad. Journal of Conflict Studies, 11(1), 7-26.
Sesay, M. A. (1996). Civil war and collective intervention in Liberia. Review of African Political Economy, 23(67), 35-52. https://www.jstor.org/stable/4006227
Shaffer, G. C., & Pollack, M. A. (2011). Hard versus soft law in international security. Boston College Law Review, 52(4), 1147-1242.
Shaw, M. (1985). International law and intervention in Africa. International Relations, 8(4), 341-367.
Sheeran, S. P. (2011). International law, peace agreements and self-determination: The case of the Sudan. International and Comparative Law Quarterly, 60(2), 423-458.
Sithole, T. (2018). A review of the African Union framework and mechanism on political peace and security. Journal of African Union Studies, 7(1), 67-90.
Ssenyonjo, M. (2018). State withdrawal notifications from the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court: South Africa, Burundi and the Gambia. Criminal Law Forum, 29(1), 63-119. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10609-017-9321-z
Ssenyonjo, M. (2020). The crime of unconstitutional change of government and popular uprisings in Africa: Issues and challenges. African Journal of International and Comparative Law, 28(3), 432-465.
Ssenyonjo, M., & Nakitto, S. (2016). The African court of justice and human and peoples’ rights international criminal law section: Promoting impunity for African Union heads of state and senior state officials. International Criminal Law Review, 16(1), 71-102.
Stef, V. (2009). Power-sharing, conflict and transition in Burundi: Twenty years of trial and error. Africa Spectrum, 44(3), 63-86.
Stigall, D. E. (2015). The French military intervention in Mali, counter-terrorism, and the law of armed conflict. Military Law Review, 223(1), 1-40.
Strydom, M. (2019). Mali and the Sahel: Making peace in another rough neighbourhood. Netherlands International Law Review, 66(1), 75-99. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40802-019-00134-6
Suzuki, S. (2020). Exploring the roles of the AU and ECOWAS in West African conflicts. South African Journal of International Affairs, 27(2), 173-191. https://doi.org/ 10.1080/10220461.2020.1767193
Suzuki, S. (2020). Increasing ownership for intervention in ECOWAS. African Security Review, 29(4), 364-375. https://doi.org/10.1080/10246029.2020.1843508
Taiwo, O. O. (2018). Two is better than one: Systemic integration of international humanitarian law and international human rights law to boko haram conflict. American University International Law Review, 33(3), 637-666.
Tella, O. (2018). The African Union’s soft power: An assessment of transnational power of attraction. African Security, 11(3), 201-222. https://doi.org/10.1080/19392206.2018.1507663
Terry, P. (2015). The Libya intervention (2011): Neither lawful, nor successful. Comparative and International Law Journal of Southern Africa, 48(2), 162-182.
Tlałka, K. (2016). Between high hopes and moderate results- A decade of the African peace and security architecture. Politeja, 3(42), 300-341. https://doi.org/10.12797/Politeja.13.2016.42.18
Touray, O. A. (2005). The common African defence and security policy. African Affairs, 104(417), 635-656. https://doi.org/10.1093/afraf/adi066
Touval, S. (1967). The Organization of African Unity and African borders. International Organization, 21(1), 102-127.
Tsagourias, N. (2020). The League of Nations and visions of world order. International Community Law Review, 22 (3-4), 291-309. https://doi.org/10.1163/18719732-12341431
Ulfstein, G., & Christiansen, H. (2013). The legality of the NATO bombing in Libya. International and Comparative Law Quarterly, 62(1), 159-172.
United Nations. (2008). Peacekeeping operations: Principles and guidelines. International Peacekeeping, 15(5), 742-799. https://doi.org/10.1080/13533310802396475
Vines, A. (2013). A decade of African peace and security architecture. International Affairs, 89(1), 89-109.
Warbrick, C. (1993). Recognition of governments. The Modern Law Review, 56(1), 92-97.
Weisbord, N. (2011). Judging aggression. Columbia Journal of Transnational Law, 50(1), 82-168.
Weiss, T. G. (2015). The United Nations: Before, during and after 1945. International Affairs, 91(6), 1221-1235.
Welz, M. (2014). Briefing: Crisis in the Central African Republic and the international response. African Affairs, 113(453), 601-610. https://doi.org/10.1093/afraf/adu048
Wiebusch, M., Aniekwe, C. C., Oette, L., & Vandeginste, S. (2019). The African Charter on Democracy, Elections and Governance: Past, present and future. Journal of African Law, 63(S1), 9-38. https://doi.org/10.1017/S002185531900007X
Wild, P. B. (1966). The Organization of African Unity and the Algerian-Moroccan border conflict: A study of new machinery for peacekeeping and for the peaceful settlement of disputes among African states. International Organization, 20(1), 18-36.
Wilén, N., & Williams, P. D. (2018). The African Union and coercive diplomacy: The case of Burundi. Journal of Modern African Studies, 56(4), 673-696.
Williams, P. D. (2009). The African Union’s peace operations: A comparative analysis. African Security, 2(2-3), 97-118. https://doi.org/10.1080/19362200903361937
Williams, P. D. (2018). Joining AMISOM: Why six African states contributed troops to the African Union Mission in Somalia. Journal of Eastern African Studies, 12(1), 172-192. https://doi.org/10.1080/17531055.2018.1418159
Wondemagegnehu, D. Y., & Kebede, D. G. (2017). AMISOM: charting a new course for African Union peace missions. African Security Review, 26(2), 199-219. https://doi.org/ 10.1080/10246029.2017.1297583
Woolaver, H. (2014). Pro-democratic intervention in Africa and the Arab Spring. African Journal of International and Comparative Law, 22(2), 161-183.
Wyse, C. (2018). The African Union’s right of humanitarian intervention as collective self-defense. Chicago Journal of International Law, 19(1), 295-332.
Yamashita, H. (2012). Peacekeeping cooperation between the United Nations and regional organizations. Review of International Studies, 38, 165-186. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0260210510001221
Yihdego, Z. W. (2007). Ethiopia’s military action against the Union of Islamic Courts and others in Somalia: Some legal implications. International and Comparative Law Quarterly, 56(3), 666-676. https://doi.org/10.1093/iclq/lei188
Zifcak, S. (2015). What happened to the international community? R2P and the conflicts in South Sudan and the Central African Republic. Melbourne Journal of International Law, 16(1), 52-85.
Zwanenburg, M. (2006). Regional organisations and the maintenance of international peace and security: Three recent regional African peace operations. Journal of Conflict & Security Law, 11(3), 483-508.
條約及其他國際組織文件
African Charter on Democracy, Election, and Governance
African Union Non-Aggression and Common Defence Pact
Charter of the Organization of American States
Charter of the United Nations
Constitutive Act of the African Union
ECOWAS. (1991, November).Official Journal of the ECOWAS: ECOWAS decisions on the Liberian crisis- Special supplement of the official Journal.
ECOWAS. (2003, January).Official Journal of the ECOWAS.
ECOWAS Revised Treaty
Guterres, A. (2017, June 27). United Nations Activities in Support of Mediation. United Nations. https://peacemaker.un.org/sites/peacemaker.un.org/files/DPA%20Report%20REV9%20ENG%20WEB_0.PDF
ICISS. (2001, December). The responsibility to protect : Report of the International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty. IDRC. https://www.idrc.ca/en/book/responsibility-protect-report-international-commission-intervention-and-state-sovereignty
Memorandum of Understanding on Cooperation in the Area of Peace and Security between the African Union, the Regional Economic Communities and the Coordinating Mechanisms of the Regional Standby Brigades of Eastern Africa and Northern Africa
North Atlantic Treaty
OAU Charter
Protocol of the Commission of Mediation, Conciliation and Arbitrary
Protocol on Amendments to the Constitutive Act of the African Union
Protocol on Democracy and Good Governance Supplementary to the Protocol Relating to the Mechanism For Conflict Prevention, Management, Resolution, Peacekeeping and Security
Protocol on Non-Aggression
Protocol Relating to Establishing the ECOWAS Mechanism for Conflict Prevention, Management, Resolution, Peacekeeping and Security
Protocol Relating to Mutual Assistance on Defence
Protocol Relating to the Establishment of the Peace and Security Council of the African Union
Rome Statute of International Criminal Court
Treaty of the Economic Community of West African States
網路資料
African Union (2019, April 2). List of countries which have signed, ratified/acceded to the Protocol on Amendments to the Protocol on the Statute of the African Court of Justice and Human Rghts. https://au.int/en/treaties/protocol-amendments-protocol-statute-african-court-justice-and-human-rights
African Union (2019, July 16). List of countries which have signed, ratified/acceded to the Protocol on the Amendments to the Constitutive Act of the African Union. https://au.int/en/treaties/protocol-amendments-constitutive-act-african-union
Agoagye, F. (2004, August 26). The African mission in Burundi: Lessons learned from the first African Union peacekeeping operation. Relifweb. https://reliefweb.int/report/burundi/african-mission-burundi-lessons-learned-first-african-union-peacekeeping-operation
Barna, J. (2013, June 4). Can the Central African Republic escape its violent past? European Parliament. https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/briefing_note/join/2013/491508/EXPO-DEVE_SP(2013)491508_EN.pdf
Smith, K. (2020, August 17). A reflection on the responsibility to protect in 2020. Global center for the responsibility to protect. https://www.globalr2p.org/publications/a-reflection-on-the-responsibility-to-protect-in-2020/
The New Humanitarian. (2002, December 4). CÔTE d`Ivoire: Crisis bodes ill for country, region. Relifweb. https://reliefweb.int/report/c%C3%B4te-divoire/cote-divoire-crisis-bodes-ill-country-region
United Nations. (n. d. ). The San Francisco Conference. https://www.un.org/en/about-us/history-of-the-un/san-francisco-conference
United Nations Peacekeeping (n. d.). List of past peacekeeping operations. https://peacekeeping.un.org/en/past-peacekeeping-operations |
| Description: | 碩士
國立政治大學
外交學系
106253011 |
| Source URI: | http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0106253011 |
| Data Type: | thesis |
| DOI: | 10.6814/NCCU202200255 |
| Appears in Collections: | [外交學系] 學位論文
|
Files in This Item:
| File |
Description |
Size | Format | |
|---|
| 301101.pdf | | 2446Kb | Adobe PDF2 | 105 | View/Open |
|
All items in 政大典藏 are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved.
|
